Περί ἀγάπης τρίτη ἑκατοντάς.
The Proper Use of Natural Powers
Virtue and vice are determined by the proper or improper use of the soul's natural powers.
Using our thoughts and material things wisely leads to temperance, love, and knowledge; using them irrationally leads to licentiousness, hatred, and ignorance. "You prepared a table before me," and what follows. Here, the table represents practical virtue. For this was prepared by Christ in the face of those who afflict us.1 The oil that anoints the mind is the contemplation of created things.2 The cup of God is the knowledge of God. His mercy is his Word, who is also God.3 Through his incarnation, he pursues us all our days until he overtakes everyone who is to be saved, just as he overtook Paul. The house is the kingdom, in which all the saints are restored.4 And the length of days means eternal life. The vices of the soul's powers arise when we misuse them—for instance, our capacity for desire, our temper, and our reason. And the misuse of the rational power is ignorance and folly; of the irascible and the desiring, hatred and unrestraint. But the proper use of these powers is knowledge, prudence, love, and self-control. If this is true, then nothing that God has created and brought into being is evil. Foods are not evil, but gluttony; nor is childbearing, but fornication; nor is money, but love of money; nor is glory, but vainglory.✦✦ And if that's so, nothing among existing things is evil except misuse, which comes from the mind's neglect of natural cultivation.5 Blessed Dionysius says that the evil in demons consists of these things: irrational anger, mindless desire, and reckless imagination. But irrationality, mindlessness, and recklessness, in rational beings, are privations of reason, intellect, and careful consideration.6 And privations are secondary to the dispositions they strip away.7 So, there was a time when reason, intellect, and reverent consideration existed in them. If that's true, then demons aren't evil by nature; rather, they became evil through the misuse of their natural powers.8
Self-Love and the Passions
Self-love is the root of all passions, while love for God and self-control lead to true freedom.
Some of the passions produce self-indulgence; some produce hatred; and some produce both self-indulgence and hatred. Overeating and a taste for delicacies are causes of licentiousness; love of money and vainglory, of hatred toward your neighbor. And self-love, the mother of these, is the cause of both.9 Self-love is a passionate and irrational attachment to the body; love and self-control stand in opposition to it. Anyone who has self-love clearly has all the passions. The Apostle says that no one ever hated his own flesh; instead, he disciplines it and brings it into subjection, giving it nothing more than food and clothing—and even then, only what is necessary for life.✦✦✦ This is how someone loves the flesh without passion: he nourishes it as a servant of the things of God, and cares for it only with what meets its needs.10 Whoever someone loves, he is sure to hurry to serve that one as well. So if someone loves God, he is sure to hurry to do what pleases Him; but if he loves the flesh, he hurries to carry out what delights it.✦ What pleases God is love and self-control, and contemplation and prayer; but what pleases the flesh is gluttony and license, and whatever feeds these. For this reason, those who are in the flesh cannot please God.✦ But those who belong to Christ have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires.✦ If the mind turns toward God, it keeps the body as its servant and gives it nothing more than what's necessary for life; but if it turns toward the flesh, it becomes a slave to the passions, always providing for the desires of the flesh.✦
Practical Discernment and Humility
Specific ascetic practices and humility are necessary to overcome the passions and maintain a clear mind.
If you want to master your thoughts, focus on the passions; by dealing with them, you'll easily drive those thoughts from your mind.11 For example, when it comes to fornication: fast, keep vigil, work hard, and withdraw into solitude. As for anger and grief, treat glory, dishonor, and material things with contempt. As for resentment, pray for the one who hurt you, and you'll be free of it.12 Don't measure yourself against people who are weaker than you; instead, stretch yourself toward the commandment of love. If you measure yourself against them, you'll fall into the pit of self-conceit; but if you stretch yourself toward the commandment, you'll advance to the height of humility.13 If you truly keep the commandment of love for your neighbor, then for the sake of what are you breeding bitter grief toward him? Or isn't it clear that, by preferring temporary things to that love and fighting to hold on to them, you're making war on your brother?✦ Gold hasn't become so coveted by people because of need as because, through it, most of them can serve their pleasures. There are three causes of the love of money: love of pleasure, vainglory, and unbelief.✦ But unbelief is worse than the other two. The pleasure-lover loves money so that through it he can live in luxury; the vainglorious so that through it he can be honored; the unbeliever so that he can hide it and hoard it, fearing famine, or old age, or sickness, or exile—and he hopes in it more than in God, the Creator and Provider of all creation, even of the least and smallest living creatures.14 There are four who amass money: the three already named, and the steward.15 Only this one, clearly, amasses it rightly — so that by meeting each person's need he may never fail to provide. All impassioned thoughts either excite the desiring part of the soul, or agitate the irascible part, or darken the rational part; and from this it happens that the mind grows sick in its vision of spiritual contemplation and of going forth in prayer.16 For this reason, a monk—especially one who practices stillness—must watch his thoughts carefully, identify their causes, and cut them off. You can identify them this way: for instance, impassioned memories of women stir up the soul's desire; the cause of this is a lack of self-control regarding food and drink, and frequent, senseless contact with the women themselves. But hunger and thirst and keeping vigil and withdrawal cut these off. Again, impassioned memories of those who have hurt us agitate the irascible part; and the cause of these is love of pleasure, vainglory, and love of material things.17 For it is because of these things that the impassioned person is grieved—either as someone who has been deprived, or as someone who has failed to get what he wanted. But contempt and scorn for these very things, because of love for God, cut them off.
The Knowledge of God and Creation
God's knowledge is distinct from the participation of created beings, who are called to goodness and wisdom.
God knows Himself, and He also knows the things that have come into being through Him. The holy Powers also know God, and they know the things that have come into being from God.18 But the holy Powers don't know God and the things that have come into being through Him in the same way that God knows Himself and the things that have come into being through Him. God knows himself through his blessed essence; but he knows the things that came into being through him by his wisdom—the wisdom through which, and in which, he created everything. The holy Powers know God by participation, even though he is beyond participation; and they know the things that came into being through him by internalizing the contemplations of those things.19 Created things are outside the mind; but within itself the mind takes up contemplation of them. But it is not so with God, who is eternal, infinite, and unbounded, and who has freely granted to existing things both being, well-being, and everlasting being.20 The rational and intellective essence participates in the holy God through its very being, its capacity for well-being—that is, for goodness and wisdom—and through the grace of everlasting being.21 Because of this, it knows God.22 However, it knows the things that have come into being through Him by grasping, as already mentioned, the skillful wisdom contemplated in created things—a wisdom that is bare and lacks independent subsistence, existing only in the mind.23 Out of his extreme goodness, when God brought rational and intellective nature into being, he shared four of his divine properties—properties that hold beings together, guard them, and keep them safe: being, everlasting being, goodness, and wisdom. Of these he granted the first two to the essence, and the other two—goodness and wisdom—to the free capacity of the will, so that what he himself is by essence, creation might become by participation.24 Because of this, it's also said to have been made in the image and likeness of God. It is in the image as being of the One who is, and as everlasting being of the One who is everlasting—though not without beginning, yet without end; and in the likeness as good of the Good, and as wise of the Wise: the one by grace corresponding to the One by nature.25 According to the image, every rational nature is of God; but according to the likeness, only the good and the wise. The whole rational and intellective nature is divided into two: angelic nature and human nature. The whole angelic nature is again divided into two universal dispositions and companies, holy and unholy: holy Powers and unclean demons.26 The whole human nature is divided into only two universal dispositions—the devout and the impious. God, being existence itself and goodness itself and wisdom itself—or rather, to speak more truly, even beyond all these—has nothing at all as his contrary.27 But creatures—since they all have existence by participation and by grace, and the rational and intellectual ones also have the capacity for goodness and wisdom—do have a contrary: nonexistence for their existence, and wickedness and ignorance for their capacity for goodness and wisdom.28 And whether these things always exist or do not exist lies in the power of the One who made them; but whether they share in his goodness and wisdom or do not share in them lies in the will of rational beings. The Greeks say that the essence of beings has coexisted with God from eternity, and that only the qualities belonging to it have come from him: of the essence itself they say nothing is contrary, and that opposition is found only among the qualities. We, on the other hand, say that only the divine essence has nothing contrary to it, since it is eternal and infinite and bestows eternity on other things. But for the essence of beings, non-being is contrary; and whether it always is or is not lies in the power of him who truly is—yet his gifts are irrevocable.293031 For that reason, it both always is and will be, held fast by His almighty power—even though, as we have said, it has non-being as its contrary, because it was brought from non-being into being, and whether it exists or not rests in His will. Just as evil is a lack of good, and ignorance is a lack of knowledge, so non-being is a lack of being—not of Being in the absolute sense, for that has no opposite, but of what exists by participating in the One who truly is.32 The lack of the former follows the free choice of created beings; but the lack of the latter depends on the will of the Maker—who always, out of goodness, wills that beings exist and always be blessed by him.33 Among all created things, some are rational and intellectual, capable of embracing opposites like virtue and vice, or knowledge and ignorance. Others are physical bodies, composed of opposites—specifically earth, air, fire, and water. The former are entirely incorporeal and immaterial, even if some are joined to bodies; the latter are constituted solely by matter and form.34 By nature, all bodies are motionless; they are moved by a soul—some by a rational soul, some by an irrational one, and some by a soul without sensation. Of the powers of the soul, one is nutritive and growth-giving; another is imaginative and impulsive; and another is rational and intellective. Plants share only in the first; irrational animals share in the second along with the first; and human beings share in the third along with the other two. The first two powers are perishable, but the third is shown to be imperishable and immortal.
The War Against Impassioned Thoughts
The monk's struggle is to separate the passions from thoughts, allowing the mind to move toward pure prayer.
The holy Powers share illumination with one another, and they impart to human nature either their own virtue or the knowledge they possess. As for virtue: it is, for example, God-imitating goodness, by which they do good to themselves, to one another, and to those ranked below them, making them Godlike. As for knowledge: it is either something higher about God—for it says, "You, O Lord, are Most High forever"—or something deeper about bodies, or more exact about things without bodies, or clearer about providence, or more distinct about judgment.35 Impurity of the intellect is, first, holding false knowledge; second, being ignorant of something among the universals—I mean as it concerns the human intellect, for it belongs to an angel to be ignorant of nothing among the particulars; third, having passionate thoughts; and fourth, consenting to sin.36 Impurity of the soul is not acting according to nature. This is what gives birth to passionate thoughts in the mind. For then it acts according to nature, when its passible powers — I mean anger and desire — remain free of passion in the presentation of things and of the thoughts within them.37 Bodily impurity is sin put into action.38 Anyone still passionately attached to worldly things loves quiet; anyone who loves nothing merely human loves all people; and anyone who isn't scandalized by others—whether by their failings or by suspicious thoughts—has knowledge of God and of divine things.39 It's a great thing not to be stirred by the things themselves, but it's even greater to remain free of passion toward the thoughts of those things. Love and self-control keep the mind free from passion both toward things and toward the thoughts of them. The mind of the God-loving person does not fight against things themselves, nor against the thoughts of them, but against the passions joined to those thoughts. For example, it doesn't fight against a woman, or against someone who caused hurt, or against the mental images of them, but against the passions attached to those images.40 A monk's entire struggle against demons is aimed at separating his passions from his thoughts. For otherwise he cannot look at things free of passion.41 A thing is one thing, a thought is another, and a passion is still another. And a thing is, for example, a man, a woman, gold, and so on. A thought, for example, is simply a memory of one of those objects.42 A passion, for example, is an irrational affection for—or an indiscriminate hatred of—one of those objects.43 Therefore, the monk's battle is against the passion. A passionate notion is a complex thought made up of both passion and a notion. Let us separate the passion from the notion, and the bare thought remains. And we separate them through spiritual love and self-control, if we want to. Virtues detach the mind from the passions; spiritual contemplation detaches it from simple thoughts; and pure prayer presents it to God Himself. The virtues are for the sake of knowledge of the things that have come to be; knowledge is for the sake of the one who knows; and the one who knows is for the sake of the One who is known unknowably and who knows beyond knowledge.44 It wasn't because He needed anything that the all-sufficient God brought created things into being, but so that they might enjoy Him by sharing in Him according to their capacity, and so that He might rejoice over His works when He saw them rejoicing and forever being filled—insatiably, without end—with the One who can never be exhausted.45
True and False Blessedness
True blessedness is found in acting for Christ's sake, rather than in the outward appearance of virtue.
