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Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas)/Book 1 · Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas)
Chapter 3EmpresasPol.1.3

Empresa III

The Hardening of the Princely Soul

The prince must be formed through hardship rather than luxury to avoid the fragility of a pampered life.

With the help of a delicate hand, careful in the gifts of watering and in mending the injuries of sun and wind, the rose grows, and once the knot of the bud is loosened, it spreads through the air the pomp of its petals. A beautiful flower, queen of the rest. But it is only a flattery of the eyes, and so frail that it is put at risk by its own delicacy. The same sun that saw it born sees it die, with no more fruit than the show of its beauty, leaving the labor of many months mocked, and sometimes even wounding the same hand that raised it, because so soft and luxurious a cultivation could not help producing thorns.1 It is not so with coral, born among hardships—for such are the waters—and battered by waves and storms, because in them it makes its beauty more robust, which, hardened afterward by the wind, stands proof against the elements for the illustrious and precious uses of man. Such effects, opposite to each other, spring from the birth and growth of this tree and of that flower, because of the soft or the hard condition in which they were raised.23 The same is true in the education of princes: if they are raised among ermine and luxury, shielded from the sun and wind, and never feel a breeze that isn't perfumed, they turn out frail and useless for government. Conversely, those who commit themselves to toil and hardship become robust and capable.4 Hardship lengthens life, while pleasure shortens it.5

The Necessity of Active Formation

A prince requires the forge of experience and military training to be fit for the burdens of governance.

A glass vessel shaped by a breath can be shattered by a single puff. A gold vessel, forged by the hammer, can withstand the hammer. If a man is only going to stroll idly through the world, it hardly matters if he's delicate. The one who has to bear it on his shoulders needs to raise those shoulders strong.6 The commonwealth has no need of a prince kept among glass cases, but among the dust and the arms.7 As a punishment God gives subjects an effeminate king.8 The benefit or harm of different upbringings was evident in King John II and King Ferdinand the Catholic. The former was raised in the palace, while the latter was raised in the field.9 The former among ladies; the latter among soldiers. When the former came to govern, it seemed to him he was entering an unknown gulf, and, abandoning the helm, he handed it over to his favorites; the latter did not find himself a novice—rather, even in a foreign kingdom he knew how to govern and make himself obeyed.10 The former was despised, while the latter was respected. The former destroyed his kingdom, while the latter11 built up a monarchy. Considering this, King Ferdinand the Saint raised his sons Don Alonso and Don Fernando among arms. What made Emperor Charles V great, if not his constant travels and hard work?12 Four reasons moved Tiberius to occupy the youth of his sons, Germanicus and Drusus, in the armies: so they might grow accustomed to arms, win the soldiers' goodwill, be raised away from the luxuries of the Court, and ensure that military power remained more securely in his own hands. On campaign, time builds experience. In the palace, finery, ceremony, and amusement waste it.13

The Role of Appearance and Majesty

While outward appearance and beauty can influence public perception, they must be anchored in interior virtue.

