Empresa II
The Art of Human Formation
Just as art shapes nature, education must cultivate the blank slate of youth before habits harden.
With brush and colors, art demonstrates its power over everything. With them, if painting is not nature itself, it is so like nature that the eye is deceived by its works and has to use touch to recognize them. It cannot give a soul to bodies, but it gives them grace, motion, and even the affections of the soul.1 It doesn't have the material to give them bulk, but it has the craft to bring them out in relief.2 If jealousy could find a place in nature, she would feel it toward art; but, kind and courteous, she makes use of art in her works, and does not put the finishing touch on those things art can perfect. That is why man is born naked, without a language of his own, with the tablets of understanding, memory, and imagination blank. This allows teaching to paint the images of the arts and sciences upon them, and education to write its lessons—not without a great mystery—ensuring that need and benefit strengthen the bonds of gratitude and love among men as they rely on one another. Although all the seeds of the arts and sciences are in the mind, they remain hidden and buried, needing another's care to cultivate and water them.3 This must be done in youth, when the mind is tender and ready to receive forms, and so quick to absorb the sciences that it seems more like youth is recognizing or remembering them than learning them—an argument from which Plato inferred the immortality of the soul.4 If that readiness of age is lost, the affections get ahead and engrave their inclinations so firmly in the will that education is no longer enough to erase them later. As soon as it is born, the bear licks that shapeless mass and forms its limbs. If it let that mass harden, it could no longer work on it. Mindful of this, the kings of Persia gave their sons masters who, in the first seven years of their age, occupied themselves with shaping their little bodies well, and in the next seven strengthened them with the exercises of horsemanship and fencing; and afterward they set beside them four distinguished men: the first very wise, to teach them the arts; the second very moderate and prudent, to correct their affections and appetites; the third very just, to instruct them in the administration of justice; and the fourth very brave and skilled in the arts of war, to train them in those arts and free them from the grip of fear by the spurs of glory.5
The Weight of Royal Responsibility
A prince's education is a public necessity, as his character determines the well-being of the entire state.
This kind of education is more necessary for princes than for anyone else, because they are the instruments of the state's well-being and the public good. In everyone else, a bad education harms only the person himself, or a few. In a prince, it harms both him and everyone else, because he injures some through the poor education itself, and others through his example.6 With a good education, a person is a heavenly and divine creature; without it, they are the fiercest of all animals. What, then, will a poorly educated prince be like when he is also armed with power? Other harms to the commonwealth usually last only a short while. This one lasts as long as the prince's life.7 Recognizing the importance of a good education, Philip, King of Macedonia, wrote to Aristotle as soon as Alexander was born, saying he gave no less thanks to the gods for the son who had been born than for the fact that he was born at a time when he could have such a teacher.8 And it's not right to grow careless over a good natural disposition, leaving it to work on its own, because even the best is imperfect—as almost all things meant to serve man are: the penalty for humanity's first error, so that everything would cost sweat. There is hardly a tree that won't yield bitter fruit if careful tending doesn't transplant it and legitimize its base nature by marrying it to another cultivated and noble branch.9 Teaching improves the good and makes the bad good. That is why Emperor Trajan turned out so great a ruler: because the diligence and guidance of Plutarch, his teacher, were joined to his good natural gifts. King Pedro the Cruel's spirit wouldn't have been so fierce if his tutor, Don Juan Alonso de Alburquerque, had known how to tame it. Natural dispositions differ just as metals do. Some resist the fire. Others melt in it and run.
The Palace as a School of Virtue
A prince's environment—his servants, his peers, and even the art on his walls—must be purged of vice to foster noble character.