The world has many who are poor in spirit, but not in the way that is fitting.✦ And many who mourn—but over loss of money, or over losing children.✦ And many who are meek—but meek toward unclean passions.✦46 And many who hunger and thirst—but to snatch what belongs to others and to profit from injustice.✦ And many who are merciful—but only toward the body and the things of the body.✦ And pure in heart—but for the sake of vainglory.✦47 And peacemakers—but by subjecting the soul to the flesh.✦ And many who are insulted—but for shameful sins. Yet only those are blessed who both do and suffer these things for Christ and according to Christ.✦ Why? Because theirs is the kingdom of heaven; and, They will see God, and so on. So they aren't blessed because they do these things and suffer them, but because they do and suffer them for Christ and according to Christ.48 In everything we do, God looks at our intention—as has often been said—to see whether we are acting for His sake or for some other reason. So whenever we want to do something good, let's not make people-pleasing our aim, but God. That way, by always looking toward Him, we do everything for His sake and don't end up enduring the hardship only to lose the reward.✦49 At the time of prayer, cast out of your mind both the bare thoughts of human affairs and the contemplations of everything that has come into being, so that by imagining lesser things you don't fall away from the One who is incomparably greater than all that exists. If we genuinely love God, through that very love we cast off the passions. And love for him means this: preferring him to the world, and the soul to the flesh—by holding worldly things in contempt, and by giving ourselves to him at all times through self-control, love, prayer, psalmody, and the rest.50 If we spend long stretches of time free for God and tend the passionate part of the soul, we no longer run aground on the assaults of thoughts. Instead, by more carefully recognizing their causes and cutting them off, we become more clear-sighted — so that this is fulfilled in us: "And my eye has looked upon my enemies; and my ear will hear of those who rise up against me to do evil."5152 When you see your mind moving devoutly and uprightly among the thoughts of the world, know that your body too remains pure and free from sin; but when you see the mind occupied with sins in thought, and you don't check it, know that your body won't be long either in falling into the same things. Just as the body has things as its world, so the mind has thoughts as its world; and just as the body commits fornication with a woman's body, so the mind fornicates with the thought of a woman through the imagination of its own body.53 It sees the image of its own body mingled with the woman's image in its thoughts. In the same way it also takes revenge, in thought, on the form of the one who has hurt it, through the form of its own body.54 It’s the same with other sins. For whatever the body does in act in the world of things, the mind also does in the world of thoughts. How can you not shudder, be struck with amazement, and be beside yourself at the thought that God the Father judges no one, but has given all judgment to the Son—and the Son cries out: "Do not judge, so that you won't be judged; do not condemn, so that you won't be condemned"?✦✦ And the Apostle says the same: "Do not judge anything before the time, until the Lord comes"; and, "In the judgment with which you judge the other, you condemn yourself." Yet people leave off weeping for their own sins, snatch the judgment from the Son, and as if they themselves were sinless, judge and condemn one another. Heaven itself was astonished at this; the earth shuddered—and still they feel no shame, numb as they are.✦✦55 Anyone who busies himself with other people's sins, or even judges a brother out of suspicion, has not yet made a beginning of repentance, nor does he search out his own sins so as to know them—sins that are in truth heavier than a many-talent weight of lead—nor has he learned how a person becomes heavy-hearted, loving vanity and seeking a lie.✦ That is why, like a fool walking in the dark, he leaves his own sins behind and imagines other people's—whether they really exist or are only supposed out of suspicion.
The Ladder of Spiritual Progress
The mind must be trained to prefer divine contemplations over material things to avoid the cycle of passions.
Self-love, as has often been said, is the cause of all the passionate thoughts. For from it are born the three most general thoughts of desire: gluttony, love of money, and vainglory. Gluttony leads to unchastity, love of money leads to greed, and vainglory leads to pride.56 And all the rest follow each of these three: anger, sorrow, holding grudges, listlessness, envy, slander, and the others.57 These passions, then, bind the mind to material things and hold it down to the earth, lying on it like the heaviest stone—though by nature it is lighter and swifter than fire. Self-love is the beginning of all the passions; pride is their end. Self-love is an irrational attachment to the body.58 Whoever has cut this out has also cut off all the passions that spring from it. Just as the parents of our bodies are passionately attached to those born from them, so the mind is also, by nature, attached to its own thoughts. And just as, to the more passion-bound among those parents, even if their children are in every way completely ridiculous, they seem the most decent and beautiful of all—so also, to the foolish mind, its own thoughts, even if they are worse than all others, seem wiser than all others.59 But it’s not that way for the wise person. On the contrary, when he feels fully assured that his thoughts are true and good, that is when he trusts his own judgment the least. Instead, he asks other wise people to judge his words and reasoning so that he doesn't run—or hasn't already run—in vain, and through them, he finds confirmation. When you conquer one of the baser passions—gluttony, fornication, anger, or greed—the thought of vainglory immediately swoops down on you. And if you conquer that, pride takes its place. All the baser passions, while they dominate the soul, drive the thought of vainglory out of it; and when all those already named have been defeated, they return again to that thought.60 Vainglory, whether it's being done away with or whether it remains, gives birth to pride: when it's done away with, it produces self-conceit; when it remains, boastfulness. Hidden work does away with vainglory; ascribing your achievements to God does away with pride. Anyone who has been counted worthy of the knowledge of God and has truly enjoyed the pleasure that comes from it despises every pleasure born of the appetitive faculty.6162 People who crave earthly things are after food, sexual gratification, human glory, money, or something else that stems from these. Unless the mind finds something better to shift its desire toward, it won't leave these things behind—because the knowledge of God and divine things is incomparably better than they are.6364 Those who despise pleasures despise them either out of fear, or out of hope, or out of knowledge, or even out of love for God. Knowledge of divine things without passion does not persuade the mind finally to despise material things; instead it is like bare reasoning about something perceived by the senses.65 That’s why you can find many people who have a great deal of knowledge and yet wallow in the passions of the flesh like pigs in mud.✦ For after being purified for a little while through careful practice and attaining knowledge, they later grew careless and became like Saul—who, though judged worthy of the kingdom, lived unworthily and was cast out of it with terrible wrath. Just as bare reasoning about human affairs doesn't force the mind to despise divine things, so neither does bare knowledge of divine things persuade it finally to despise human things—because for now the truth is present in shadows and in likenesses.66 And for this reason it needs the blessed passion of holy love, which binds the mind to spiritual contemplations and persuades it to prefer the immaterial to the material, and the intelligible and divine to the things of sense.67 Someone who has cut out the passions and reduced his thoughts to bare thoughts hasn't necessarily turned them toward divine things as well. He might still be moved by neither human nor divine things. This is what happens to those who are still only in the active life and haven't yet been counted worthy of knowledge: they keep away from the passions out of fear of punishment or hope of the kingdom.68 We walk by faith, not by sight; and we have knowledge in mirrors and riddles.✦✦ Because of this, we need to engage with them deeply, so that through long study and lingering meditation, we can form a habit of contemplation that is hard to break.6970 If for a little while we cut off the causes of the passions and occupy ourselves with spiritual contemplations, but don't always dwell in them, making this our very work, we easily turn back again toward the passions of the flesh—reaping from it nothing else but bare knowledge mixed with conceit, whose end is both the gradual darkening of that knowledge itself and the mind's complete diversion toward material things.71 A blameworthy passion of love keeps the mind busy with material things; a praiseworthy passion of love binds it to the things of God. The mind tends to expand in the things it spends time with, and wherever it expands, that is where it turns its desire and its love—whether toward divine, proper, and intelligible things, or toward the things and passions of the flesh.72
The Perfection of Love
Love is the greatest virtue, transcending all ages and leading the soul to eternal union with God.
God created both the invisible and the visible worlds; He also made the soul and the body. If the visible world is so beautiful, what must the invisible one be like? If the created is better than this, how much greater is the Creator of all good things? If the Creator is indeed greater than everything made, why does the mind engage with what is lesser rather than with what is greater? I say this in relation to the passions of the flesh. It is evident that having been raised and accustomed to these things from birth, one has not yet fully experienced the greater; therefore, if one practices self-control over pleasures for a long time, and gradually breaks away from such attachments to the divine, one will gradually progress in the divine, and recognize the value of what is truly one's own; and finally, one will transfer all desire toward the Divine. The person who speaks of a brother's sin without passion does so for two reasons: either to correct him, or to help someone else. But if he speaks for any reason outside these—whether to the brother himself or to someone else—he's speaking to reproach him or tear him down, and he will not escape divine abandonment. On the contrary, he will certainly fall into either the same fault or another, and when others expose and reproach him, he'll be put to shame.73 People don't commit the same sin for just one reason; there are various reasons. For example, one person sins out of habit, while another does so out of impulse; the latter doesn't think about the sin beforehand or reflect on it afterward, but is deeply pained by the act itself. But the person who sins out of habit acts from the opposite disposition; he doesn't stop sinning in his mind even before the act, and after committing it, he remains in that same state of mind. The one who pursues virtues out of vainglory clearly also seeks knowledge for the same reason. Such a person doesn't act or speak to build others up; instead, in everything they do, they're looking for the glory that comes from those who see or hear them. This passion is revealed when someone criticizes their actions or words and they become deeply troubled—not because they're concerned about others being built up (since that wasn't their intention), but because they feel diminished themselves. Greed shows itself this way: it takes pleasure in receiving, but feels sad when giving. Someone like that can't be truly generous. For these reasons, someone endures suffering: either for the love of God, or for the hope of reward, or for the fear of punishment, or for the fear of others, or for nature, or for pleasure, or for profit, or for vanity, or for necessity. It's one thing to be free from thoughts, and another to be liberated from passions. Often, someone is freed from thoughts when those things that feed the passions are not present; yet the passions remain hidden in the soul, and when those things appear, they are revealed. Therefore, it's necessary to keep the mind focused on the things at hand and to understand what passion it has. A true friend is someone who quietly and calmly shares in the troubles, needs, and misfortunes of others as if they were their own, especially during times of trial. Don't dishonor your conscience, which always gives you the best advice. For a divine and angelic insight is offered to you; it frees you from the hidden stains of your heart and grants you boldness before God when you depart. If you want to become wise and moderate, and not be enslaved by the suffering of your thoughts, always seek in what exists what is hidden in your knowledge. As you find many different things hidden from you, you'll marvel at your own ignorance, and your spirit will be humbled; by knowing yourself, you'll understand many great and wonderful things. For thinking you know something prevents you from advancing toward true knowledge. This person truly wants to be saved, not resisting the healing remedies of the physicians. But these are pains and sorrows brought on by various burdens. But the one who resists doesn't know what he's dealing with here, nor what he'll gain by leaving this place. Vainglory and greed are generative of one another. For those who are vain become wealthy; and those who are wealthy become vain; but they do so as worldly people; since the monk, being without possessions, is even more prone to vainglory. But having money, he hides it, feeling ashamed as if it were something inappropriate for his appearance. The unique trait of a monk's vainglory is to seek glory in virtue and to follow those who do the same; but the unique trait of his pride is to boast of his achievements and to belittle others, attributing these things to himself rather than to God. The unique trait of worldly vainglory and pride is to seek glory in beauty, wealth, power, and intellect. The achievements of the worldly are the corpses of the monks; and the achievements of the monks are the corpses of the worldly. For example, the achievements of the worldly are wealth, glory, power, indulgence, bodily pleasure, and many other things; when a monk pursues these, he is lost. On the other hand, the achievements of the monk are poverty, lack of fame, weakness, self-control, hardship, and their consequences; when a worldly person approaches these intentionally, it leads to a great downfall, and he often risks being hanged; some have even resorted to that. Food was created for two reasons: for nourishment and for healing. Therefore, anyone who eats without these purposes—treating what God has provided as a means for their own indulgence—is condemned. And above all else, misuse is sin. It's one thing to fight against a simple thought to keep passion from stirring; it's another to struggle with a passionate thought to avoid giving consent. Both ways, however, do not allow thoughts to linger. Sorrow is linked to resentment. Therefore, when the mind reflects on the face of a brother with sorrow, it’s clear that it harbors resentment toward him; the paths of the resentful lead to death, for every resentful person is lawless. If you hold a grudge against someone, pray for them and keep your emotions in check by separating your sorrow through prayer from the memory of the wrong they did to you; by becoming loving and compassionate, you can completely erase that pain from your soul. But if someone else holds a grudge against you, be gracious and humble toward them, and strive to associate with them kindly, helping to free them from their pain. To overcome the pain of envy, you must make an effort; for it leads to misfortune, as it is what you envy within yourself. You cannot stand firm otherwise unless you hide it. If helping many benefits you but causes distress to one, which part will you disregard? Therefore, you must prioritize the benefit of the many without neglecting the one as best you can. Do not let yourself be drawn into the wickedness of envy; you should not defend the affliction, but rather the one who suffers it. Consider him superior to yourself in humility, and in every time, place, and matter, prefer him. You can overcome your envy if you rejoice in what the other person delights in. When he is in sorrow, you should share in his grief, fulfilling the Apostle's words: "Rejoice with those who rejoice, and weep with those who weep."✦ Our mind sits between two forces, each acting in its own way: one leads toward virtue and the other toward vice—specifically, the influence of an angel and a demon. The mind has the power and authority to choose whether to follow or resist. The holy powers urge us toward good things; the natural seeds and the good intention assist us; but the assaults of demons, the passions, and the wicked intention oppose us. Holy powers urge us toward what is good, and our natural inclinations and good disposition assist us, while the assaults of demons, passions, and an evil disposition lead us astray. God Himself teaches the pure mind at times; at other times, the holy powers suggest what is good; and at other times, the nature of things is contemplated. You should keep a mind that has been deemed worthy of knowledge, maintaining an untroubled understanding of things, ensuring your insights are secure and your state of prayer remains clear. However, you can't maintain these things when you're overwhelmed by the desires of the flesh and consumed by the attacks of demons. We don't get angry over the things that cause us grief. The weight of what causes sorrow is greater than the weight of what causes anger. For example, this was broken; that was lost; someone died. For such things, we only grieve; but for the rest, we both grieve and get angry, acting foolishly. The mind, receiving the meanings of things, is naturally inclined to transform itself according to each meaning. And when these are seen spiritually, each vision is transformed in various ways. But when someone is in God, they become formless and entirely without shape. For anyone who sees the one form becomes one and is entirely filled with light. The soul is perfect, whose passive power has completely inclined toward God. The mind reaches perfection when it knows the truth through faith, grasping the incomprehensible in a way that goes beyond understanding; it has seen God's creation as a whole and has received from Him a comprehensive knowledge of His providence and judgment, as I say, in relation to humanity. Time is divided into three parts; faith aligns with all three, hope with one, and love with two. Faith and hope last for a time, but love transcends all ages, remains forever, and continually grows. For this reason, love is the greatest of all.
Read the original Latin
Ἡ μέν εὔλογος τῶν νοημάτων καί τῶν πραγμάτων χρῆσις, σωφροσύνης καί ἀγάπης καί γνώσεώς ἐστι ποιητική· ἡ δέ ἄλογος, ἀκολασίας καί μίσους καί ἀγνοίας.