The prince studies the adornments of the person more than those of the spirit; yet, so long as one attends to the spirit, dress and grace should not be despised, because dress seizes the eyes, and grace the spirit and the eyes.14 God's people let themselves be won by Saul's fine stature. The Ethiopians and the Indians (in some places) choose as king the handsomest man, and the bees the best-formed and brightest-colored.15 The common people judge actions by outward appearance and assume the handsomest man makes the better prince. Even Nero's vices and tyrannies weren't enough to erase the memory of his beauty, and in comparison, the Roman people loathed Galba, who was deformed by old age. The pleasing face of Titus Vespasian, bathed in majesty, increased his renown. Beauty scatters pleasing bribes to the eye, which, once they reach the heart, win over the will.16 It is a special privilege of nature, a sweet tyranny over the affections, and a testimony to the good composure of the mind. Although the Holy Spirit advises us, for our own safety, not to judge by outward appearances, a majestic heart is almost always matched by a majestic presence.17 Plato believed that just as a circle cannot exist without a center, beauty cannot exist without inner virtue. For this reason King Alfonso the Wise proposes that care be taken to give the prince a very beautiful wife: "Because the children he has by her will be more handsome and better formed, which greatly becomes the sons of kings, that they should be such as look well among other men."18 The Lacedaemonians fined their king Archidamus for marrying a small woman, and the witty excuse he gave—that he had chosen the lesser of two evils—was not enough.19 Bodily beauty is an image of the mind and a portrait of its goodness, though sometimes nature, distracted by outer perfections, neglects the inner ones.20 In King Pedro the Cruel, a pleasing presence hid a harsh and fierce nature. The pride and haughtiness of beauty often undoes the modesty of the virtues.21 undo the modesty of the virtues.22 A prince shouldn't pride himself on an affected, soft, womanish beauty that only stirs up others’ lust, but rather on the beauty that accompanies the good qualities of the spirit. The soul shouldn't be adorned with the beauty of the body; it should be the other way around: the body adorned with the beauty of the soul.23 The commonwealth has more need of perfection in its prince’s mind than on his brow.24 Even so, it’s a great ornament when both are found together in him, just as in the palm tree you find the grace of its trunk and the beauty of its branches along with the sweetness of its fruit and other noble qualities. It’s such a useful tree to people that the Babylonians, as Plutarch reports, noted three hundred and sixty virtues in it. By those virtues, one understands that compliment of the Bridegroom: “Your stature is like the palm tree.”25 In that praise he did not mean to honor only the fine figure of the body, but also the qualities of the spirit summed up in the palm—symbol of justice by the balance of its leaves, and of fortitude by the steadfastness of its branches, which rise under the weight; and an emblem of victories too, since the crown of this tree was common to all the sacred games and contests of the ancients.26 The cypress didn't deserve this honor, even with such fine bearing, keeping its green as it rises toward the sky in the shape of an obelisk—because beauty without virtue to adorn it is empty. On the contrary, it is slow to grow, empty of fruit, bitter in its leaves, harsh in its scent, and heavy in its shade.

The Discipline of Royal Exercises

Physical exercises like hunting and arms training are essential for a prince's health, character, and public esteem, provided they are practiced with moderation.

What good is it for a prince to be well-built and handsome if he only pleases the eyes and not the government? It's enough that he have a graceful natural harmony in his parts, revealing a well-disposed and manly spirit, to which training can give movement and vigor; for without it the prince's actions would be clumsy and move the people to laughter and contempt—though sometimes even charms aren't enough to make him lovable when the State is out of order and people want a change of rule, as King Ferdinand of Naples learned in his own person.27 Virtue, too, is often unlucky, and a prince may be hated for the same good qualities by which another was loved; sometimes the charm that skill can scarcely attain is won by indolence and slackness, as happened to Vitellius.28 Even so, the will generally yields to what is most perfect. And so the prince should put great effort into the exercises of the hall and of the public square—either to supply what nature left wanting, or to perfect her gifts with them—to strengthen youth, form generous spirits, and look well to the people, who take pleasure in obeying as their lord the one they acclaim among all as the most skilled.29 The robust and free bearing of our lord the king in the hunt, father of Y.30 H.31 His spirit and skill in military exercises, his grace and elegant carriage in public actions—what goodwill have they not won?32 With these natural and acquired gifts, King Ferdinand the Saint, King Henry the Second, King Ferdinand the Catholic, and the Emperor Charles V made themselves loved by their own vassals and esteemed by foreigners. In them, beauty and a fine build were joined with skill, virtue, and valor.33 These exercises are learned better in company, where rivalry kindles the spirit and wakes industry.34 And so, the Gothic kings raised the sons of the noblest Spaniards in their palace—not only to win the goodwill of their families, but also so that the princes, their own sons, might be educated and trained in the arts alongside them. The kings of Macedonia did the same, whose palace was a school of great men.35 This custom has either been forgotten or despised at the Court of Spain, though it is all the more useful today for winning the hearts of foreign princes—by bringing their sons there, forming a school where for three years they would be trained in the arts and exercises of a knight, so that the kings' sons would be raised and grow used to the manners and dealings of the nations, and would have many in those nations who would serve them with special affection and gratitude.36 Because King Don Alfonso the Wise, grandfather of Your Highness,37 left written in one of the laws of the Partidas the exercises in which the sons of kings were to occupy themselves, and his own words will make a deeper impression on Your Highness38 his very words, which I include here: «A king must learn skills beyond those mentioned in previous laws—skills that are of great use.39 These are of two kinds: some concern the practice of arms, so he can use them when the need arises, and others are for recreation and pleasure, so he can better endure hardships and sorrows when they come. For in knightly affairs it is fitting that he be skilled, so that he may better defend what is his and take what belongs to his enemies. And therefore he must know how to ride well and handsomely, and use every kind of weapon—both those he has to wear to protect his body and the others with which he is to help himself. And those that are for protection he must wear and use, so that he can better endure them when need arises. He should do this so he doesn't fall into danger or shame from their weight.40 And of those meant for fighting—such as the lance, sword, and mace, and the others with which men fight hand to hand—he must be very skilled at striking with them.41 And all these weapons we have named—both those he must put on and the others—he needs to master so fully that he controls them, and not they him. And even in ancient times they taught kings to shoot with bow and crossbow, to mount a horse quickly, to know how to swim, and every other skill that belongs to agility and courage.42 They did this for two reasons.43 First, so they would know how to use those skills themselves when necessary. The second, so that other men would take a good example from it and want to do and practice the same. If a king didn't practice with arms, he would not only suffer personal harm—since his people would give them up because of his example—but he could also face such danger that he might lose his life and fall into great shame.44 Hunting is especially well-suited for preparing one for these exercises. In hunting, young people come into their own, gaining strength and agility, practicing military arts, learning the terrain, and gauging the right moment to wait, charge, and strike, while learning how to use opportunities and stratagems.45 The sight of wild beasts' spilled blood and their twisted thrashing in death purges the passions, strengthens the spirit, and breeds generous souls that steadfastly scorn the shadows of fear.46 That mute silence of the woods lifts the mind toward glorious deeds, "and hunting does much (as King Don Alonso said) to lessen brooding thoughts and wrath, which a king needs more than any other man.47 Beyond all this, it promotes health; for the labor involved, if done in moderation, helps one eat and sleep well, which is the greatest thing in a man's life. But he warns of two things: "That he must not put so much expense into it that he falls short in what he has to fulfill, nor use it so much that it blocks his other duties." All these exercises must be used with such discretion that they don't make the spirit fierce and clumsy, because the spirit hardens and grows calluses from overwork no less than the body does—and excess labor makes men coarse. It is also fitting that the activities of the body and of the spirit take place at different times, because they produce opposite effects. Physical activities hinder spiritual ones, and spiritual activities hinder physical ones.