But they all yield to the burin or the hammer and let themselves be worked into fine sheets. There is no temperament so hard that care and correction do not work something into it.10 It's true that teaching sometimes isn't enough, as happened with Nero and Prince Don Carlos, because among the purple—just as in wild forests—human monsters often grow up at the breast of greatness, and they won't accept correction.11 Youth is easily corrupted by the luxuries, the freedom, and the flattery of palaces, where bad affections tend to grow the way thorns and useless, harmful weeds grow in poorly tended fields. And if they aren't well ordered and reformed, the care spent on education will amount to little, because they are molds that shape the prince according to what they themselves are; once introduced, vices or virtues are passed down from one servant to another.12 Hardly has the prince begun to reason when they either flatter him with the bold excesses of his fathers and ancestors, or they set before him those generous deeds that seem almost tied to the family line.13 From this comes the way certain particular customs continue in those families from fathers to sons—not so much by the force of blood, since neither time nor the mixing of marriages changes them, as by the prevailing style of the palaces, where childhood drinks them in and turns them into nature. And so in Rome, the Claudii were known for pride, the Scipios for being warlike, and the Appii for ambition. In Spain, the Guzmans are known for being good; the Mendozas for being gentle; the Manriques for being formidable; and the Toledos for being grave and severe. The same thing happens among craftsmen. Once excellence enters a family line, it continues in the successors, who are trained by watching their fathers and by studying the designs and records they left behind.14 At other times, flattery mixed with ignorance praises a child’s stinginess, boastfulness, insolence, anger, revenge, and other vices as virtues, believing them signs of a great prince. As a result, the child feeds on these traits and forgets true virtues. This is the same thing that happens to women who, when praised for being spirited and free, adopt that very character instead of the modesty and honesty that are their chief endowment.15 Childhood should be kept free of every vice. But above all from those that foster indecency or hatred, because those are the ones most easily stamped in. And so the prince should neither hear such things nor be allowed to say them; because if he says them, he'll take heart to commit them.16 We easily carry out what we say, or whatever is close to it. To avoid these harms, the Romans would look for a matron from their own family—someone of mature age and grave habits—to act as governess for their children and oversee their upbringing. In her presence, nothing indecent was to be said or done.17 This severity was intended to keep a child's nature sincere and pure, ensuring he would pursue honest arts.18 Quintilian complained that this good practice was corrupted in his time, as children raised among servants adopted their vices, with no one—not even their parents—monitoring what was said or done in their presence. All this still happens today in many princes' palaces, which is why their ways must be changed and the servants habituated to their vices removed, replaced by others of high-minded thoughts who kindle noble spirits in the prince's breast—because once a palace is corrupted, it is not set right unless it is changed, nor does it want a good prince. Nero's household favored Otho for the empire because he was like him. But if the prince does not even have freedom for this, let him flee from it, as King James I of Aragon did when he saw himself tyrannized by those who raised him and held him as if in prison—for a palace is no less a prison when the arts of captivating the prince's free will and desire have taken hold, steering him wherever his courtiers want, without his being able to lean one way or the other, just as water is guided through hidden channels solely for the use and benefit of one field.19 What good are a fine nature and education if the prince only sees, hears, and understands what his attendants want him to? Is it any wonder that King Henry IV turned out so remiss, and so like his father King John II in all his other faults, if he was raised among the same flatterers and sycophants who destroyed the reputation of the previous government? It is almost as impossible for a prince to grow up good in a bad palace as to draw a straight line with a crooked ruler. There is no wall in it where charcoal doesn't paint or scrawl lewd things. There isn't an echo that doesn't repeat indecent talk.20 Everyone living there acts as a teacher or a model for the prince, because through constant contact he notices in each person something that can either help or harm him; the more impressionable his nature, the more deeply those household habits are stamped upon him.21 If the prince has good servants, he is good. And he is bad if he has bad ones. It was the same with Galba: if he fell in with good friends and honorable freemen, he was governed by them; if he fell in with bad ones, his own carelessness was to blame.22 It isn't enough to reform the palace only in its living figures; you must reform it in the dead ones too—the statues and paintings—because, though the burin and the brush are mute tongues, they persuade as strongly as the most eloquent. What passion does the statue of Alexander the Great not stir toward glory?23 What lust do Jupiter's amorous transformations fail to incite? In such things more than in decent ones, art is ingenious—a force of our depraved nature—and esteem brings them into palaces as masterpieces, and indecency serves as ornament for the walls.24 There should be no statue or painting in a palace that doesn't inspire a glorious emulation in the prince's heart. Let the brush write on the canvases, the burin on the bronzes, and the chisel on the marbles the heroic deeds of his ancestors, which he may read at all hours, because such statues and paintings are fragments of history always present before the eyes.