Ἡτοίμασας ἐνώπιόν μου τράπεζαν, καί τά ἑξῆς. Ἡ τράπεζα ἐνταῦθα σημαίνει τήν πρακτικήν ἀρετήν. Αὕτη γάρ ἐξ ἐναντίας τῶν θλιβομένων ἡμᾶς παρά Χριστοῦ ἡτοιμάσθη. Τό δέ ἔλαιον τό λιπαῖνον τόν νοῦ, τήν θεωρίαν τῶν γεγονότων. Τό δέ ποτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ, τήν γνῶσιν τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ. Τό δέ ἔλεος αὐτοῦ, τόν Λόγον αὐτοῦ καί Θεόν. Οὗτος γάρ διά τῆς ἐνανθρωπήσεως αὐτοῦ καταδιώκει πάσας τάς ἡμέρας, ἕως οὗ πάντας καταλάβῃ τούς σωθησομένους, ὥσπερ τόν Παῦλον. Ὁ δέ οἶκος, τήν βασιλείαν, ἐν ᾗ ἀποκαθίστανται πάντες οἱ ἅγιοι.
Ἡ δέ μακρότης τῶν ἡμερῶν, τήν αἰώνιον ζωήν.
Κατά παράχρησιν αἱ κακίαι τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς δυνάμεων ἡμῖν ἐπισυμβαίνουσιν· οἷον, τῆς τε ἐπιθυμητικῆς, καί τῆς θυμοειδοῦς, καί τῆς λογιστικῆς. Καί τῆς μέν λογιστικῆς δυνάμεως παράχρησίς ἐστιν, ἀγνωσία καί ἀφροσύνη· τῆς δέ θυμοειδοῦς καί ἐπιθυμητικῆς, μῖσος καί ἀκολασία. Χρῆσις δέ τούτων, γνῶσις καί φρόνησις, ἀγάπη τε καί σωφροσύνη. Εἰ δέ τοῦτο, οὐδέν τῶν ὑπό Θεοῦ κτισθέντων καί γεγονότων ἐστί κακόν.
Οὐ τά βρώματα κακά, ἀλλ᾿ ἡ γαστριμαργία· οὐδέ ἡ παιδοποιΐα, ἀλλ᾿ ἡ πορνεία· οὐδέ τά χρήματα, ἀλλ᾿ ἡ φιλαργυρία· οὐδέ ἡ δόξα, ἀλλ᾿ ἡ κενοδοξία. Εἰ δέ τοῦτο, οὐδέν ἐν τοῖς οὖσι κακόν, εἰ μή ἡ παράχρησις, ἥτις συμβαίνει ἐκ τῆς τοῦ νοῦ ἀμελείας περί τήν φυσικήν γεωργίαν.
Τό ἐν δαίμοσι κακόν ταῦτα εἶναί φησιν ὁ μακάριος Διονύσιος, θυμόν ἄλογον, ἄνουν ἐπιθυμίαν, φαντασίαν προπετῆ. Ἀλογία δέ καί ἄνοια καί προπέτεια ἐπί τῶν λογικῶν στερήσεις εἰσί λόγου καί νοῦ καί περισκέψεως. Αἱ δέ στερήσεις, τῶν ἕξεών εἰσι δεύτεραι. Ἄρα οὖν ἦν ὅτε ὑπῆρχεν ἐν αὐτοῖς λόγος καί νοῦς καί περίσκεψις εὐλαβής. Εἰ δέ τοῦτο οὐδέ οἱ δαίμονες φύσει κακοί· ἀλλ᾿ ἐκ παραχρήσεως τῶν φυσικῶν δυνάμεων κακοί γεγόνασι.
Τά μέν τῶν παθῶν, ἀκολασίας· τά δέ, μίσους· τά δέ, καί ἀκολασίας καί μίσους εἰσί ποιητικά.
Πολυφαγία καί ἡδυφαγία, ἀκολασίας εἰσίν αἴτια · φιλαργυρία δέ καί κενοδοξία, μίσους πρός τόν πλησίον. Ἡ δέ τούτων μήτηρ φιλαυτία τῶν ἀμφοτέρων ἐστίν αἰτία.
Φιλαυτία ἐστίν ἡ πρός τό σῶμα ἐμπαθής καί ἄλογος φιλία· ᾗ ἀντίκειται ἀγάπη καί ἐγκράτεια. Ὁ ἔχων τήν φιλαυτίαν, δῆλον ὅτι ἔχει πάντα τά πάθη.
Οὐδείς, φησίν Ἀπόστολος, τήν ἑαυτοῦ σάρκα ἐμίσησεν· ἀλλ᾿ ὑποπιάζει δηλονότι καί δουλαγωγεῖ, μηδέν πλέον αὐτῇ παρέχων, πλήν διά τροφῆς καί σκεπασμάτων· καί τούτων μόνων, τῶν πρός τό ζῇν ἀναγκαίων. Οὕτως οὖν ἀπαθῶς τις ἀγαπᾷ αὐτήν· καί ὡς ὑπηρέτιν τῶν θείων ἐκτρέφει αὐτήν, καί θάλπει τοῖς τήν ἔνδειαν αὐτῆς ἀποπληροῦσι μόνοις.
Ὅν τις ἀγαπᾷ, τοῦτον πάντως καί σπεύδει θεραπεύειν. Εἰ οὖν τόν Θεόν τις ἀγαπᾷ, πάντως καί τά ἀρεστά αὐτῷ σπεύδει ποιεῖν· εἰ δέ τήν σάρκα, τά ταύτην τέρποντα ἐκτελεῖν.
Τῷ μέν Θεῷ ἀρέσκει ἀγάπη καί σωφροσύνη, καί θεωρία καί προσευχή· τῇ δέ σαρκί, γαστριμαργία καί ἀκολασία, καί τά τούτων αὐξητικά. Διά τοῦτο, Οἱ ἐν σαρκί ὄντες, Θεῷ ἀρέσαι οὐ δύνανται. Οἱ δέ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, τήν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν σύν τοῖς παθήμασι καί ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις.
Ὁ νοῦς ἐάν μέν νεύσῃ πρός Θεόν, ἔχει δοῦλον τό σῶμα, καί πλέον οὐδέν αὐτῷ παρέχει τῶν πρός τό ζῇν ἀναγκαίων· ἐάν δέ νεύσῃ πρός τήν σάρκα, δουλοῦται τοῖς πάθεσι, πρόνοιαν αὐτῆς ἀεί εἰς ἐπιθυμίας ποιούμενος.
Εἰ θέλεις τῶν λογισμῶν περιγίνεσθαι, ἐπιμελοῦ τῶν παθῶν, καί εὐχερῶς αὐτούς ἐκ τοῦ νοῦ ἀπό τούτων ἐξελαύνεις . Οἷον, ἐπί μέν τῆς πορνείας, νήστευε, ἀγρύπνει, κοπίασον, ἰδίασον. Ἐπί δέ τῆς ὀργῆς καί τῆς λύπης, καταφρόνει δόξης καί ἀτιμίας καί τῶν ὑλικῶν πραγμάτων. Ἐπί δέ τῆς μνησικακίας, προσεύχου ὑπέρ τοῦ λυπήσαντος, καί ἀπαλλάττῃ.
Μή τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῖς ἀσθενεστέροις ἑαυτόν παραμέτρει, ἀλλά τῇ ἐντολῆ τῆς ἀγάπης μᾶλλον παράτεινον. Τοῖς μέν γάρ παραμετρῶν, εἰς τόν βόθρον τῆς οἰήσεως ἐμπίπτεις· τῇ δέ παρατείνων, εἰς τό ὕψος τῆς ταπεινοφροσύνης προκόπτεις.
Εἰ ὅλως τῆς πρός τόν πλησίον ἀγάπης τήν ἐντολήν φυλάττεις, ὑπέρ τίνος τῆς πρός αὐτόν λύπης τήν πικρίαν ἐντίκτεις, ἤ δῆλον ὅτι ταύτης τά πρόσκαιρα προτιμῶν καί αὐτῶν ἀντιποιούμενος, τόν ἀδελφόν πολεμεῖς;
Οὐ διά τήν χρείαν τοσοῦτον τό χρυσίον ζηλωτόν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις γέγονεν, ὅσον τό δι᾿ αὐτοῦ τούς πολλούς τάς ἡδονάς θεραπεύειν.
Τρία εῖσί τά αἴτια τῆς τῶν χρημάτων ἀγάπης, φιληδονία, κενοδοξία καί ἀπιστία. Χαλεπωτέρα δέ τῶν δύο ἡ ἀπιστία καθέστηκεν.
Ὁ μέν φιλήδονος ἀγαπᾷ ἀργύριον, ἵνα δι᾿ αὐτῦ τρυφήσῃ· ὁ δέ κενόδοξος, ἵνα δι᾿ αὐτοῦ δοξασθῇ· ὁ δέ ἄπιστος, ἵνα κρύψῃ καί φυλάξῃ, λιμόν φοβούμενος, ἤ γῆρας ἤ νόσον ἤ ξενιτείαν· καί ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ μᾶλλον ἐλπίζει, ἤ ἐπί τῷ Θεῷ τῷ πάσης κτίσεως δημιουργῷ, καί προνοητῇ, ἕως τῶν ἐσχάτων καί μικροτάτων ζώων.
Τέσσαρές εἰσιν οἱ περιποιούμενοι χρήματα· οἱ προειρημένοι τρεῖς, καί ὁ οἰκονομικός. Μόνος δέ οὗτος δηλονότι ὀρθῶς περιποιεῖται, ἵνα ἑκάστῳ τήν χρείαν παρέχων μή διαλείπῃ ποτέ.
Πάντες οἱ ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμοί ἤ τό ἐπιθυμητικόν τῆς ψυχῆς ἐρεθίζουσιν, ἤ τό θυμικόν ἐκταράσσουσιν, ἤ τό λογιστικόν ἐπισκοτίζουσι· καί ἐκ τούτου συμβαίνει τόν νοῦν ὀφθαλμιάσαι πρός τήν πνευματικήν θεωρίαν, καί τήν τῆς προσευχῆς ἐκδημίαν. Καί τούτου χάριν ὀφείλει ὁ μοναχός, καί μάλιστα ὁ ἡσυχάζων, ἀκριβῶς τοῖς λογισμοῖς προσέχειν, καί τάς τούτων αἰτίας καί γνῶναι καί ἐκκόπτειν. Γινώσκειν δέ οὗτως· οἷον, ἐρεθίζουσι τό ἐπιθυμητικόν τῆς ψυχῆς αἱ ἐμπαθεῖς μνῆμαι τῶν γυναικῶν· τούτων δέ αἰτία, ἡ τῶν βρωμάτων καί πομάτων ἀκρασία, καί ἡ αὐτῶν τῶν γυναικῶν πυκνή καί ἄλογος συντυχία. Περικόπτει δέ ταύτας πεῖνα καί δίψα καί ἀγρυπνία καί ἀναχώρησις. Τόν δέ θυμόν πάλιν ἐκταράσσουσιν αἱ ἐμπαθεῖς μνῆμαι τῶν λυπησάντων· αἰτία δέ τούτων, φιληδονία καί κενοδοξία καί φιλοϋλία. Διά γάρ ταῦτα ὁ ἐμπαθής λυπεῖται, ἤ ὡς στερηθείς, ἤ ὡς μή ἐπιτυχών. Περικόπτει δέ ταύτας ἡ τούτων αὐτῶν καταφρόνησις καί ἐξουδένωσις, διά τήν εἰς Θεόν ἀγάπην.
Γινώσκει ὁ Θεός ἑαυτόν, γινώσκει καί τά ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ γεγονότα. Γινώσκουσι δέ καί αἱ ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις τόν Θεόν· γινώσκουσι δέ καί τά ὑπό Θεοῦ γεγονότα. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὡς ὁ Θεός γινώσκει ἑαυτόν καί τά ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ γεγονότα, οὕτω καί αἱ ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις τόν Θεόν καί τά ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ γεγονότα.
Ὁ μέν Θεός ἑαυτόν γινώσκει, ἐκ τῆς μακαρίας οὐσίας αὐτοῦ· τά δέ ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ γεγονότα, ἐκ τῆς σοφίας αὐτοῦ· δι᾿ ἧς καί ἐν ᾗ τά πάντα ἐποίησεν. Αἱ δέ ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις τόν μέν Θεόν μετοχῇ γινώσκουσιν, ὑπέρ μετοχήν ὄντα· τά δέ ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ γεγονότα, ἀναλήψει τῶν ἐν αὐτοῖς θεωρημάτων.
Ἔξω μέν τοῦ νοῦ εἰσι τά γεγονότα· ἔνδον δέ τήν αὐτῶν θεωρίαν ἀναλαμβάνει. Οὐχ οὕτως δέ ἐπί Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀϊδίου καί ἀπείρου καί ἀορίστου, καί τό εἶναι καί εὖ εἶναι καί ἀεί εἶναι τοῖς οὖσι χαρισαμένου.
Θεοῦ μετέχει τοῦ ἁγίου ἡ λογιστική καί νοερά οὐσία, αὐτῷ τε τῷ εἶναι, καί τῇ πρός τό εὖ εἶναι ἐπιτηδειότητι· ἀγαθότητός τέ φημι, καί σοφίας· καί τῇ πρός τό ἀεί εἶναι χάριτι. Ταύτῃ οῦν τόν Θεόν γινώσκει. Τά δέ ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ γεγονότα, τῇ ἀναλήψει, ὡς εἴρηται, τῆς ἐν τοῖς γεγονόσι θεωρουμένης τεχνικῆς σοφίας· ἥτις ἐστί ψιλή καί ἀνυπόστατος ἐν τῷ νῷ συνισταμένη.