Read the original Latin

Con la asistencia de una mano delicada, solícita en los regalos del riego y en los reparos de las ofensas del sol y del viento, crece la rosa, y, suelto el nudo del botón, extiende por el aire la pompa de sus hojas. Hermosa flor, reina de las demás. Pero solamente lisonja de los ojos y tan achacosa, que peligra en su delicadez. El mismo sol que la vio nacer, la ve morir, sin más fruto que la ostentación de su belleza, dejando burlada la fatiga de muchos meses, y aun lastimada tal vez la misma mano que la crió, porque tan lasciva cultura no podía dejar de producir espinas. No sucede así al coral, nacido entre los trabajos, que tales son las aguas, y combatido de las olas y tempestades, porque en ellas hace más robusta su hermosura, la cual, endurecida después con el viento, queda a prueba de los elementos para ilustres y preciosos usos del hombre. Tales efectos, contrarios entre sí, nacen del nacimiento y crecimiento deste árbol y de aquella flor, por lo mórbido o duro en que se criaron. Y tales se ven en la educación de los príncipes, los cuales, si se crían entre los armiños y las delicias, que ni los visite el sol ni el viento, ni sientan otra aura que la de los perfumes, salen achacosos e inútiles para el gobierno, como al contrarío robusto y hábil quien se entrega a las fatigas y trabajos. Con éstos se alarga la vida, con los deleites se abrevia.

A un vaso de vidrio formado a soplos, un soplo le rompe. El de oro hecho al martillo, resiste al martillo. Quien ociosamente ha de pasear sobre el mundo, poco importa que sea delicado. El que le ha de sustentar sobre sus hombros, conviene que los críe robustos. No ha menester la república a un príncipe entre viriles, sino entre el polvo y las armas. Por castigo da Dios a los vasallos un rey afeminado. La conveniencia o daño de esta o aquella educación se vieron en el rey don Juan el Segundo y el rey don-Fernando el Católico. Aquél se crió en el palacio; éste en la campaña.