Methods of Noble Guidance
Effective princely instruction relies on gentle guidance, emulation of ancestors, and private correction rather than harsh discipline.
Once the vices of the palaces have been corrected, then (if possible), and the prince's nature and inclinations are well known, let the teacher and the tutor take care to steer them toward what is most heroic and generous, sowing in his spirit such hidden seeds of virtue and glory that, once grown, no one can tell whether they came from nature or from art.25 They should encourage virtue with honor, brand vices with disgrace and discredit, and kindle emulation through example.26 These means work on every temperament, but more on some than on others. Glory works on the generous, dishonor on the melancholy, emulation on the choleric, fear on the inconstant, and example on the prudent. Example has great force on everyone, especially when it comes from their ancestors; for what blood cannot accomplish, emulation does. The same thing happens to sons as to tree shoots: after they are born, a branch from the same parent must be grafted onto them to perfect them.27 Heroic examples are grafts that pour the virtue of forebears into the spirit of their descendants. And industry must be inventive about this, so that entering through all the senses they take hold in him and put down roots; for they must not only be set before the prince in ordinary exhortations or rebukes, but also in every object around him.28 Let history recount the heroic deeds of his ancestors, whose glory, made everlasting in print, may spur him to imitation.29 Let music—a delicate golden thread that gently rules the affections—lift his spirit by singing of their trophies and victories.30 Have panegyrics of his grandfathers recited to him that urge and spur him on to emulation, and let him recite them too, and with his pages stage further enactments of their glorious deeds in which his spirit catches fire; because the force of the action impresses itself on him, and it comes across that he is the very one he is portraying.31 With them let him act out the deeds of a king, pretending that he holds audiences, that he issues orders, punishes and rewards; that he commands squadrons, storms cities, and fights battles.32 Cyrus was raised on such exercises, and through them, he became a great ruler. If the prince should show some inclinations opposed to the qualities that someone born to govern others ought to have, it's wise to set beside him young companions of virtues opposite to his vices, so that they may correct those vices, as a straight stake usually corrects what is crooked in a young tree by being tied to it. So then, let a generous companion go with the miserly prince; a bold one with the timid; an easy, self-possessed one with the shy and reserved; and a diligent one with the lazy—because at that age a boy imitates what he sees and hears, and copies into himself his companion's habits.33 The education of princes does not tolerate disordered rebuke and punishment, because that is a kind of disrespect. Harshness cowards the spirit, and it isn't fitting that someone who must command everyone should basely yield to one person. As King Don Alonso said: 'Those of good standing are better corrected by words than by blows; for that reason, they love those who treat them that way more, and once they understand, they are more grateful for it.'34 Youth is like a colt: it bolts when handled with a hard headstall, but it easily lets itself be guided by a soft bit.35 Besides which, in generous spirits there always remains a hidden loathing for what was learned through fear, and a desire and appetite to try the vices that were forbidden them in childhood.36 Suppressed passions—especially in someone born a prince—break out into desperation, much like vapors trapped in clouds break out as lightning. Whoever indiscreetly shuts the doors on natural inclinations forces them to leap out through the windows. Some allowance must be made for human frailty, skillfully leading it through honest pleasures toward virtue—an art that those who governed Nero's youth employed. Let the tutor correct the prince in private, because in public it will make him more obstinate once he sees his faults already laid bare. In two verses, Homer explains how a prince should be taught and how he ought to obey.