Τέσσαρα τῶν θείων ἰδιωμάτων, συνεκτικά καί φρουρητικά καί διασωστικά τῶν ὄντων, δι᾿ ἄκραν ἀγαθότητα ἐκοινοποίησεν ὁ Θεός, παραγαγών εἰς τό εἶναι τήν λογικήν καί νοεράν οὐσίαν· τό ὄν, τό ἀεί ὄν, τήν ἀγαθότητα καί σοφίαν. Τούτων τά μέν δύο τῇ οὐσίᾳ παρέσχε· τά δέ δύο, τῇ γνωμικῇ ἐπιτηδειότητι· τήν ἀγαθότητα καί τήν σοφίαν· ἵνα ἅπερ ἐστίν αὐτός κατ᾿ οὐσίαν, γίνηται ἡ κτίσις κατά μετουσίαν. Διά ταύτην , καί κατ᾿ εἰκόνα καί ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ λέγεται γεγενῆσθαι. Καί κατ᾿ εἰκόνα μέν, ὡς ὄν, ὄντος· καί ὡς ἀεί ὄν, ἀεί ὄντος· εἰ καί μή ἀνάρχως, ἀλλ᾿ ἀτελευτήτως· καθ᾿ ὁμοίωσιν δέ, ὡς ἀγαθός, ἀγαθοῦ· καί ὡς σοφός, σοφοῦ· τοῦ κατά φύσιν, ὁ κατά χάριν. Καί κατ᾿ εἰκόνα μέν, πᾶσα φύσις λογική ἐστι τοῦ Θεοῦ· καθ᾿ ὁμοίωσιν δέ, μόνοι οἱ ἀγαθοί καί σοφοί. Πᾶσα ἡ λογική καί νοερά οὐσία διῄρηται εἰς δύο· τουτέστιν, εἰς τήν ἀγγελικήν καί τήν ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν. Καί πᾶσα ἡ ἀγγελική φύσις διῄρηται πάλιν εἰς δύο καθολικάς γνώμας τε καί ἀγέλας, ἁγίας τε καί ἐναγεῖς· τουτέστιν, εἰς ἁγίας Δυνάμεις καί ἀκαθάρτους δαίμονας. Καί πᾶσα ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη διῄρηται εἰς γνώμας μόνον καθολικάς δύο, εὐσεβεῖς λέγω καί ἀσεβεῖς.
Ὁ μέν Θεός ὡς αὐτοΰπαρξις ὤν καί αὐτοαγαθότης καί αὐτοσοφία· μᾶλλον δέ ἀληθέστερον εἰπεῖν, καί ὑπέρ ταῦτα πάντα, οὐδέν ἔχει τό σύνολον ἐναντίον. Τά δέ κτίσματα, ὡς πάντα μέν μεθέξει καί χάριτι τήν ὕπαρξιν ἔχοντα· τά δέ λογικά καί νοερά, καί τήν ἀγαθότητος καί σοφίας ἐπιτηδειότητα, ἔχει ἐναντίον· τῇ μέν ὑπάρξει, τό μή ὑπάρχειν· τῇ δέ τῆς ἀγαθότητος καί σοφίας ἐπιτηδειότητι, κακίαν καί ἀγνωσίαν. Καί τό μέν ὑπάρχειν ἀεί ἤ μή ὑπάρχειν ταῦτα , ἐν τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τοῦ πεποιηκότος ἐστί· τό δέ μετέχειν τῆς ἀγαθότητος αὐτοῦ καί τῆς σοφίας ἤ μή μετέχειν, ἐν τῇ βουλήσει τῶν λογικῶν ὑπάρχει.
Οἱ μέν Ἕλληνες ἐξ ἀϊδίου λέγοντες συνυπάρχειν τῷ Θεῷ τήν τῶν ὄντων οὐσίαν, τάς δέ περί αὐτήν ποιότητας μόνον ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἐσχηκέναι· τῇ μέν οὐσίᾳ, οὐδέν λέγουσιν ἐναντίον· ἐν δέ ταῖς ποιότησι μόναις, τήν ἐναντίωσιν εἶναι. Ἡμεῖς δέ μόνην λέγομεν τήν θείαν οὐσίαν μέ ἔχειν τι ἐναντίον, ὡς ἀΐδιόν τε οὖσαν καί ἄπειρον, καί ἀϊδιότητος ἀλλήλαις χαριστικήν· τῇ δέ τῶν ὄντων οὐσίᾳ, εἶναι μέν τό μή ὄν ἐναντίον· καί ἐν τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τοῦ κυρίως ὄντος ὑπάρχειν, τό ἀεί εἶναι αὐτήν ἤ μή εἶναι, ἀμεταμέλητα δέ εἶναι τά χαρίσματα αὐτοῦ. Καί διά τοῦτο, καί ἔστιν ἀεί, καί ἔσται τῇ παντοκρατορικῇ δυνάμει διακρατουμένη, εἰ καί ἔχει τό μή ὄν ἐναντίον, ὡς εἴρηται, ὡς ἐκ μή ὄντος εἰς τό εἶναι παραχθεῖσα, καί ἐν τῇ βουλήσει αὐτοῦ ἔχουσα τό εἶναι αὐτήν ἤ μή εἶναι.
Ὥσπερ τό κακόν στέρησίς ἐστιν ἀγαθοῦ, καί ἡ ἀγνωσία στέρησίς ἐστι γνώσεως· οὕτω καί τό μή ὄν στέρησίς ἐστι τοῦ ὄντος· οὐ τοῦ κυρίως δέ ὄντος· οὐκ ἔχει γάρ ἐναντίον· ἀλλά τοῦ κατά μέθεξιν τοῦ κυρίως ὄντος. Καί αἱ μέν τῶν προτέρων στερήσεις τῇ γνώμῃ τῶν γεγονότων ἕπονται· ἡ δέ τοῦ δευτέρου ἐν τῇ βουλήσει τοῦ πεποιηκότος ὑπάρχεται· τοῦ ἀεί δι᾿ ἀγαθότητα βουλομένου εἶναι τά ὄντα, καί ἀεί ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ εὐεργετεῖσθαι.
Πάντα τά γεγονότα, τά μέν εἰσι λογικά καί νοερά, καί τῶν ἐναντίων δεκτικά· οἷον, ἀρετῆς καί κακίας, καί γνώσεως καί ἀγνωσίας· τά δέ σώματα διάφορα, ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων συνεστῶτα· τουτέστι, γῆς, ἀέρος, πυρός, ὕδατος· καί τά μέν εἰσι ἀσώματα πάντη καί ἄϋλα, εἰ καί τινα τούτων συνέζευκται σώμασι· τά δέ ἐξ ὕλης καί εἴδους μόνον ἔχει τήν σύστασιν.
Πάντα τά σώματα, κατά φύσιν ἐστίν ἀκίνητα· κινεῖται δέ ὑπό τῆς ψυχῆς· τά μέν, λογικῆς· τά δέ, ἀλόγου· τά δέ ἀναισθήτου.
Τῶν ψυχικῶν δυνάμεων ἡ μέν ἐστι θρεπτική καί αὐξητική· ἡ δέ φανταστική καί ὁρμητική· ἡ δέ λογιστική καί νοητική. Καί τῆς μέν πρώτης μόνης μετέχουσι τά φυτά· τῆς δέ δευτέρας πρός ταύτῃ τά ἄλογα ζῶα· τῆς δέ τρίτης πρός ταῖς δυσίν, οἱ ἄνθρωποι. Καί αἱ μέν δύο δυνάμεις, φθαρταί· ἡ δέ τρίτη, ἄφθαρτος καί ἀθάνατος ἀποδείκνυται.
Ἀλλήλαις μεταδιδοῦσαι φωτισμοῦ αἱ ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις· καί τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει, ἤ τῆς αὐτῶν ἀρετῆς μεταδιδόασιν, ἤ τῆς ἐν αὐταῖς γνώσεως. Καί ἀρετῆς μέν, οἷον θεομιμήτου ἀγαθότητος, καθ᾿ ἥν καί ἑαυτάς, καί ἀλλήλας, καί τάς ὑποβεβηκυίας εὐεργετοῦσι, θεοειδεῖς ἀργαζόμεναι· γνώσεως δέ, ἤ περί Θεοῦ τι ὑψηλότερον· Σύ γάρ, φησίν, Ὕψιστος εἰς τόν αἰῶνα, Κύριε· ἤ περί σωμάτων, βαθύτερον· ἤ περί ἀσωμάτων, ἀκριβέσερον· ἤ περί προνοίας, τρανότερον· ἤ περί κρίσεως, σαφέστερον.
Νοός ἐστι ἀκαθαρσία, πρῶτον μέν, τό γνῶσιν ἔχειν ψευδῆ· δεύτερον δέ, τό ἀγνοεῖν τι τῶν καθόλου· ὡς πρός ἀνθρώπινον νοῦν λέγω· ἀγγέλου γάρ ἐστι το μηδέν τῶν ἐπί μέρους ἀγνοεῖν· τρίτον δέ, τό ἐμπαθεῖς ἔχειν λογισμούς· τέταρτον δέ, τό συγκατατίθεσθαι τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ.
Ψυχῆς ἐστιν ἀκαθαρσία, τό μή ἐνεργεῖν κατά φύσιν. Ἐκ τούτου γάρ τίκτονται τῷ νῷ οἱ ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμοί. Τότε γάρ κατά φύσιν ἐνεργεῖ, ὅταν αἱ παθητικαί αὐτῆς δυνάμεις· ὁ θυμός λέγω καί ἡ ἐπιθυμία, ἐν τῇ τῶν πραγμάτων καί τῶν ἐν αὐτοῖς νοημάτων προβολῇ, ἀπαθεῖς διαμείνωσι.
Σώματός ἐστιν ἀκαθαρσία, ἡ κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν ἁμαρτία.
Ἀγαπᾷ ἡσυχίαν ὁ πάσχων πρός τά τοῦ κόσμου· καί ἀγαπᾷ πάντας ἀνθρώπους, ὁ μηδέν ἀγαπῶν ἀνθρώπινον· καί γνῶσιν ἔχει Θεοῦ καί τῶν θείων, ὁ μή σκανδαλιζόμενος εἴς τινας, εἴτε διά παραπτώματα, εἴτε διά λογισμούς ἐξ ὑπονοίας.
Μέγα μέν τό μή πάσχειν πρός τά πράγματα· μεῖζον δέ τούτου πολλῷ, τό πρός τά τούτων νοήματα ἀπαθῆ διαμεῖναι.
Ἀγάπη καί ἐγκράτεια ἀπαθῆ τόν νοῦν διατηροῦσι πρός τε τά πράγματα, καί πρός τά τούτων νοήματα.
Οὐ πρός τά πράγματα ὁ νοῦς πολεμεῖ τοῦ θεοφιλοῦς, οὐδέ πρός τά τούτων νοήματα· ἀλλά πρός τά πάθη τά τοῖς νοήμασι συνεζευμένα. Οἷον, οὐ πρός τήν γυναῖκα πολεμεῖ, οὐδέ πρός τόν λυπήσαντα, οὐδέ πρός τάς τούτων φαντασίας· ἀλλά πρός τά πάθη τά ταῖς φαντασίαις συνεζευγμένα.
Ἅπας ὁ πόλεμος τοῦ μοναχοῦ πρός τούς δαίμονας, ἵνα τά πάθη τῶν νοημάτων χωρίσῃ. Ἄλλως γάρ ἀπαθῶς τά πράγματα βλέπειν οὐ δύναται.
Ἄλλο ἐστί πρᾶγμα, καί ἄλλο νόημα, καί ἄλλο πάθος. Καί πρᾶγμα μέν ἐστιν, οἷον, ἀνήρ, γυνή, χρυσός, καί τά ἑξῆς. Νόημα δέ, οἷον, μνήμη ψιλή τινος τῶν προειρημένων. Πάθος δέ, οἷον, φιλία ἄλογος, ἤ μῖσος ἄκριτόν τινος τῶν προειρημένων. Πρός οὖν τό πάθος ἐστί τοῦ μοναχοῦ ἡ μάχη.
Νόημά ἐστι ἐμπαθές, λογισμός σύνθετος ἀπό πάθους καί νοήματος. Χωρίσωμεν τό πάθος ἀπό τοῦ νοήματος, καί ἀπομένει ὁ λογισμός ψιλός. Χωρίζομεν δέ δι᾿ ἀγάπης πνευματικῆς καί ἐγκρατείας, ἐάν θέλωμεν.
Αἱ μέν ἀρεταί, τῶν παθῶν τόν νοῦν χωρίζουσι· αἱ δέ πνευματικαί θεωρίαι, τῶν ψιλῶν νοημάτων· ἡ δέ καθαρά προσευχή αὐτῷ αὐτόν παρίστησιν τῷ Θεῷ.
Αἱ μέν ἀρεταί, διά τήν γνῶσιν τῶν γεγονότων· ἡ δέ γνῶσις, διά τόν γινώσκοντα· ὁ δέ γινώσκων, διά τόν ἀγνώστως γινωσκόμενον, καί ὑπέρ γνῶσιν γινώσκοντα.
Οὐχ ὡς προσδεόμενός τινος ὁ ὑπερπλήρης Θεός, παρήγαγεν εἰς τό εἶναι τά γεγονότα· ἀλλ᾿ ἵνα αὐτά μέν αὐτοῦ ἀναλόγως μετέχοντα ἀπολαύῃ, αὐτός δέ εὐφρανθῇ ἐπί τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ ὁρῶν αὐτά εὐφραινόμενα, καί τόν ἀκόρεστον ἀκορέστως ἀεί κορεννύμενα.