Aquél entre damas; éste entre soldados. Aquél, cuando entró a gobernar, le pareció que entraba en un golfo no conocido, y, desamparando el timón, le entregó a sus validos; éste no se halló nuevo, antes en un reino ajeno se supo gobernar y hacer obedecer. Aquél fue despreciado; éste respetado. Aquél destruyó su reino; y éste. levantó una monarquía. Considerando esto el rey don Fernando el Santo, crió entre las armas a sus hijos don Alonso y don Fernando. ¿Quién hizo grande al emperador Carlos V sino sus continuas peregrinaciones y fatigas? Cuatro razones movieron a Tiberio a ocupar en los ejércitos la juventud de sus hijos Germánico y Druso: que se hiciesen a las armas, que ganasen la voluntad de los soldados, que se criasen fuera de las delicias de la Corte, y que estuviesen en su poder más seguras las armas.

En la campaña logra la experiencia el tiempo. En el palacio la gala, la ceremonia y el divertimiento le pierden. Más estudia el príncipe en los adornos de la persona que en los del ánimo, si bien, como se atienda a éste, no se debe despreciar el arreo y la gentileza, porque aquél arrebata los ojos, y ésta el ánimo y los ojos. Los de Dios se dejaron agradar de la buena disposición de SaúL Los etíopes y los indios (en algunas partes) eligen por rey al más hermoso, y las abejas a la más dispuesta y de más resplandeciente color. El vulgo juzga por la presencia las acciones y piensa que es mejor príncipe el más hermoso. Aun los vicios y tiranías de Nerón no bastaron a borrar la memoria de su hermosura, y en comparación suya, aborrecía el pueblo romano a Galba, deforme con la vejez. El agradable semblante de Tito Vespasiano, bañado de majestad, aumentaba su fama. Esparce de sí la hermosura agradables sobornos a la vista, que, participados al corazón, le ganan la voluntad.

Es un privilegio particular de la naturaleza, una dulce tiranía de los afectos, y un testimonio de la buena compostura del ánimo. Aunque el Espíritu Santo por mayor seguridad aconseja que no se haga juicio por las exterioridades,' casi siempre a un corazón augusto acompaña una augusta presencia. A Platón le parecía que, así como el círculo no puede estar sin centro, así la hermosura sin virtud interior. Por esto el rey don Alonso el Sabio propone que al príncipe se procure dar mujer muy hermosa: «Porque los fijos que della hubiere, serán más fermosos, e más apuestos, lo que conviene mucho a los fijos de los reyes, que sean tales, que parezcan bien entre los otros homes.» Los lacedemonios multaron a su rey Arquiadino, habiéndose casado con una mujer pequeña, sin que bastase la excusa graciosa que daba de haber elegido del mal el menor. Es la hermosura del cuerpo una imagen del ánimo, y un retrato de su bondad/1 aunque alguna vez la naturaleza, divertida en las perfecciones externas, se descuida de las internas. En el rey don Pedro el Cruel una agradable presencia encubría un natural áspero y feroz. La soberbia y altivez de la hermosura suele .

descomponer la modestia de las virtudes. Y así, no debe el príncipe preciarse de la afectada y femenil, la cual es incitamiento de la ajena lascivia, sino de aquella que acompaña las buenas calidades del ánimo porque no se ha de adornar el alma con la belleza del cuerpo, sino al contrario, el cuerpo con la del alma. Más ha menester la república que su príncipe tenga la perfección en la mente que en la frente. Si bien es gran ornamento que en él se hallen juntas la una y la otra, como se hallan en la palma lo gentil de su tronco y lo hermoso de sus ramos con lo sabroso de su fruto y con otras nobles calidades, siendo árbol tan útil a los hombres, que en él notaron los babilonios (como refiere Plutarco) trescientas y sesenta virtudes. Por ellas se entiende aquel re-, quiebro del Esposo: «Tu estatura es semejante a la palma.» En que no quiso alabar solamente la gallardía del cuerpo, sino también las calidades del ánimo, comprehendidas en la palma, símbolo de la justicia por el equilibrio de sus hojas, y de la fortaleza por la constancia de sus ramos que se levantan con el peso; y jeroglífico también de las victorias, siendo la corona deste árbol común a todos los juegos y contiendas sagradas de los antiguos. No mereció este honor el ciprés, aunque con tanta gallardía, conservando su verdor, se levanta al cielo en forma de obelisco, porque es vana aquella hermosura, sin virtud que la adorne. Antes en nacer es tardo; en su fruto, vano; en sus hojas, amargo; en su olor, violento; y en su sombra, pesado.