Read the original Latin
Con el pincel y los colores muestra en todas las cosas su poder el arte. Con ellos, si no es naturaleza la pintura, es tan semejante a ella, que en sus obras se engaña la vista, y ha menester valerse del tacto para reconocellas. No puede dar alma a los cuerpos, pero les da la gracia, los movimientos y aun los afectos del alma. No tiene bastante materia para abultallos, pero tiene industria para realzallos. Si pudieran caber celos en la naturaleza, los tuviera del arte; pero, benigna y cortés, se vale del en sus obras, y no pone la última mano en aquellas que él puede perficionar. Por eso nació desnudo el hombre, sin idioma particular, rasas las tablas del entendimiento, de la memoria y la fantasía, para que en ellas pintase la dotrína las imagines de las artes y sciencias, y escribiese la educación sus documentos, no sin gran misterio, previniendo así que la necesidad y el beneficio estrechasen los vínculos de gratitud y amor entre los hombres, valiéndose unos de otros; porque, si bien están en el ánimo todas las semillas de las artes y de las sciencias, están ocultas y enterradas, y han menester el cuidado ajeno, que las cultive y riegue. Esto se debe hacer en la juventud, tierna y apta a recibir las formas, y tan fácil a percibir las ciencias, que más parece que las reconoce, acordándose délias, que las aprende: argumento de que infería Platón la inmortalidad del alma. Si aquella disposición de la edad se pierde, se adelantan los afectos y graban en la voluntad tan firmemente sus inclinaciones, que no es bastante después a borrallas la educación.
Luego en naciendo lame el oso aquella confusa masa, y le forma sus miembros. Si la dejara endurecer, no podría obrar en ella. Advertidos desto los reyes de Persia, daban a sus hijos maestros que en los primeros siete años de su edad se ocupasen en organizar bien sus cueipecillos, y en los otros siete los fortaleciesen con los ejercicios de la jineta y la esgrima, y después les ponían al lado cuatro insignes varones: el uno muy sabio, que les enseñase las artes; el segundo muy moderado y prudente, que corrigiese sus afectos y apetitos; el tercero muy justo, que los instruyese en la administración de la justicia; y el cuarto muy valeroso y prático en las artes de la guerra, que los industriase en ellas, y les quitase las aprehensiones del miedo con los estímulos de la gloria.
Esta buena educación es más necesaria en los príncipes que en los demás, porque son instrumentos de la felicidad política y de la salud pública. En los demás es perjudicial a cada uno o a pocos la mala educación. En el príncipe, a él y a todos, porque a unos ofende con ella, y a otros con su exemplo. Con la buena educación es el hombre una criatura celestial y divina, y sin ella el más feroz de todos los animales. ¿ Qué será, pues, un príncipe mal educado, y armado con el poder? Los otros daños de la república suelen durar poco. Este lo que dura la vida del príncipe. Reconociendo esta importancia de la buena educación, Filipe, rey de Macedonia, escribió a Aristóteles (luego que le nació Alexandra) que no daba menos gracias a los dioses por el hijo nacido, cuanto por ser en tiempo que pudiese tener tal maestro.
Y no es bien descuidarse con su buen natural, dejando que obre por sí mismo, porque el mejor es imperfecto, como lo son casi todas las cosas que han de servir al hombre: pena del primer error humano, para que todo costase sudor. Apenas hay árbol que no dé amargo fruto si el cuidado no lo trasplanta y legitima su naturaleza bastarda, casándole con otra rama culta y generosa. La enseñanza mejora a los buenos, y hace buenos a los malos. Por esto salió tan gran gobernador el emperador Trajano, porque a su buen natural se le arrimó la industria y dirección de Plutarco, su maestro. No fuera tan feroz el ánimo del rey don Pedro el Cruel si lo hubiera sabido domesticar don Juan Alonso de Alburquerque, su ayo. Hay en los naturales las diferencias que en los metales. Unos resisten al fuego. Otros se deshacen en él y se derraman.