Πολλούς ἔχει ὁ κόσμος πτωχούς τῷ πνεύματι, ἀλλά παρά τό προσῆκον. Καί πολλούς πενθοῦντας, ἀλλά διά ζημίας χρημάτων, ἤ ἀποβολάς τέκνων. Καί πολλούς πραεῖς, ἀλλά πρός τά ἀκάθαρτα πάθη. Καί πολλούς πεινῶντας καί διψῶντας, ἀλλά τό ἁρπάζειν τά ἀλλότρια, καί κερδαίνειν ἐξ ἀδικίας. Καί πολλούς ἐλεήμονας, ἀλλά πρός τό σῶμα καί τά τοῦ σώματος. Καί καθαρούς τῆ καρδίᾳ, ἀλλά διά κενοδοξίαν. Καί εἰρηνοποιούς, ἀλλά τήν ψυχήν τῇ σαρκί ὑποτάσσοντας. Καί πολλούς ὀνειδιζομένους, ἀλλ᾿ ἐπ᾿ αἰσχροῖς ἁμαρτήμασι· ἀλλ᾿ ἐκεῖνοι μόνοι μακάριοι, οἱ διά Χριστόν καί κατά Χριστόν ταῦτα καί ποιοῦντες καί πάσχοντες.
Διατί; Ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν· καί, Αὐτοί τόν Θεόν ὄψονται, καί τά ἑξῆς. Ὥστε, οὐχ ὅτι ποιοῦσι ταῦτα καί πάσχουσι, εἰσί μακάριοι· ἀλλ᾿ ὅτι διά Χριστόν καί κατά Χριστόν ταῦτα καί ποιοῦσι καί πάσχουσι.
Ἐν πᾶσι τοῦ ὑφ᾿ ἡμῶν πραττομένοις, ὁ σκοπός ζητεῖται παρά Θεῷ, ὡς πολλάκις εἴρηται· εἴτε δι᾿ αὐτόν, εἴτε δι᾿ ἄλλο τι πράττομεν. Ὅταν οὖν τι θέλωμεν πρᾶξαι ἀγαθόν, μή τήν ἀνθρωπαρέσκειαν, ἀλλά τόν Θεόν σχῶμεν σκοπόν· ἵνα εἰς αὐτόν ἀεί ἀποβλεπόμενοι, δι᾿ αὐτόν πάντα πράξωμεν· ἵνα μή καί τόν τόπον ὑπομένωμεν, καί τόν μισθόν ἀπολέσωμεν.
Καί τά ψιλά τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων νοήματα, καί τά πάντων τῶν γεγονότων θεωρήματα, ἀπόβαλε τοῦ νοός ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς προσευχῆς· ἴνα μή τά ἥττονα φανταζόμενος, τοῦ πάντων τῶν ὄντων ἀσυγκρίτως κρείττονος ἐκπέσῃς.
Ἐάν τόν Θεόν γνησίως ἀγαπήσωμεν, δι᾿ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀγάπης τά πάθη ἀποβάλλομεν. Ἡ δέ εἰς αὐτόν ἀγάπη ἐστί, τό προτιμᾷν αὐτόν τοῦ κόσμου, καί τήν ψυχήν τῆς σαρκός· ἐν τῷ τῶν κοσμικῶν μέν καταφρονεῖν πραγμάτων, αὐτῷ δέ σχολάζειν διά παντός, διά τε ἐγκρατείας καί ἀγάπης καί προσευχῆς καί ψαλμῳδίας, καί τῶν ἑξῆς.
Ἐάν σχολάζοντες τῷ Θεῷ χρόνῳ πολλῷ, τοῦ παθητικοῦ μέρους τῆς ψυχῆς ἐπιμελώμεθα, οὐκ ἔτι πρός τάς τῶν λογισμῶν προσβολάς ἐξοκείλομεν· ἀλλά καί ἀκριβέστερον τάς τούτων αἰτίας κατανοοῦντες και ἐκκόπτοντες, διορατικώτεροι γινόμεθα· ὥστε πληρωθῆναι εἰς ἡμᾶς τό, Καί ἐπεῖδεν ὁ ὀφθαλμός μου ἐν τοῖς ἐχθροῖς μου· και ἐν τοῖς ἐπανισταμένοις ἐπ᾿ ἐμέ πονηρευομένοις, ἀκούσεται τό οὖς μου.
Ὅταν βλέπῃς τόν νοῦν σου εὐσεβῶς καί δικαίως ἀναστρεφόμενον ἐν τοῖς τοῦ κόσμου νοήμασι, γίνωσκε καί τό σῶμα σου καθαρόν καί ἀναμάρτητον διαμένειν· ὅταν δέ τόν νοῦν βλέπῃς κατά διάνοιαν ἁμαρτίαις σχολάζοντα, καί μή ἀνακόπτῃς, γίνωσκε καί τό σῶμά σου μή πολυχρονίζειν τοῦ τοῖς αὐτοῖς περιπεσεῖν.
Ὥσπερ τό σῶμα ἔχει κόσμον τά πράγματα, οὕτω καί ὁ νοῦς ἔχει κόσμον τά νοήματα· καί ὥσπερ τό σῶμα πορνεύεται μετά τοῦ σώματος τῆς γυναικός, οὕτω καί ὁ νοῦς πορνεύει μετά τοῦ νοήματος τῆς γυναικός, διά τῆς φαντασίας τοῦ ἰδίου σώματος. Τήν γάρ μορφήν τοῦ ἰδίου σώματος βλέπει μιγνυμένην μετά τῆς μορφῆς τῆς γυναικός κατά διάνοιαν. Ὡσαύτως καί τήν μορφήν τοῦ λυπήσαντος ἀμύνεται κατά διάνοιαν, διά τῆς μορφῆς τοῦ ἰδίου σώματος. Καί ἐπί τῶν ἄλλων ἁμαρτημάτων ὁμοίως. Ἅπερ γάρ πράττει τό σῶμα κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν εἰς τόν κόσμον τῶν πραγμάτων, ταῦτα πράττει καί ὁ νοῦς εἰς τόν κόσμον τῶν νοημάτων.
Οὐκ ἔστι φρίξαι καί ἐκπλαγῆναι καί ἐκστῆναι τῇ διανοίᾳ, ὅτι ὁ μέν Θεός καί Πατήρ κρίνει οὐδένα, πᾶσαν δέ τήν κρίσιν δέδωκε τῷ Υἱῷ· ὁ δέ Υἱός κράζει· Μή κρίνετε, ἵνα μή κριθῆτε· Μή καταδικάζετε, ἵνα μή καταδικασθῆτε. Ὁ δέ Ἀπόστολος ὁμοίως· Μή πρό καιροῦ τι κρίνετε, ἕως ἄν ἔλθῃ ὁ Κύριος· καί, Ἐν ᾧ κρίματι κρίνεις τόν ἕτερον, σεαυτόν κατακρίνεις· οἱ δέ ἄνθρωποι ἀφέντες τό κλαίειν τάς ἑαυτῶν ἁμαρτίας, ἦραν τήν κρίσιν ἀπό τοῦ Υἱοῦ, καί αὐτοί ὡς ἀναμάρτητοι, κρίνουσι καί καταδικάζουσι ἀλλήλους; Καί ὁ μέν οὐρανός ἐξέστη ἐπί τούτῳ· ἡ δέ γῆ, ἔφριξεν· αὐτοί δέ οὐκ αἰσχύνονται ἀναισθητοῦντες.
Ὁ τάς τῶν ἄλλων ἁμαρτίας περιεργαζόμενος, ἤ καί ἐξ ὑπονοίας τόν ἀδελφόν κρίνων, οὔπω ἔβαλεν ἀρχήν μετανοίας, οὐδέ ἐρευνᾷν τοῦ γνῶναι τάς ἑαυτοῦ ἁμαρτίας, ἐν ἀληθείᾳ βαρυτέρας οὔσας μολίβδου πολυταλάντου· οὐδέ ἔγνω πόθεν γίνεται ἄνθρωπος βαρυκάρδιος ἀγαπῶν ματαιότητα καί ζητῶν ψεῦδος. Διά τοῦτο ὡς ἄφρων καί ἐν σκότει διαπορευόμενος, ἀφείς τάς ἑαυτοῦ ἁμαρτίας, τάς τῶν ἄλλων φαντάζεται, ἤ οὔσας, ἤ νομιζομένας ἐξ ὑπονοίας.
Ἡ φιλαυτία, ὡς πολλάκις εἴρηται, πάντων τῶν ἐμπαθῶν λογισμῶν αἰτία καθίσταται. Ἐκ γάρ ταύτης γεννῶνται οἱ τρεῖς γενικώτατοι τῆς ἐπιθυμίας λογισμοί· ὁ τῆς γαστριμαργίας, καί τῆς φιλαργυρίας καί τῆς κενοδοξίας. Ἐκ δέ τῆς γαστριμαργίας γεννᾶται ὁ τῆς πορνείας· ἐκ δέ τῆς φιλαργυρίας, ὁ τῆς πλενονεξίας· ἐκ δέ τῆς κενοδοξίας, ὁ τῆς ὑπερηφανείας. Οἱ δέ λοιποί πάντες, ἑκάστῳ τῶν τριῶν ἀκολουθοῦσιν· ὅ τε τῆς ὀργῆς, καί ὁ τῆς λύπης καί ὁ τῆς μνησικακίας καί ὁ τῆς ἀκηδίας καί φθόνου καί καταλαλιᾶς, καί οἱ λοιποί. Ταῦτα οὖν τά πάθη, συνδεσμοῦσι τόν νοῦν τοῖς ὑλικοῖς πράγμασι, καί κατέχουσιν αὐτόν εἰς τήν γῆν, λίθου δίκην βαρυτάτου αὐτῷ ἐπικείμενα· φύσει ὄντα αὐτόν πυρός κουφότερον καί ὀξύτερον.
Ἀρχή μέν πάντων τῶν παθῶν, ἡ φιλαυτία· τέλος δέ, ἡ ὑπερηφανία. Φιλαυτία δέ ἐστιν, ἡ πρός τό σῶμα ἄλογος φιλία. Ὁ ταύτην ἐκκόψας, συνέκοψε πάντα τά πάθη τά ἐξ αὐτῆς.
Ὥσπερ οἱ γονεῖς τῶν σωμάτων, προσπάσχουσι τοῖς ἐξ αὐτῶν γεννωμένοις· οὕτω καί ὁ νοῦς, φυσικῶς τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ πρόσκειται λόγοις. Καί ὥσπερ ( τοῖς ἐκείνων ἐμπαθεστέροις, κἄν πάντως κατά πάντα ὦσιν οἱ παῖδες καταγελαστότατοι, πάντων φαίνονται ἐπιεικέστατοι καί εὐμορφότατοι· οὕτω καί τῷ ἄφρονι νῷ, οἱ αὐτοῦ λόγοι, κἄν πάντων ὦσι μοχθηρότεροι, πάντων φαίνονται φρονιμώτεροι. Τῷ δέ σοφῷ, οὐχ οὕτως οἱ ἑαυτοῦ λόγοι· ἀλλ᾿ ὅταν δόξῃ πληροφορεῖσθαι ὅτι ἀληθεῖς εἰσι καί καλοί, τότε μάλιστα οὐ πιστεύει τῆ ἑαυτοῦ κρίσει· ἀλλ᾿ ἄλλους σοφούς τῶν ἑαυτοῦ λόγων καί λογισμῶν κριτάς καθίστησι, μή εἰς κενόν τρέχῃ ἤ ἔδραμε· καί δι᾿ αὐτῶν, τήν βεβαίωσιν λαμβάνει.
Ὅταν τινά νικήσῃς τῶν ἀτιμοτέρων παθῶν, οἷον, ἤ γαστριμαργίαν, ἤ πορνείαν, ἤ ὀργήν, ἤ πλεονεξίαν, εὐθύς ἐφίπταται ἐπί σέ ὁ τῆς κενοδοξίας λογισμός· ἐάν δέ τοῦτον νικήσῃς, ὁ τῆς ὑπερηφανίας διαδέχεται.
Πάντα τά ἄτιμα πάθη κρατοῦντα τῆς ψυχῆς, τόν τῆς κενοδοξίας ἐξ αὐτῆς ἀπελαύνουσι λογισμόν· καί πάντων τῶν προειρημένων ἡττωμένων, ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν ἀναλύουσιν.
Ἡ κενοδοξία, ποτέ μέν ἀναιρουμένη, ποτέ δέ μένουσα, τίκτει τήν ὑπερηφανίαν· καί ἀναιρουμένη μέν, οἴησιν ἐμποιεῖ· μένουσα δέ, ἀλαζονείαν.
Κενοδοξίαν ἀναιρεῖ, ἡ κρυπτή ἐργασία· ὑπερηφανίαν δέ, τό τῷ Θεῷ ἐπιγράφειν τά κατορθώματα.
Ὁ γνώσεως Θεοῦ καταξιωθείς, καί τῆς ἐκ ταύτης ἡδονῆς ἀπολαύσας γνωσίως, οὗτος καταφρονεῖ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ ἐπιθυμητικοῦ τικτομένων πασῶν ἡδονῶν.
Ὁ ἐπιθυμῶν τῶν ἐπιγείων, ἤ βρωμάτων ἐπιθυμεῖ, ἤ τῶν τά ὑπογάστρια θεραπευόντων, ἤ δόξης ἀνθρωπίνης, ἤ χρημάτων, ἤ τινος ἄλλου τῶν τούτοις ἑπομένων· καί εἰ μή τι τούτων κρεῖττον εὕροι ὁ νοῦς, ἐφ'ᾧ τήν ἐπιθυμίαν μετενέγκῃ οὐκ ἄν τούτων ἀσυγκρίτως, ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ γνῶσις καί τῶν θείων ἐστί.
Οἱ τῶν ἡδονῶν καταφρονοῦντες, ἤ φόβῳ καταφρονοῦσιν, ἤ ἐλπίδι, ἤ γνώσει, ἤ καί τῇ εἰς Θεόν ἀγάπῃ.