¿Qué importa que el príncipe sea dispuesto y hermoso, si solamente satisface a los ojos, y no al gobierno? Basta en él una graciosa armonía natural en sus partes, que descubra un ánimo bien dispuesto y varonil, a quien el arte dé movimiento y brío; porque sin él las acciones del príncipe serían torpes y moverían el pueblo a risa y a desprecio, aunque tal vez no bastan las gracias a hacelle amable cuando está destemplado el Estado y se desea en él mudanza de dominio, como experimentó en sí el rey don Fernando de Ñapóles. Suele también ser desgraciada la virtud, y aborrecido un príncipe con las mismas buenas partes que otro fue amado, y a veces la gracia que con dificultad alcanza el arte se consigue con la ignavia y flojedad, como sucedió a Vitelio. Con todo eso, generalmente se rinde la voluntad a lo más perfecto. Y así debe el príncipe poner gran estudio en los ejercicios de la sala y de la plaza, o para suplir, o para perfeccionar con ellos los favores de la naturaleza, fortalecer la juventud, criar espíritus generosos y parecer bien al pueblo, el cual se complace de obedecer por señor a quien entre todos aclama por más diestro. Lo robusto y suelto en la caza del rey nuestro señor, padre de V. A. ; su brío y destreza en los ejercicios militares, su gracia y airoso movimiento en las acciones públicas, ¿qué voluntad no han granjeado?

Con estas dotes naturales y adquiridas se hicieron amar de sus vasallos y estimar de los ajenos el rey don Fernando el Santo, el rey don Enrique el Segundo, el rey don Fernando el Católico y el emperador Carlos V. En los cuales la hermosura y buena disposición se acompañaron con el arte, con la virtud y el valor. Estos exercicios se aprenden mejor en compañía, donde la emulación enciende el ánimo y despierta la industria. Y así, los reyes godos criaban en su palacio a los hijos de los españoles más nobles, no sólo para granjear las voluntades de sus familias, sino también para que con ellos se educasen y exercitasen en las artes los príncipes sus hijos. Lo mismo hacían los reyes de Macedonia, cuyo palacio era seminario de grandes varones. Este estilo, o se ha olvidado o se ha despreciado en la Corte de España, siendo hoy más conveniente para granjear los ánimos de los príncipes extranjeros, trayendo a ellas sus hijos, formando un seminario, donde por el espacio de tres años fuesen instruidos en las artes y exercicios de caballero, con que los hijos de los reyes se criarían y se harían a las costumbres y trato de las naciones, y tendrían muchos en ellas que con particular afecto y reconocimiento los sirviesen.

Porque el rey don Alonso el Sabio, agüelo de V. A. , dejó escritos en una ley de las Partidas los ejercicios en que debían ocuparse los hijos de los reyes, y harán más impresión en V. A. sus mismas palabras, las pongo aquí: «Aprender debe el rey otras maneras, sin que las que diximos en las leyes antes desta, que conviene mucho. Éstas son en dos maneras: las unas que tañen en fecho de armas, para ayudarse délias, quando menester fuere, e las otras para aver sabor e placer, con que pueda mejor sofrir los trabajos e los pesares, quando los hoviere. Ca en fecho de cavallerías conviene que sea sabidor, para poder mejor amparar lo suyo, e conquerir lo de los enemigos. E por ende debe saber cavalcar bien, e apuestamente, e usar toda manera de armas, también de aquellas que ha de vestir para guardar su cuerpo, como de las otras con que se ha de ayudar.