Pero todos se rinden al buril o al martillo y se dejan reducir a sutiles hojas. No hay ingenio tan duro en quien no labre algo el cuidado y el castigo. Es verdad que alguna vez no basta la enseñanza, como sucedió a Nerón y al príncipe don Carlos, porque entre la púrpura, como entre los bosques y las selvas, suelen criarse monstruos humanos al pecho de la grandeza, que no reconocen la corrección. Fácilmente se pervierte la juventud con las delicias, la libertad y la lisonja de los palacios, en los cuales suelen crecer los malos afectos, como en los campos viciosos las espinas y yerbas inútiles y dañosas. Y, si no están bien compuestos y reformados, lucirá poco el cuidado de la educación, porque son turquesas que forman al príncipe según ellos son, conservándose de unos criados en otros los vicios o las virtudes, una vez introducidas. Apenas tiene el príncipe discurso, cuando, o le lisonjean con las desenvolturas de ssus padres y antepasados, o le representan aquellas acciones generosas que están como vinculadas en las familias. De donde nace el continuarse en ellas de padres a hijos ciertas costumbres particulares, no tanto por la fuerza de la sangre, pues ni el tiempo ni la mezcla de los matrimonios las muda, cuanto por el corriente estilo de los palacios, donde la infancia las bebe y convierte en naturaleza. Y así, fueron tenidos en Roma por soberbios los Claudios, por belicosos los Escipiones, y por ambiciosos los Appios.
Y en España están los Guzmanes en opinión de buenos; los Mendozas, de apacibles; los Manriques, de terribles, y los Toledos, de graves y severos. Lo mismo sucede en los artífices. Si una vez entra el primor en un linaje, se continúa en los sucesores, amaestrados con lo que vieron obrar a sus padres y con lo que dejaron en sus diseños y memorias. Otras veces la lisonja, mezclada con la ignorancia, alaba en el niño por virtudes la tacañería, la jactancia, la insolencia, la ira, la venganza y otros vicios, creyendo que son muestras de un príncipe grande, con que se ceba en ellos y se olvida de las verdaderas virtudes, sucediéndole lo que a las mujeres, que, alabadas de briosas y desenvueltas, estudian en sello, y no en la modestia y honestidad, que son su principal dote. De todos los vicios conviene tener preservada la infancia. Pero principalmente de aquellos que inducen torpeza u odio, porque son los que más fácilmente se imprimen, Y así, ni conviene que oiga estas cosas el príncipe, ni se le ha de permitir que las diga; porque, si las dice, cobrará ánimo para cometellas. Fácilmente executamos lo que decimos o lo que está próximo a ello. Por evitar estos daños buscaban los romanos una matrona de su familia, ya de edad y de graves costumbres, que fuese aya de sus hijos y cuidase de su educación, en cuya presencia ni se dijese ni hiciese cosa torpe.
Esta severidad miraba a que se conservase sincero y puro el natural, y abrazase las artes honesta. Quintiüano se queja de que en su tiempo se corrompiese este buen estilo, y que, criados los hijos entre los siervos, hubiesen sus vicios, sin haber quien cuidase (ni aun sus mismos padres) de lo que se decía y hacía delante dellos. Todo esto sucede hoy en muchos palacios de príncipes, por lo cual conviene mudar sus estilos y quitar dellos los criados hechos a sus vicios, substituyendo en su lugar otros de altivos pensamientos, que enciendan en el pecho del príncipe espíritus gloriosos, porque, depravado una vez el palacio, no se corrige si no se muda, ni quiere príncipe bueno. La familia de Nerón favorecía para el imperio a Otón, porque era semejante a él." Pero, si aun para esto no tuviere libertad el príncipe, huyase del, como lo hizo el rey don Jaime el Primero de Aragón, viéndose tiranizado de los que le criaban y que le tenían como en prisión; 1Z que no es "menos un palacio donde están introducidas las artes de cautivar el albedrío y voluntad del príncipe, conduciéndole a donde quieren sus cortesanos, sin que pueda inclinar a una ni a otra parte, como se encamina al agua por ocultos conductos para solo el uso y beneficio de un campo. ¿Qué importa el buen natural y educación, si el príncipe no ha de ver ni oír ni entender más de aquello que quieren los que le asisten? ¿Qué mucho que saliese el rey don Enrique el Cuarto tan remiso y parecido en todos los demás defectos a su padre el rey don Juan el Segundo, si se crió entre los mismos aduladores y lisonjeros que destruyeron la reputación del gobierno pasado? Casi es tan imposible criarse bueno un príncipe en un palacio malo, como tirar una línea derecha por una regla torcida.