Ἡ ἄνευ πάθους τῶν θείων γνῶσις, οὐ πείθει τόν νοῦν εἰς τέλος καταφρονεῖν τῶν προσύλων· ἀλλ᾿ ἔοικε λογισμῷ ψιλῷ πράγματος αἰσθητοῦ. Διό πολλούς ἐστιν εὑρεῖν τῶν ἀνθρώπων γνῶσιν ἔχοντας πολλήν, καί ἐν τοῖς σαρκός πάθεσι δίκην χοίρων ἐν βορβόρῳ κυλινδουμένους. Πρός ὀλίγον γάρ ἐξ ἐπιμελείας καθαρθέντες, καί τῆς γνώσεως ἐπιτυχόντες, ὕστερον ἀμελήσαντες, ὡμοιώθησαν τῷ Σαούλ· ὅς βασιλείας καταξιωθείς, καί ἀναξίως πολιτευσάμενος, μετ᾿ ὀργῆς φοβερᾶς ἐξ αὐτῆς ἀπεβλήθη.
Ὥσπερ ὁ ψιλός τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων λογισμός, οὐκ ἀναγκάζει τόν νοῦν καταφρονεῖν τῶν θείων· οὕτως οὐδέ ψιλή γνῶσις τῶν θείων, πείθει εἰς τέλος καταφρονεῖν τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων· διότι ἐν σκιαῖς νῦν ὑπάρχει καί εἰκασμοῖς ἡ ἀλήθεια. Καί διά τοῦτο δεῖται τοῦ μακαρίου πάθους τῆς ἁγίας ἀγάπης, τῆς συνδεσμούσης τόν νοῦν τοῖς πνευματικοῖς θεωρήμασι, καί πειθούσης προτιμᾷν τῶν ὑλικῶν, τά ἄϋλα· καί τῶν αἰσθητῶν τά νοητά καί θεῖα.
Οὐ πάντως ὁ τά πάθη ἐκκόψας, καί ψιλούς τούς λογισμούς ἐργασάμενος, ἤδη αὐτά καί ἐπί τά θεῖα ἔτρεψεν· ἀλλά δύναται, μήτε πρός τά ἀνθρώπινα πάσχειν, μήτε πρός τά θεῖα· ὅπερ ἐπισυμβαίνει ἐπί τῶν πρακτικῶν μόνον, καί μήπω γνώσεως καταξιωθέντων· οἵ φόβῳ κολάσεως, ἤ ἐλπίδι βασιλείας τῶν παθῶν ἀπέχονται.
Διά πίστεως περιπατοῦμεν, οὐ διά εἴδους· καί ἐν ἐσόπτροις τήν γνῶσιν ἔχομεν καί αἰνίγμασι. Καί διά τοῦτο, πολλῆς δεόμεθα τῆς ἐν αὐτοῖς ἀσχολίας, ἵνα τῇ χρονίᾳ τούτων μελέτῃ καί ἀδολεσχίᾳ, ἕξιν δυσαπόσπαστον τῶν θεωρημάτων ποιήσωμεν.
Ἐάν πρός ὀλίγον τῶν παθῶν τάς αἰτίας ἐκκόψαντες τοῖς πνευματικοῖς ἐνασχοληθῶμεν θεωρήμασι, μή ἐν αὐτοῖς δέ ἀεί διατρίψωμεν, αὐτό τοῦτο ἔχοντες ἔργον, εὐχερῶς πάλιν ἐπί τά τῆς σαρκός πάθη περιτρεπόμεθα· μηδέν ἄλλο ἐκεῖθεν καρπωσάμενοι, ἤ ψιλήν γνῶσιν μετά οἰήσεως· ἧς τό τέλός,ἥ τε αὐτῆς κατά μικρόν τῆς γνώσεως σκότωσις, καί ἡ παντελής τοῦ νοῦ ἐπί τά ὑλικά ἐκτροπή.
Πάθος ἀγάπης ψεκτόν, τοῖς ὑλικοῖς πράγμασι τόν νοῦν ἐνασχολεῖ· πάθος ἀγάπης ἐπαινετόν, καί τοῖς θείοις αὐτόν συνδεσμεῖ. Εἴωθε γάρ ὁ νοῦς ἐν οἷς χρονίζει πράγμασι, ἐν αὐτοῖς καί πλατύνεσθαι· ἐν οἷς δέ πλατύνεται, ἐν αὐτοῖς καί τήν ἐπιθυμίαν καί τήν ἀγάπην τρέψαι, εἴτε ἐν τοῖς θείοις καί οἰκείοις καί νοητοῖς, εἴτε ἐν τοῖς τῆς σαρκός πράγμασί τε καί πάθεσι.
Ὁ Θεός ἔκτισε τόν ἀόρατον κόσμον καί τόν ὁρώμενον· καί τήν ψυχήν καί τό σῶμα δηλονότι αὐτός ἐποίησε. Καί εἰ ὁ ὁρώμενος κόσμος τοιοῦτός ἐστι καλός, ποῖος ἄρα ἐστίν ὁ ἀόρατος; Εἰ δέ κρείττων τούτου ἐκεῖνος, πόσον ὑπ τούς δύο, ὁ κτίσας τούτους Θεός; Εἰ οὖν κρείττων πάντων τῶν γεγονότων ὁ πάντων δημιουργός τῶν καλῶν, τίνι τῷ λόγῳ ἀφείς ὁ νοῦς τό πάντων κρεῖττον, τοῖς πάντων χείροσιν ἐνασχολεῖται; λέγω δή τοῖς τῆς σαρκός πάθεσιν. Ἤ δῆλον, ὅτι ταύτῃ μέν ἐκ γενετῆς συναναστραφείς καί συνεθίσας· τοῦ δέ πάντων κρείττονος, καί ὑπέρ τά πάντα, οὔπω τελείαν εἴληφε πεῖραν; Ἐάν οὖν χρονίᾳ ἀσκήσει τῆς τῶν ἡδονῶν ἐγκρατείας, καί τῆς τῶν θείων μελέτης κατά μικρόν αὐτόν τῆς τοιαύτης σχέσεως ἀποῤῥήξωμεν, πλατύνεταί τε ἐν τοῖς θείοις κατ᾿ ὀλίγον προκόπτων, καί τό οἰκεῖον γνωρίζει ἀξίωμα· καί τέλος, ὅλον τόν πόθον ἐπί τό Θεῖον μεταφέρει.
Ὁ ἀπαθῶς λέγων ἁμάρτημα ἀδελφοῦ, κατά δύο αἰτίας λέγει· ἤ ἵνα αὐτόν διορθώσηται, ἤ ἵνα ἄλλον ὠφελήσῃ. Εἰ δέ ἐκτός τούτων λέγει, εἴτε αὐτῷ εἴτε ἄλλῳ, ὀνειδίζων ἤ διασύρων αὐτόν λέγει, καί οὐ μή ἐκφύγῃ τήν θείαν ἐγκατάλειψιν· ἀλλ᾿ ἤ τῷ αὐτῷ, ἤ ἄλλῳ πταίσματι πάντως περιπεσεῖται, καί ὑπό ἑτέρων ἐλεγχθείς καί ὀνειδισθείς καταισχυνθήσεται.
Οὐχ εἷς λόγος τῶν τήν αὐτήν ἁμαρτίαν κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν ἁμαρτανόντων ἐστίν, ἀλλά διάφοροι. Οἶον, ἄλλο ἐστί τό ἀπό ἕξεως ἁμαρτάνειν, καί ἄλλο τό κατά συναρπαγήν· ὅς, οὔτε πρό τῆς ἁμαρτίας εἶχε τήν ἐνθύμησιν, οὔτε μετά τήν ἁμαρτίαν· ἀλλά καί σφόδρα ἐπί τῷ γεγονότι ὀδυνᾶται. Ὁ δέ ἀπό ἕξεως, ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου· καί πρῶτον γάρ κατά διάνοιαν οὐκ ἐπαύετο ἁμαρτάνων, καί μετά τό πρᾶξαι, τῆς αὐτῆς ἐστι διαθέσεως.
Ὁ διά κενοδοξίαν τάς ἀρετάς μετερχόμενος, δῆλον ὅτι καί τήν γνῶσιν διά κενοδοξίαν μετέρχεται. Ὁ δέ τοιοῦτος, οὐδέ πρός οἰκοδομήν δηλονότι πράττει τι, ἤ διαλέγεται· ἀλλ᾿ ἐν πᾶσι τήν παρά τῶν βλεπόντων ἤ ἀκουόντων δόξαν θηρώμενος. Ἐλέγχεται δέ τό πάθος, ὅταν τινές τῶν προειρημένων τοῖς ἔργοις ἤ τοῖς λόγοις αὐτοῦ ψόγον ἐπιφέρωσι, καί ἐπί τούτῳ σφόδρα λυπῆται· οὐ διά τό μή ἐκείνους οἰκοδομεῖσθαι (οὐδέ γάρ τοῦτο εἶχε σκοπόν), ἀλλά διά τό αὐτόν ἐξουδενωθῆναι.
Τό τῆς φιλαργυρίας πάθος ἐντεῦθεν ἐλέγχεται· ἐν τῷ χαίροντα λαμβάνειν· καί λυπούμενον μεταδιδόναι. Οὐ δύναται δέ ὁ τοιοῦτος οἰκονομικός εἶναι.
Διά ταῦτά τις πάσχων ὑπομένει· ἤ διά τήν ἀγάπην τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἤ διά τήν ἐλπίδα τῆς μισθαποδοσίας, ἤ διά τόν φόβον τῆς κολάσεως, ἤ διά τόν φόβον τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἤ διά τήν φύσιν, ἤ διά τήν ἡδονήν, ἤ διά κέρδος, ἤ διά κενοδοξίαν, ἤ διά ἀνάγκην.
Ἄλλο ἐστί λογισμῶν ἀπαλλαγῆναι, καί ἄλλο παθῶν ἐλευθερωθῆναι. Καί πολλάκις τις λογισμῶν ἀπαλλάττεται μή παρόντων τῶν πραγμάτων ἐκείνων, πρός ἅπερ τά πάθη κέκτηται· κρύπτεται δέ τά πάθη ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, καί ἀναφαινόντων τῶν πραγμάτων ἐλέγχονται. Χρή οὖν τηρεῖν τόν νοῦν ἐπί τῶν πραγμάτων, καί γνῶναι πρός ποῖον ἔχει τό πάθος.
Φίλος ἐκεῖνός ἐστι γνήσιος, ὁ τάς ἐκ περιστάσεως θλίψεις καί ἀνάγκαις καί συμφοράς ἐν καιρῶ πειρασμοῦ συνυποφέρων τῷ πλησίον ὡς ἰδίας, ἀθορύβως καί ἀταράχως.
Μή ἀτιμάσῃς τήν συνείδησιν, ἄριστά σοι ἀεί συμβουλεύουσαν. Γνώμην γάρ θείαν καί ἀγγελικήν σοι ὑποτίθεται· καί τῶν κρυπτῶν τῆς καρδίας μολυσμάτων ἐλευθεροῖ, καί παῤῥησίαν πρός τόν Θεόν ἐν τῇ ἐξόδῳ σοι χαρίζεται.
Εἰ θέλεις γενέσθαι ἐπιγνώμων καί μέτριος, καί τῷ πάθει τῆς οἰήσεως μή δουλεύειν, ἀεί ζήτει ἐν τοῖς οὖσι, τί ἐστι κρυπτόμενον τήν σύν γνῶσιν . Καί εὑρίσκων πάμπολλα καί διάφορα πράγματα λανθάνοντά σε, θαυμάσεις τε ἐπί τῇ σῇ ἀγνωσίᾳ, καί συστελεῖς τό φρόνημα· καί σεαυτόν ἐπιγνούς, συνήσεις πολλά καί μεγάλα καί θαυμαστά πράγματα. Ἐπεί τό νομίζειν εἰδέναι, οὐκ ἐᾷ προκόπτειν εἰς τό εἰδέναι.
Οὗτος ἀκριβῶς θέλει σωθῆναι, ὁ τοῖς ἰατρικοῖς φαρμάκοις μή ἀνθιστάμενος. Αὗται δέ εἰσιν ὀδύναι καί λύπαι διά ποικίλων ἐπιφορῶν ἐπαγόμεναι. Ὁ δέ ἀνθιστάμενος, οὐκ οἶδε τί ἐνταῦθα πραγματεύεται, οὐδέ τί ἐντεῦθεν ὠνησόμενος ἀπελεύσεται.
Κενοδοξία καί φυλαργυρία ἀλλήλων εἰσί γεννητικαί. Οἱ μέν γάρ κενοδοξοῦντες, πλουτοῦσιν· οἱ δέ πλουτοῦντες, κενοδοξοῦσιν· ἀλλ᾿ ὡς κοσμικοί· ἐπεί ὁ μοναχός ἀκτήμων ὤν, μᾶλλον κενοδοξεῖ. Ἀργύριον δέ ἔχων, κρύπτει αὐτό, αἰσχυνόμενος ὡς ἀνοίκειον πρᾶγμα τοῦ σχήματος ἔχων.
Τῆς τοῦ μοναχοῦ κενοδοξίας ἴδιον, τό ἐπ᾿ ἀρετῆ κενοδοξεῖν, καί τοῖς ταύτῃ ἀκολουθοῦσι· τῆς δέ ὑπερηφανίας αὐτοῦ ἴδιον, τό ἐπί κατορθώμασιν ἐπαίρεσθαι, καί ἐξουθενεῖν τούς ἄλλους· καί τό ἑαυτῷ ταῦτα, καί μή τῷ Θεῷ ἐπιγράφειν. Τῆς δέ τοῦ κοσμικοῦ κενοδοξίας καί ὑπερηφανίας ἴδιον, τό ἐπί κάλλει καί πλούτῳ καί δυναστείᾳ καί φρονήσει κενοδοξεῖν καί ἐπαίρεσθαι.