E aquellas que son para guarda, halas de traer e usar para poderlas mejor sofrir quando fuere menester. De manera, que por agravamiento délias no caya en peligro ni en vergüenza. E de las que son para lidiar, así como la lanza e espada e porra, e las otras con que los homes lidian amanteniente, ha de ser muy mañoso para ferir con ellas. E todas estas armas que dicho avernos, también de las que ha de vestir, como de las otras, ha menester que las tenga tales, que él se apodere délias, e no ellas del, E aun atiguamente mostravan a los reyes a tirar de arco e de ballesta e de subir aína en cavallo e saber nadar e de todas las otras cosas que tocasen a ligereza e valentía. E esto fazxan por dos razones. La una, porque ellos se sopiesen bien ayudar délias quando les fuese menester. La otra, porque los homes tomasen ende buen exempio para quererlo fazer e usar. Onde si el rey, así como dicho avernos, non usase de las armas, sin el daño que ende le vernía, porque sus gentes desusarían délias por razón del, podría él mismo venir a tal peligro, porque perdería el cuerpo, e caería en gran vergüenza.»"

Para mayor disposición de estos exercicios es muy a propósito el de la caza. En ella la juventud se desenvuelve, cobra fuerzas y ligereza, se pratican las artes militares, se reconoce el terreno, se mide el tiempo de esperar, acometer y herir, se aprende el uso de los casos y de las estratagemas. Allí el aspecto de la sangre vertida de las fieras y de sus disformes movimientos en la muerte, purga los afectos, fortalece el ánimo, y cría generosos espíritus, que desprecian constantes las sombras del miedo. Aquel mudo silencio de los bosques levanta la consideración a acciones gloriosas," «y ayuda mucho la caza (como dijo el rey don Alonso) a menguar los pensamientos e la saña, que es más menester al Rey que a otro home. E sin todo aquesto da salud; ca el trabajo que se toma, si es con mesura, face comer e dormir bien, que es la mayor cosa de la vida del home». Pero advierte dos cosas: «Que non debe meter tanta costa, que mengüe en lo que ha de cumplir, nin use tanto della, que le embargue los otros fechos.»

Todos estos ejercicios se han de usar con tal discreción, que no hagan fiero y torpe el ánimo, porque no menos que el cuerpo se endurece y cría callos con el demasiado trabajo, el cual hace rústicos los hombres. Conviene también que las operaciones del cuerpo y del ánimo sean en tiempos distintos, porque obran efectos opuestos. Las del cuerpo impiden a las del ánimo, y las del ánimo a las del cuerpo.

Scripture echoes

  1. 1Sam.16.7But the LORD said to Samuel, "Do not look on his appearance or on the height of his stature, for I have rejected him. For not as man sees does God see, for man looks on the outward appearance, but the LORD looks on the heart."