No hay en él pared donde el carbón no pinte o escriba lascivias. No hay eco que no repita libertades. Cuantos le habitan son como maestros o idea del príncipe, porque con el largo trato nota en cada uno algo que le puede dañar o aprovechar; y cuanto más dócil es su natural, más se imprimen en él las costumbres domésticas. Si el príncipe tiene criados buenos, es bueno. Y malo, si los tiene malos. Como sucedió a Galba, que, si daba en buenos amigos y libertos sin reprehensión, se gobernaba por ellos, y si en malos, era culpable su inadvertencia.
No solamente conviene reformar el palacio en las figuras vivas, sino también en las muertas, que son las estatuas y pinturas; porque, si bien el buril y el pincel son lenguas mudas, persuaden tanto como las más facundas. ¿Qué afecto no levanta a lo glorioso la estatua de Alexandro Magno? ¿A qué lascivia no incitan las transformaciones amorosas de Júpiter? En tales cosas, más que en las honestas, es ingenioso el arte (fuerza de nuestra depravada naturaleza), y por primores las trae a los palacios la estimación, y sirve la torpeza de adorno de las paredes. No ha de haber en ellos estatua ni pintura que no críe en el pecho del príncipe gloriosa emulación. Escriba el pincel en los lienzos, el buril en los bronces, y el cincel en los mármoles los hechos heroicos de sus antepasados, que lea a todas horas, porque tales estatuas y pinturas son fragmentos de historia siempre presentes a los ojos.
Corregidos, pues (si fuere posible), los vicios de los palacios, y conocido bien el natural e inclinaciones del príncipe, procuren el maestro y el ayo encaminallas a lo más heroico y generoso, sembrando en su ánimo tan ocultas semillas de virtud y de gloria, que, crecidas, se desconozca si fueron de la naturaleza o del arte. Animen la virtud con el honor, afeen los vicios con la infamia y descrédito, enciendan la emulación con el exemplo. Estos medios obran en todos los naturales, pero en unos más que en otros. En los generosos, la gloria; en los melancólicos, el deshonor; en los coléricos, la emulación; en los inconstantes, el temor; y en los prudentes, el exemplo, el cual tiene gran fuerza en todos, principalmente cuando es de los antepasados; porque lo que no pudo obrar la sangre, obra la emulación; sucediendo a los hijos lo que a los renuevos de los árboles, que es menester después de nacidos injerilles un ramo del mismo padre que los perficione. Injertos son los exemplos heroicos que en el ánimo de los descendientes infunden la virtud de sus mayores. En que debe ingeniarse la industria, para que entrando por todos los sentidos, prendan en él y echen raíces; porque no solamente se han de proponer al príncipe en las exhortaciones o reprehensiones ordinarias, sino también en todos los objetos. La historia le refiera los heroicos hechos de sus antepasados, cuya gloria, eternizada en la estampa, le incite a la imitación. La música (delicado filete de oro, que dulcemente gobierna los afectos) le levante el espíritu, cantándole sus trofeos y Vitorias.