Τά τῶν κοσμικῶν κατορθώματα, πτώματά εἰσι τῶν μοναχῶν· καί τῶν μοναχῶν κατορθώματα, πτώματά εἰσι τῶν κοσμικῶν. Οἷον, τά τῶν κοσμικῶν κατορθώματα, πλοῦτός ἐστι καί δόξα καί δυναστεία καί τρυφή καί εὐσαρκία καί εὐτεκνία, καί τά τούτων ἀκόλουθα· εἰς ἅπερ ἐλθών ὁ μοναχός, ἀπόλλυται. Τά δέ τοῦ μοναχοῦ κατορθώματα, ἀκτημοσύνη, ἀδοξία, ἀδυναμία, ἐγκράτεια, κακοπάθεια, καί τά τούτων ἀκόλουθα· εἰς ἅπερ ἐλθών ὁ φιλόκοσμος παρά πρόθεσιν, πτῶμα ἡγεῖται μέγα· καί κινδυνεύει πολλάκις καί ἀγχόνῃ χρήσασθαι· τινές δέ καί ἐχρήσαντο.
Τά βρώματα διά δύο αἰτίας ἐκτίσθη· τροφῆς ἕνεκα, καί θεραπείας. Οἱ οὖν πάρεξ τούτων μεταλαμβάνοντες, ὡς παραχρώμενοι τοῖς εἰς χρῆσιν παρά Θεοῦ δοθεῖσιν, ὡς τρυφῆται κατακρίνονται. Καί ἐπί πάντων δέ τῶν πραγμάτων, ἡ παράχρησίς ἐστιν ἡ ἁμαρτία.
Ἄλλο ἐστί μάχεσθαι τῷ ψιλῷ λογισμῷ, ἵνα μή κινήσῃ τό πάθος· καί ἄλλο ἐστί, τό, ἐμπαθεῖ μάχεσθαι, ἵνα μή γένηται συγκατάθεσις. Οἱ ἀμφότεροι δέ τρόποι, οὐκ ἐῶσι χρονίσαι τούς λογισμούς.
Ἡ λύπη τῇ μνησικακίᾳ συνέζευκται. Ὅταν οὖν ὁ νοῦς τό πρόσωπον τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ μετά λύπης ἐσοπτρίζηται, δῆλον ὅτι μνησικακίαν ἔχει πρός αὐτόν· Ὁδοί δέ μνησικάκων εἰς θάνατον, διότι, πᾶς μνησίκακος, παράνομος.
Ἐάν μέν σύ μνησικακῇς τινι, προσεύχου ὑπέρ αὐτοῦ, καί ἱστᾷς τό πάθος τῆς κινήσεως, χωρίζων τήν λύπην διά τῆς προσευχῆς, ἐκ τῆς μνήμης τοῦ κακοῦ, οὗπέρ σοι ἐποίησεν· ἀγαπητικός δέ γενόμενος καί φιλάνθρωπος, παντελῶς ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς τό πάθος ἐξαφανίζεις. Ἐάν δέ ἄλλος σοι μνησικακῇ, χαριστικός γενοῦ πρός αὐτόν καί ταπεινός, καί καλῶς συναυλίζειν, καί ἀπαλλάττεις αὐτόν τοῦ πάθους.
Τοῦ φθονοῦντος τήν λύπην, κόπῳ στήσεις· συμφοράν γάρ ἡγεῖται, τό ἐν σοί φθονούμενον· καί οὐ δυνατόν ἄλλως στῆσαι, εἰ μή τι κρύψεις αὐτόν. Εἰ δέ πολλούς μέν ὠφελεῖ, ἐκεῖνον δέ λυπεῖ, ποίου μέρους περιφρονήσεις; Ἀναγκαῖον οὖν τῆς τῶν πολλῶν γενέσθαι ὠφελείας, κἀκείνου δέ κατά δύναμιν μή ἀμελεῖν· μηδέ τῇ τοῦ πάθους πονηρίᾳ συναπαχθῆναι· ὡς οὐχί τῷ πάθει, ἀλλά τῷ πάσχοντι ἀμυνόμενον· ἀλλά τῇ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ ἡγεῖσθαι αὐτόν ὑπερέχοντα σεαυτοῦ, καί ἐν παντί καιρῷ καί τόπῳ καί πράγματι, προτιμᾷν αὐτόν. Τόν δέ σόν φθόνον δύνασαι στῆσαι, ἐάν ἐν οἷς χαίρει ὁ ὑπό σοῦ φθονούμενος, συγχαίρῃς· καί ἐν οἷς λυπεῖται, καί αὐτός σύ συλλυπῇ πληρῶν τό τοῦ Ἀποστόλου, τό, Χαίρειν μετά χαιρόντων, καί κλαίειν μετά κλαιόντων.
Ὁ νοῦς ἡμῶν μέσος ἐστι δύο τινῶν, ἑκάστου τά ἴδια ἐνεργοῦντος· τοῦ μέν, τήν ἀρετήν· τοῦ δέ, τήν κακίαν· τουτέστι ἀγγέλου καί δαίμονος. Ἐξουσίαν δέ ἔχει ὁ νοῦς, καί δύναμιν ᾧ θέλει εἴτε ἕπεσθαι, εἴτε ἀντιστῆναι.
Αἱ μέν ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις προτρέπονται ἡμᾶς ἐπί τά καλά· τά δέ φυσικά σπέρματα καί ἡ ἀγαθή προαίρεσις, βοηθοῦσιν ἡμῖν· τάς δέ τῶν δαιμόνων προσβολάς, τά πάθη καί ἡ πονηρά προαίρεσις συνιστῶσι.
τ.
Τόν καθαρόν νοῦν, ποτέ μέν, αὐτός ὁ Θεός αὐτῷ ἐπιβαίνων διδάσκει· ποτέ δέ, αἱ ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις τά καλά ὑποτίθενται· ποτέ δέ, ἡ φύσις τῶν πραγμάτων θεωρουμένη.
Χρή τόν καταξιωθέντα γνώσεως νοῦν, τά τε νοήματα τηρεῖν ἀπαθῆ τῶν πραγμάτων· καί τά θεωρήματα, ἀσφαλῆ· καί τήν τῆς προσευχῆς κατάστασιν ἀθόλωτον. Οὐ δύναται δέ ταῦτα τηρεῖν ἐκ τῶν τῆς σαρκός ἀναδόσεως, διά τῆς τῶν δαιμόνων ἐπιβουλῆς καπνιζόμενος.
Οὐ δι᾿ ὅσα λυπούμεθα, διά ταῦτα καί ὀργιζόμεθα. Πλεονάζει γάρ τά τήν λύπην ἐμποιοῦντα, παρά τήν ὀργήν. Οἷον, ἐκλάσθη τάδε· ἀπώλετο τάδε· ἀπέθανεν ὁ δεῖνα. Διά γάρ τά τοιαῦτα, λυπούμεθα μόνον· διά δέ τά λοιπά, καί λυπούμεθα καί ὀργιζόμεθα, ἀφιλοσόφως διακείμενοι.
Δεχόμενος ὁ νοῦς τά τῶν πραγμάτων νοήματα, πρός ἕκαστον νόημα μετασχηματίζεσθαι πέφυκε. Θεωρῶν δέ ταῦτα πνευματικῶς, πρός ἕκαστον θεώρημα ποικίλως μεταμορφοῦσθαι. Ἐν δέ Θεῶ γενόμενος, ἄμορφος πάντη καί ἀσχημάτιστος γίνεται. Τόν γάρ μονοειδῆ θεωρῶν, μονοειδής γίνεται καί ὅλος φωτοειδής.
Ψυχή ἐστι τελεία, ἧς ἡ παθητική δύναμις νένευκεν ὁλοτελῶς πρός Θεόν.
Νοῦς ἐστι τέλειος, ὁ διά πίστεως ἀληθοῦς, τόν ὑπεράγνωστον ὑπεραγνώστως ὑπερεγνωκώς· καί τῶν αὐτοῦ δημιουργημάτων, τά καθόλου θεασάμενος· καί τῆς ἐν αὐτοῖς Προνοίας καί κρίσεως, τήν περιληπτικήν γνῶσιν παρά Θεοῦ εἰληφώς· ὡς ἐν ἀνθρώποις δέ φημι.
Τριχῶς τέμνεται ὁ χρόνος· καί ἡ μέν πίστις, τοῖς τρισί συμπαρατείνεται τμήμασι· ἡ δέ ἐλπίς, τῷ ἑνί· ἡ δέ ἀγάπη, τοῖς δυσί. Καί ἡ μέν πίστις καί ἐλπίς μέχρι τινός· ἡ δέ ἀγάπη, εἰς ἀπείρους αἰῶνας τῷ ὑπεραπείρῳ ὑπερηνωμένη, καί ἀεί ὑπεραύξουσα διαμένει. Καί διά τοῦτο, Μείζων πάντων ἡ ἀγάπη.
Scripture echoes
- ↩1Tim.6.10 — For the root of all evils is the love of money, which some, reaching for it, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves with many pains.
- ↩Phil.2.3;Gal.5.26 — Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility count others as more important than yourselves. Gal.5.26 — Let us not become conceited, provoking one another, envying one another.
- ↩Eph.5.29 — For no one ever hated his own flesh, but nourishes and cherishes it, just as Christ also does the church.
- ↩1Cor.9.27 — But I discipline my body and bring it into subjection, so that after preaching to others, I myself might not be disqualified.
- ↩1Tim.6.8 — But if we have food and clothing, with these we will be content.
- ↩Rom.8.8;Gal.5.24 — But those who are in the flesh cannot please God. Gal.5.24 — And those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires.
- ↩Rom.8.8 — But those who are in the flesh cannot please God.
- ↩Gal.5.24 — And those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires.
- ↩Rom.13.14 — But put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh, to fulfill its desires.
- ↩Lev.19.18;Rom.13.9 — You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against the sons of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself. I am the LORD. Rom.13.9 — For the commandments — 'You shall not commit adultery, you shall not murder, you shall not steal, you shall not covet' — and every other commandment are summed up in this word: 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.'
- ↩1Tim.6.10 — For the root of all evils is the love of money, which some, reaching for it, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves with many pains.
- ↩Matt.5.3 — Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
- ↩Matt.5.4 — Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted.
- ↩Matt.5.5 — Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.
- ↩Matt.5.6 — Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled.
- ↩Matt.5.7 — Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy.
- ↩Matt.5.8 — Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.
- ↩Matt.5.9 — Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God.
- ↩Matt.5.11 — Blessed are you when people revile you and persecute you and say every kind of evil against you falsely on my account.
- ↩Gal.1.10;Matt.6.1-Matt.6.6;Col.3.22-Col.3.24 — For am I now seeking the approval of people, or of God? Or am I still trying to please people? If I were still pleasing people, I would not be a servant of Christ. Matt.6.1 — Beware of practicing your righteousness before people, to be seen by them; otherwise you have no reward with your Father who is in the heavens. Matt.6.2 — So whenever you give alms, do not sound a trumpet before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may be praised by people. Truly I tell you, they have received their reward. Matt.6.3 — But when you give to the needy, do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing, Matt.6.4 — so that your giving may be in secret, and your Father who sees in secret will reward you. Matt.6.5 — And when you pray, you must not be like the hypocrites, for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and at the street corners, so that they may be seen by people. Truly I tell you, they have received their reward. Matt.6.6 — But when you pray, go into your inner room, and having shut your door, pray to your Father who is in secret; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you. Col.3.22 — Slaves, obey your earthly masters in everything, not with eye-service, as people-pleasers, but with sincerity of heart, fearing the Lord. Col.3.23 — Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord and not for human masters. Col.3.24 — knowing that from the Lord you will receive the reward of the inheritance. It is the Lord Christ you are serving.
- ↩John.5.22 — For the Father judges no one, but has given all judgment to the Son.
- ↩Matt.7.1;Luke.6.37 — Do not judge, so that you will not be judged. Luke.6.37 — Do not judge, and you will not be judged. Do not condemn, and you will not be condemned. Forgive, and you will be forgiven.
- ↩1Cor.4.5 — Therefore do not pronounce judgment before the time, before the Lord comes, who will both bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the purposes of the hearts; and then each one's praise will come from God.
- ↩Rom.2.1 — Therefore you are without excuse, O man, everyone who judges; for in that which you judge another, you condemn yourself, for you who judge practice the same things.
- ↩Ps.4.3 — O sons of men, how long will my glory be turned to shame? Why do you love what is empty and seek after lies? Selah.
- ↩2Pet.2.22 — It has happened to them according to the true proverb: 'A dog returns to its own vomit,' and 'A sow, after washing herself, returns to wallowing in the mud.'
- ↩2Cor.5.7 — for we walk by faith, not by sight
- ↩1Cor.13.12 — For now we see in a mirror, dimly; but then face to face. Now I know in part; but then I shall know fully, even as I have been fully known.
- ↩Rom.12.15 — Rejoice with those who rejoice; weep with those who weep.
Notes
- 1 ↩ἐξ ἐναντίας echoes the psalm's 'in the presence of my enemies'; τῶν θλιβομένων with ἡμᾶς is taken as 'those who afflict us' (parallel to LXX θλιβόντων).
- 2 ↩νοῦς rendered as 'mind' (the spiritual intellect); θεωρία τῶν γεγονότων as contemplation of created beings/things that have come to be.
- 3 ↩τόν Λόγον αὐτοῦ καί Θεόν taken as one subject (the Word who is God), not two separate mercies.
- 4 ↩ἀποκαθίστανται can mean 'are restored,' 'are reestablished,' or 'are settled'; 'restored' keeps the eschatological force.