Notes

  1. 1Golden Age lasciva here means soft, pampered, luxurious cultivation, not primarily sexual license; the rose/education allegory turns on over-indulgent culture that breeds thorns.
  2. 2Period sense is soft/tender (not diseased); paired with duro as the formative medium of rose vs. coral.
  3. 3Coral is treated as a tree (árbol de coral), the conventional early-modern figure continued from s5.
  4. 4Normalized reading treated as contrario ('on the contrary'); accent is orthographic noise, not a sense change.
  5. 5Demonstrative points back to fatigas y trabajos (toils and hardships) in the previous sentence.
  6. 6le points back to el mundo in the previous sentence: the prince who must carry the world on his shoulders.
  7. 7viriles: period Spanish for glass display cases (often for the Host or relics), continuing the glass-vessel metaphor of s1; the contrast is fragile display versus dust and weapons.
  8. 8afeminado here means soft, luxuriant, unmanly in the period sense of unfitness for rule—not a modern gender category.
  9. 9campaña: the open field / campaign, i.e. military life outdoors, not a modern political campaign.
  10. 10validos: royal favorites/privados with delegated power, not mere friends.
  11. 11Sentence is incomplete by design of sectioning; predicate continues in s5.
  12. 12peregrinaciones here means continual journeys across the empire, not religious pilgrimages.
  13. 13Spanish le may point back to el tiempo in s1 (waste that time) or to the prince (ruin him). Rendered as waste of the time just named, keeping the campaign/palace parallel.
  14. 14como se atienda a éste taken as 'provided / so long as one attends to the latter (the spirit),' not mere 'as one attends.'
  15. 15Source runs SaúL into the next sentence without a period (SaúL Los); normalized as Saúl plus a sentence break. 'disposición' taken as physical stature/build, matching the biblical portrait of Saul.
  16. 16sobornos kept as metaphorical 'bribes' (sweet inducements to the eye), not literal corruption.
  17. 17Normalized away a trailing orphan apostrophe after exterioridades (likely a print/footnote artifact).
  18. 18Embedded quotation preserves Old Castilian legal diction (fijos, fermosos, homes) rendered into contemporary English; Alfonso X el Sabio is named as King Alfonso the Wise.
  19. 19Arquiadino rendered as Archidamus (Spartan king); 'mujer pequeña' kept as small of stature, the point of the fine in the classical anecdote.
  20. 20Read bondad for source bondad/1 (footnote-marker artifact). Divertida rendered as distracted/diverted, not amused.
  21. 21Source sentence is truncated at suele .; completed from the immediately following section's opening fragment (descomponer la modestia de las virtudes).
  22. 22Fragment completing the previous section’s clause: «La soberbia y altivez de la hermosura suele…» → «…usually undoes the modesty of the virtues.»
  23. 23«femenil» is period political diction for soft/effeminate beauty in a male prince; rendered as «soft, womanish» to keep the source’s gendered moral contrast without pseudo-KJV archaism.
  24. 24«frente» is the brow/face as outward appearance, set against «mente» (mind).
  25. 25Normalized «re-, quiebro» as «requiebro» (gallant compliment/praise), a likely line-break split in the witness.
  26. 26«jeroglífico» kept as «emblem» (period emblematic sense), not modern Egyptian hieroglyphs.
  27. 27arte here is training/skill that animates the body, not fine art; gracias are natural charms, not theological grace; Ñapóles is period orthography for Nápoles (Naples).
  28. 28gracia here is personal charm/favor, not divine grace; ignavia is classical sloth/indolence; flojedad is slackness or soft looseness of character.
  29. 29ejercicios de la sala y de la plaza: courtly indoor training (fencing, horsemanship indoors, etc.) and outdoor public exercises; diestro = skilled/dexterous, not merely right-handed.
  30. 30Sentence is artificially split from a single period: 'padre de V. A.' = 'father of Your Highness' (Vuestra Alteza). s6–s8 form one rhetorical sentence.
  31. 31Lone 'A.' is the second half of the abbreviation V. A. (Vuestra Alteza). Rendered as H. for Highness to complete 'Your Highness' begun in s6.
  32. 32Continues the period begun in s6–s7 about the king (father of Your Highness). Leading semicolon dropped in English; rhetorical force kept as a cumulative apposition ending in a question.
  33. 33«buena disposición» here continues the chapter's physical sense (build, bearing, fitness), not a purely moral disposition; «arte» is trained skill rather than the fine arts alone.
  34. 34«emulación» is classical competitive rivalry, not mere envy; «industria» means diligent skill and effort.
  35. 35«seminario» is a training ground or nursery of formation, not a later clerical seminary.
  36. 36«trayendo a ellas sus hijos»: «ellas» is plural feminine; the natural referent is the Spanish Court/policy as the destination of fosterage. Rendered «there» to keep the sense without inventing a plural place-name.
  37. 37Standalone 'A.' is the second half of the period abbreviation V. A. (Vuestra Alteza).
  38. 38Standalone 'A.' completes the second V. A. (Vuestra Alteza) in this section.
  39. 39Source has 'sin que las que diximos'; translated as 'besides those we mentioned,' reading the medieval sense of 'sin las que' (in addition to / apart from those already stated).
  40. 40«agravamiento délias» rendered as the burden/weight of defensive arms, so the king is not overwhelmed by armor he has not trained in.
  41. 41«amanteniente» taken as hand-to-hand combat (a man teniente); «porra» as mace/club.
  42. 42Source joins two clauses after «no ellas del» with a capitalized «E»; sense is clear as continuation of Alfonso’s counsel. «atiguamente» read as «antiguamente»; «aína» as quickly.
  43. 43«fazxan» read as «fazían» (they did).
  44. 44«sin el daño que ende le vernía» rendered as “apart from / not counting the harm,” keeping Alfonso’s two-tier warning (public demoralization, then personal peril).
  45. 45casos rendered as 'occasions' (contingencies/situations in the field); could also be read more loosely as 'cases' or chances for action.
  46. 46afectos rendered as 'passions' (interior attachments/affections purged by hard experience), not modern sentimental 'feelings'.
  47. 47Source carries mixed quotation marks around the Don Alonso citation; translation preserves the attributed speech without inventing a closed dialogue frame.

Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas) companion

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  • A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
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