Recítenle panegíricos de sus agüelos, que le exhorten y animen a la emulación, y él también los recite, y haga con sus meninos otras representaciones de sus gloriosas hazañas, en que se inflame el ánimo; porque la eficacia de la acción se imprime en él, y se da a entender que es el mismo que representa. Remede con ellos los actos de rey, fingiendo que da audiencias, que ordena, castiga y premia; que gobierna escuadrones, expugna ciudades y da batallas. En tales ensayos se crió Ciro, y con ellos salió gran gobernador.
Si descubriere el príncipe algunas inclinaciones opuestas a las calidades que debe tener quien nació para gobernar a otros, es conveniente ponelle al lado meninos de virtudes opuestas a sus vicios, que los corrijan, como suele una vara derecha corregir lo torcido de un arbolillo, atándola con él. Así, pues, al príncipe avaro acompañe un liberal; al tímido, un animoso; al encogido, un desenvuelto; y al perezoso, un diligente; porque aquella edad imita lo que ve y oye, y copia en sí las costumbres del compañero.
La educación de los príncipes no sufre desordenada la reprehensión y el castigo, porque es especie de desacato. Se acobardan los ánimos con el rigor, y no conviene que vilmente se rinda a uno quien ha de mandar a todos. Y como dijo el rey don Alonso: «Los que de buen lugar vienen, mejor se castigan por palabras, que por feridas: e más aman por ende aquellos que asi lo facen, e más gelo agradescen cuando han entendimiento.» Es un potro la juventud, que con un cabezón duro se precipita y fácilmente se deja gobernar de un bocado blando. Fuera de que en los ánimos generosos queda siempre un oculto aborrecimiento a lo que se aprendió por temor, y un deseo y apetito de reconocer los vicios que le prohibieron en la niñez. Los afectos oprimidos (principalmente en quien nació príncipe) dan en desesperaciones, como en rayos las exhalaciones constreñidas entre las nubes. Quien indiscreto cierra las puertas a las inclinaciones naturales, obliga a que se arrojen por las ventanas. Algo se ha de permitir a la fragilidad humana, llevándola diestramente por las delicias honestas, a la virtud; arte de que se valieron los que gobernaban la juventud de Nerón.
Reprehenda el ayo a solas al príncipe, porque en público le hará más obstinado, viendo ya descubiertos sus defectos. En los dos versos incluyó Homero cómo ha de ser enseñado el príncipe, y cómo ha de obedecer:
Notes
- 1 ↩Spanish gracia here is aesthetic grace (beauty of form and presence in painted figures), not divine grace; kept as "grace" for the art-critical sense.
- 2 ↩industria rendered as "craft" (skill/ingenuity), not modern "industry"; realzallos as bringing painted figures into relief/heightening them.
- 3 ↩rasas las tablas evokes the blank-tablet (tabula rasa) image; documentos rendered as "lessons" (precepts/instruction), not modern bureaucratic "documents"; dotrína/imagines/sciencias normalized as doctrine→teaching, images, sciences.
- 4 ↩Source délias treated as de ellas ("of them").
- 5 ↩Source has cueipecillos; read as cuerpecillos (little bodies), matching the bear-forming emblem and the physical stage of early education.
- 6 ↩Spanish «exemplo» is the early modern spelling of «ejemplo» (example); rendered as example.
- 7 ↩Source is elliptical: «Este lo que dura la vida del príncipe» = «Este [daño dura] lo que dura la vida del príncipe»; the referent is the harm of a badly educated prince.
- 8 ↩Source reads «Alexandra»; historical and contextual sense is almost certainly «Alexandro» (Alexander the Great). Rendered as Alexander. «Filipe» normalized to Philip.
- 9 ↩naturaleza bastarda: horticultural 'base/wild stock' (as opposed to cultivated graft), not primarily a moral slur; casándole continues the grafting metaphor.
- 10 ↩ingenio continues the metal metaphor (temper/disposition) while also meaning native wit; castigo is correction/discipline more than bare punishment.