- 5 ↩φυσικὴ γεωργία (natural cultivation/husbandry) is Maximos's agricultural metaphor for the mind's proper tending of the soul's natural powers; kept as 'natural cultivation' to preserve the image rather than paraphrase into abstract 'development'.
- 6 ↩περισκέψεως rendered as 'careful consideration' (deliberate, circumspect attention); could also be 'prudence' or 'circumspection'.
- 7 ↩ἕξεων rendered as 'dispositions' (stable habits/states of soul). δεύτεραι means posterior/secondary: a privation presupposes the prior positive habit.
- 8 ↩παραχρήσεως kept as 'misuse' (abuse/wrong use of natural powers), matching the neighboring section's παράχρησις. φύσει = 'by nature'.
- 9 ↩φιλαυτία is the technical Maximian term usually rendered self-love (disordered attachment to oneself/body), not healthy self-regard.
- 10 ↩ἀπαθῶς rendered 'without passion' (dispassionately), not 'apathetically': love of the body free of disordered passion, not cold indifference.
- 11 ↩λογισμοί rendered as 'thoughts' in the ascetical sense (intrusive/passionate thoughts); πάθη as 'passions'. ἀπό τούτων points to the passions as the root from which the thoughts are expelled.
- 12 ↩μνησικακία is the desert/ascetic term for remembering wrongs or bearing a grudge; rendered 'rancor' rather than generic 'resentment' to keep the technical force.
- 13 ↩οἴησις rendered as 'self-conceit' (opinion of oneself / pretension); near vainglory, but not identical to κενοδοξία.
- 14 ↩Source reads δι᾿ αὐτῦ; treated as δι᾿ αὐτοῦ (“through it”), matching the parallel δι᾿ αὐτοῦ in the next clause.
- 15 ↩οἰκονομικός: the steward/manager (monastic or household economos) who holds goods for others' needs, not for private passion.
- 16 ↩Greek ὀφθαλμιάσαι is a medical metaphor (to suffer from eye disease / inflamed eyes); rendered as the mind growing sick in its vision. ἐκδημία of prayer means the mind's going forth / sojourning abroad in prayer.
- 17 ↩φιλοϋλία rendered as love of material things (attachment to matter/possessions).
- 18 ↩ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις is rendered as "holy Powers," the standard title for the angelic ranks in this tradition; section 23 will specify that their knowledge is by participation, not as God's own self-knowledge.
- 19 ↩μετοχή rendered as 'participation' (Maximian technical sense: creaturely share in God without exhausting him). θεωρημάτων rendered as 'contemplations' for the intelligible content of created things taken up in angelic knowing; some technical English uses 'theorems' or 'contemplative insights.'
- 20 ↩τό εἶναι καί εὖ εἶναι καί ἀεί εἶναι renders Maximus’s technical triad (being / well-being / everlasting being); kept in that form to preserve the doctrinal sequence rather than paraphrase.
- 21 ↩εὖ εἶναι and ἀεί εἶναι keep Maximus’s triad with εἶναι (being / well-being / everlasting being). ἐπιτηδειότητι is rendered ‘aptitude’ (capacity/fitness), not mere desire.
- 22 ↩Source οῦν read as οὖν (‘then/therefore’).
- 23 ↩ψιλή καὶ ἀνυπόστατος: not a second real substance beside the creatures, but a bare mental constitution of the craftsmanship seen in them (cf. 1.4.24 on taking up θεωρία within the mind while the γεγονότα remain outside).
- 24 ↩γνωμικῇ ἐπιτηδειότητι is Maximian technical language: the free, deliberative disposition/capacity of rational creatures (γνώμη), not mere natural aptitude.
- 25 ↩ἀεί ὄν is rendered 'everlasting being' rather than simply 'eternal,' because the text immediately denies beginningless eternity (μή ἀνάρχως) while affirming endless duration (ἀτελευτήτως).
- 26 ↩γνώμας here means free moral dispositions/wills; ἀγέλας means companies or bands (flocks). Δυνάμεις is capitalized in the source and kept as 'Powers' for the holy angelic order.
- 27 ↩The Greek αὐτο- compounds (αὐτοΰπαρξις, αὐτοαγαθότης, αὐτοσοφία) name God as existence/goodness/wisdom itself, not merely self-possessed attributes; ὑπέρ ταῦτα πάντα marks the apophatic surplus beyond even those affirmations.
- 28 ↩ἐπιτηδειότης is rendered “capacity” (fitness/aptitude) rather than a fixed moral habit; κακία as “wickedness,” ἀγνωσία as “ignorance” (spiritual unknowing, not mere lack of data).
- 29 ↩Source reads μέ ἔχειν; sense requires μή ἔχειν (“not to have”), matching the contrast with created essence and with 1.4.27 on God having no contrary.
- 30 ↩ἀϊδιότητος ἀλλήλαις χαριστικήν is awkward for the divine essence; translated as bestowing eternity on others (cf. expected ἄλλοις), not mutual bestowal among divine persons or attributes.
- 31 ↩ἀμεταμέλητα…τά χαρίσματα αὐτοῦ closely echoes Romans 11:29; rendered “his gifts are irrevocable” to keep the scriptural force without forcing a quotation mark.
- 32 ↩κυρίως ὄν is rendered 'Being in the proper sense' / 'the One who truly is' (God as absolute being); κατά μέθεξιν marks created existence by participation, not identity of essence.
- 33 ↩τῶν προτέρων = the earlier privations (evil and ignorance); τοῦ δευτέρου = the second (non-being as privation of participatory being). γνώμη here is free choice/disposition of creatures, not mere 'opinion'.
- 34 ↩τά μέν...τά δέ and the later καί τά μέν...τά δέ mark two related contrasts: (1) rational/intellective beings vs. elemental bodies; (2) purely incorporeal beings (some of which are still yoked to bodies—i.e., embodied souls) vs. bodies whose constitution is matter and form only. 'Intellective' renders νοερά (noetic) rather than merely 'intelligent'.
- 35 ↩Source has ἀργαζόμεναι; translated as ἐργαζόμεναι ('working/making'), the most plausible intended reading.
- 36 ↩νοῦς rendered as 'intellect' (not 'mind' or 'reason') to preserve Maximus's technical faculty of spiritual knowing; ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμοί as 'passionate thoughts' for thoughts colored by the passions rather than generic emotions.
- 37 ↩θυμός and ἐπιθυμία are the irascible and concupiscible powers of the soul; rendered as 'anger' and 'desire' for plain English while preserving Maximos's technical pair. προβολή is the mind's presentation/projection of things and the concepts in them, not mere outward display.
- 38 ↩κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν names sin actualized in deed (as opposed to passionate thoughts in the mind, which the preceding section treats under the soul). Rendered 'put into action' to keep that technical force in plain English.
- 39 ↩πάσχων πρός is Maximus’s technical sense of still being passionately stirred/affected by something (cf. 1.4.38 μή πάσχειν πρός); not mere physical suffering.
- 40 ↩γυναῖκα here is a stock example of an object that can stir passion (not a general claim about women); φαντασίαι rendered as 'mental images' rather than 'fantasies' to keep the ascetical-psychological sense.
- 41 ↩ἀπαθῶς names the technical state of apatheia (freedom from disordered passion), not cold indifference; rendered as “free of passion” to keep that force.
- 42 ↩νόημα rendered as 'thought' (mental representation/notion), not as a full discursive argument (λογισμός). μνήμη ψιλή = bare/simple memory without passion attached.
- 43 ↩φιλία ἄλογος = irrational/unreasoned affection (not charity); μῖσος ἄκριτον = uncritical or indiscriminate hatred.
- 44 ↩διά + accusative is rendered teleologically as 'for the sake of,' matching the ascending chain virtues → knowledge → knower → God. ἀγνώστως γινωσκόμενον is apophatic: God as known in an unknowing way; ὑπέρ γνῶσιν γινώσκοντα names God as the one who knows beyond knowledge.
- 45 ↩τὸν ἀκόρεστον ἀκορέστως ἀεὶ κορεννύμενα plays on ἀκόρεστος (the Insatiable/Inexhaustible One) and κορεννύμενα (being filled/sated): creatures are forever filled without ever exhausting the God who cannot be depleted.
- 46 ↩πραεῖς… πρός τά ἀκάθαρτα πάθη: 'meek toward unclean passions' means pliant or yielding to them, not true evangelical meekness.
- 47 ↩Source has τῆ καρδίᾳ; read as τῇ καρδίᾳ (standard dative).
- 48 ↩διά Χριστόν = for Christ / for Christ's sake; κατά Χριστόν = according to Christ / in the manner of Christ. Both retained as distinct.
- 49 ↩τόπον ὑπομένωμεν: literally “endure the place”; in this ascetic context it means enduring the labor/hardship of the good work itself (as opposed to receiving the μισθός, reward).
- 50 ↩σχολάζειν means to be free for / devote leisure to God (cf. neighboring 1.4.52 σχολάζοντες τῷ Θεῷ); rendered as 'giving ourselves to him' for natural modern English while preserving the sense of continual, undistracted availability.
- 51 ↩παθητικοῦ μέρους τῆς ψυχῆς: technical Maximian anthropology — the passionate (pathētikon) part of the soul, not merely 'emotions' in a modern sense.
- 52 ↩λογισμῶν / προσβολάς: rendered as 'assaults of thoughts' to keep the Evagrian–Maximian sense of invasive logismoi, not neutral mental content.
- 53 ↩κόσμος here means the ordered domain proper to each: sense-objects for the body, concepts/thoughts (νοήματα) for the intellect (νοῦς).
- 54 ↩ἀμύνεται can mean defend oneself or retaliate; context (parallel mental sins) favors active revenge/retaliation in imagination rather than mere self-defense.
- 55 ↩ἦραν τήν κρίσιν ἀπό τοῦ Υἱοῦ: rendered as 'snatch the judgment from the Son' (usurping the Son's exclusive prerogative of judgment, not merely 'taking a view about' judgment).
- 56 ↩Source reads πλενονεξίας; translated as the expected πλεονεξίας (greed/covetousness).
- 57 ↩ἀκηδία rendered as listlessness (Evagrian acedia); μνησικακία as holding grudges (remembrance of wrongs).
- 58 ↩φιλαυτία rendered as self-love (not mere selfishness); ἄλογος φιλία as irrational affection—disordered attachment, not simple fondness.
- 59 ↩Normalized source has a stray opening parenthesis after ὥσπερ (`Καί ὥσπερ ( τοῖς...`); translated as ordinary ὥσπερ without force from the parenthesis.
- 60 ↩λογισμός is the ascetical term for an impassioned thought/suggestion, not a neutral idea; rendered here as 'thought' in the technical sense familiar from the Philokalia tradition.
- 61 ↩ἐπιθυμητικόν is the technical appetitive power of the soul in Greek ascetical anthropology; rendered here as 'appetitive faculty' rather than generic 'desire' to keep the faculty sense clear.
- 62 ↩γνωσίως can mean 'truly/genuinely' or 'with real knowledge'; 'truly' is preferred as the natural modern force of having authentically partaken of the pleasure that knowledge of God yields.
- 63 ↩τῶν τὰ ὑπογάστρια θεραπευόντων is ascetic idiom for what ministers to the lower belly/genitals (sexual appetite), not mere gluttony; rendered as 'what serves the sexual appetites'.
- 64 ↩The second clause is compressed: εἰ μή … εὕροι … μετενέγκῃ with οὐκ ἄν … ἀσυγκρίτως and the closing identification of God's knowledge as the superior object. Sense taken as: without a better object for desire the mind will not abandon earthly objects; that better object is knowledge of God and of divine things. Neighboring §§64–66 (contempt of pleasures) support this force.
- 65 ↩πάθος here is the ascetic term 'passion' (disordered affection/impulse), not mere strong feeling; ἄνευ πάθους = knowledge not yet joined to dispassionate love.
- 66 ↩εἰκασμοῖς can mean likenesses/images or conjectures; rendered 'likenesses' to pair with σκιαῖς (shadows) in the partial, figure-like presence of truth now.
- 67 ↩μακαρίου πάθους keeps Maximian technical sense: a blessed 'passion' (πάθος) of holy love, not a disordered passion; subject of δεῖται is the mind (νοῦς) carried from the previous sentence.
- 68 ↩ψιλοὺς τοὺς λογισμούς: bare/mere thoughts stripped of passion, a technical ascetical term; not 'simple ideas' in a colloquial sense. πρακτικῶν: those engaged only in praxis (the active ascetic life), as opposed to gnosis.
- 69 ↩ἀδολεσχία is technical ascetical vocabulary for prolonged dwelling/meditation on spiritual matters, not idle chatter; rendered as 'lingering meditation'.
- 70 ↩αὐτοῖς / τούτων most naturally resumes the mirrors and riddles (and the knowledge held in them) from the previous sentence; θεωρήματα keeps its Maximian sense of contemplative insights.
- 71 ↩οἴησις rendered as 'conceit' (empty self-opinion/presumption), not mere 'opinion'; ψιλὴν γνῶσιν is bare/mere knowledge without transformative practice.
- 72 ↩οἰκείοις rendered as 'proper' (what belongs to the mind by nature—the intelligible/spiritual); alternatives include 'kindred' or 'its own'.
- 73 ↩θείαν ἐγκατάλειψιν rendered as 'divine abandonment' (God's withdrawal of protective favor), not mere human desertion.
Four Hundred Texts on Love companion
A daily portion of stillness
Chosen Portion delivers one short contemplative reading and a guided moment of silence each day — the ascent, one step at a time.
Chosen Portion is the paced doorway into this collection: it portions the dense mystical treatises into one daily reading plus guided silence, exactly as the 14-day plan teaches.
- Daily bite-sized excerpts from the contemplative classics, never a wall of text
- A built-in timed stillness practice that grows from 2 minutes to 10
- Gentle progression through the tradition — the app remembers where you are on the ascent