- 11 ↩púrpura = royal rank and power (imperial/royal purple), not the dye alone; al pecho de la grandeza personifies greatness as a nurse.
- 12 ↩turquesas: metalworking molds/dies (fits the chapter's burin-and-hammer metaphor); they impress their own form on the prince. Subject is the palace attendants/servants.
- 13 ↩Normalized reading treats source 'ssus' as 'sus' (his).
- 14 ↩primor: excellence/refinement of craft; diseños y memorias: plans/patterns and written records or memoirs left by the craftsman-fathers.
- 15 ↩Source reading 'estudian en sello' is slightly odd; rendered as applying themselves to that stamp/character (of being briosas y desenvueltas). Some editions may prefer 'en ello' ('to that'). tacañería can mean meanness or stinginess; se ceba en ellos = feeds on / fattens on those vices.
- 16 ↩torpeza here is moral indecency/baseness (not mere clumsiness); imprimen = are imprinted/stamped on the mind; cometellas = cometerlas.
- 17 ↩aya = governess/nurse charged with upbringing; graves costumbres = serious, dignified manners; cosa torpe = anything indecent or base.
- 18 ↩Source reads "las artes honesta" (singular adjective with plural noun); translated as the intended "honest arts" (artes honestas).
- 19 ↩Source segment "1Z que no es \"menos un palacio" is clearly corrupt (likely OCR/print damage for a causal connector + "no es menos un palacio"). Translated as the intended comparison: such a palace is no less a prison.
- 20 ↩libertades here means loose or indecent freedoms of speech, not political liberty.
- 21 ↩idea is rendered as pattern/model (the formative exemplar household people become for the prince), not as a mental concept.
- 22 ↩daba en rendered as fell in with / chanced upon; sin reprehensión taken with buenos amigos y libertos (irreproachable company), not as a separate clause about Galba being blameless.
- 23 ↩afecto rendered as 'passion' for the older sense of a stirred movement of the soul, not modern 'affection' as fondness.
- 24 ↩por primores: as refinements/masterpieces; torpeza: moral baseness/indecency rather than mere clumsiness; honestas: morally decent/honorable.
- 25 ↩encaminallas is early modern Spanish for encaminarlas ('steer them'), with -llas for -las; the object is the prince's inclinaciones.
- 26 ↩afeen (from afear) means to make ugly or hold up as shameful—here, to brand vices with infamy, not merely to criticize them.
- 27 ↩injerilles is early modern for injerirles ('graft onto them'); perficione is an older form of perfeccione ('perfect them').
- 28 ↩En que continues the prior sentence: the 'heroic examples' are what must enter through the senses; industria here is careful skill/resourcefulness, not modern 'industry' as manufacture.
- 29 ↩estampa can mean a printed page or an engraving; 'in print' covers the period sense of written/printed memorial without forcing a modern publishing frame.
- 30 ↩filete de oro is a fine gold thread or filament—here a metaphor for music's subtle governing line through the affections; Vitorias is period spelling of victorias; sus points back to the ancestors' deeds.
- 31 ↩agüelos is an archaic form of abuelos (grandfathers/ancestors). meninos are court pages or young noble attendants in the Spanish/Portuguese court sense, not simply 'boys'.
- 32 ↩Remede is the archaic imperative of remedar (to imitate/mimic), not remediar (to remedy).
- 33 ↩liberal here means open-handed/generous, not political liberalism; desenvuelto means easy and self-possessed in manner, not merely casual.
- 34 ↩Quoted Old Castilian (feridas/facen/gelo/agradescen). Rendered in modern English while preserving the quotation as reported speech from King Alfonso.
- 35 ↩cabezón = hard headstall/halter; bocado = bit. Equine training metaphor for harsh vs. gentle guidance.
- 36 ↩reconocer here is experiential (to get to know/try out the forbidden vices), not merely intellectual recognition.
Idea de un príncipe político-cristiano representada en cien empresas (Empresas políticas) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit