Περί ἀγάπης ἑκατοντάς δευτέρα.
The Unity of Prayer and Love
True prayer is the fruit of a mind detached from earthly things and united to God through love.
Whoever truly loves God also prays without any distraction, and whoever prays without any distraction also truly loves God. But anyone whose mind is fixed on earthly things doesn't pray without distraction; therefore, anyone whose mind is bound to earthly things doesn't love God. When the mind dwells on something perceptible to the senses, it inevitably develops a passion toward it—whether desire, grief, anger, or resentment. And if it doesn't scorn that thing, it can't free itself from that passion. When passions master the intellect, they bind it to material things; and once they've separated it from God, they make it occupy itself with those things. But when the love of God has taken hold of it, it frees it from those bonds, persuading it to disregard not only the things of the senses, but even our own temporary life.1 The work of the commandments is to strip bare the thoughts of things; the work of reading and contemplation is to make the mind immaterial and formless; and from this it follows that one prays without distraction.2 Practical discipline isn't enough to fully free the mind from the passions so it can pray without distraction, unless it's also followed by a succession of spiritual contemplations. For the former frees the mind only from lack of self-control and hatred, while the latter free it from forgetfulness and ignorance as well; and so it will be able to pray as it should.3 There are two supreme states of pure prayer: one for those who live an active life, and the other for those who live a contemplative life. The first arises in the soul from the fear of God and a good hope; the second, from divine love and the highest purification.4 The marks of the first measure are these: gathering the mind away from all the thoughts of the world, and offering prayers without distraction or disturbance, as if God himself were present to it—just as he truly is present. The marks of the second are these: that in the very impulse of prayer the mind is seized by the divine and infinite light, and is altogether unaware of itself or of any other of the things that exist, except only of him who, through love, is working that illumination within it.✦5 Then, when it is also set in motion regarding thoughts about God, it receives pure and clear insights into him.6 Whatever someone loves, he clings to it completely; and he despises everything that hinders him from it, so that he won't be deprived of it. And loving God, he practices pure prayer, and casts out of himself every passion that gets in the way of this.
Discernment of Passions and Motives
Understanding the roots of self-love and the nature of passions is essential for spiritual progress.
Whoever has cast off self-love, the mother of the passions, also easily lays the rest aside with God's help—anger, grief, resentment, and so on. But anyone ruled by the first is wounded by the second even if they don't want to be. Self-love is the passion directed toward the body.7 People love one another for these five reasons—whether praiseworthily or blameworthily. For example: either for God's sake—as the virtuous person loves everyone, and as someone not yet virtuous loves the virtuous person; or by nature—as parents love their children, and the reverse; or from vainglory—as the one who's praised loves the one who praises him; or from love of money—as someone loves a rich person for what he can get; or from love of pleasure—as someone who caters to the belly and to what lies below the belly.8 The first is praiseworthy; the second is intermediate; and the rest are bound up with the passions.9 If you hate some people, neither love nor hate others, love still others only moderately, and love others intensely—from this unevenness, know that you're far from perfect love, which requires loving every human being equally. Turn away from evil and do good. That is: Fight the enemies so that you weaken the passions; and then stay vigilant, so they don't grow stronger.10 And again: Fight so that you gain the virtues; and afterward stay vigilant, so that you keep them. And this is what it would mean to work and to keep.11 Those who tempt us by God's permission either inflame the desiring part of the soul, agitate the irascible part, darken the rational part, wrap the body in pain, or snatch away our physical possessions.12 Either the demons test us themselves, or they arm those who don't fear the Lord against us. They attack on their own when we withdraw from others and are alone, just as they did with the Lord in the desert; and they attack through other people when we spend our time among them, just as they did with the Lord through the Pharisees.✦ But by looking to our pattern, we should drive them off from both sides.13 When the mind begins to advance in the love of God, then the demon of blasphemy also starts putting it to the test; and he suggests to it thoughts of a kind that no human being invents—only the devil, their father, devises them.✦ He does this out of envy for the one who loves God: so that, falling into despair as someone who has entertained such thoughts, that person will no longer dare to rise up to God through the prayer that has become habitual.14 But the destroyer gains nothing toward his goal; on the contrary, he only makes us more steadfast.15 For when we are attacked and fight back, we prove ourselves more tried and more genuine in the love of God. But may his sword enter his own heart, and may his bows be shattered. When the mind applies itself to visible things, it naturally grasps them through the medium of the senses. And neither the mind is evil, nor natural understanding, nor the things themselves, nor the senses—for these are the works of God. What, then, is evil? Clearly, it's the passion that attaches to a natural thought—which doesn't have to be present in how we use our thoughts if the mind stays vigilant.16 A passion is a movement of the soul contrary to nature—either toward irrational attachment or toward indiscriminate hatred, either of something or because of something among the things of sense. For example, an irrational attachment might be for food, a woman, money, fleeting glory, or some other physical thing, or it might be because of these things. And an indiscriminate hatred might be directed toward one of the things already mentioned, or toward someone because of those things. Alternatively, vice is a mistaken judgment of thoughts, which leads to the misuse of things. For example, regarding a woman: the correct judgment about sexual union is that its purpose is the begetting of children.17 So the one who fixes his aim on pleasure has erred in judgment, taking what is not good as good. Such a person, then, misuses a woman when he has intercourse with her. The same logic applies to other things and thoughts as well.
Spiritual Warfare and Vigilance
The ascetic life requires constant vigilance against demonic assault and the cultivation of virtues.
When the demons drive your mind out of chastity and surround it with thoughts of fornication, then with tears say to the Master: "They have cast me out and now surrounded me; my joy, deliver me from those who have encircled me"—and you will be saved.✦18 The demon of fornication is a heavy one, and it attacks fiercely those who struggle against this passion—especially when they're careless about diet, and in their encounters with women. It works by stealth, capturing the mind through the subtle ease of pleasure, and later invades through memory when a person is at rest, inflaming the body and projecting all sorts of images before the mind.19 That is why it also summons the mind toward consent to sin. If you don't want these forms to linger in you, take up fasting, hard labor, and vigil, and the good stillness that goes with fervent prayer.20 Those who are always hunting our soul seek it through impassioned thoughts, so they can cast it into sin—either in the mind or in action. When they find the mind refusing to accept them, they’ll be ashamed and confounded; but when they find it occupied with spiritual contemplation, they’ll turn away and be put to deep shame at once. The one who anoints the mind for the sacred contests and drives passionate thoughts away from it holds the place of a deacon; the one who illuminates it with the knowledge of beings and banishes the knowledge falsely so called holds that of a priest; and the one who perfects it with the holy myrrh of the knowledge of the adorable and holy Trinity holds that of a bishop.✦21 Demons grow weak when our passions are reduced through the commandments; but they perish when, through the soul's dispassion, they are finally wiped out completely, no longer finding the means they once used to settle in the soul and wage war against it. This is what is meant by: "They will grow weak, and they will perish from before your face."22 Some people stay away from the passions out of human fear; others, out of vainglory; still others, through self-control; and others are set free from the passions through God's judgments. All the Lord's words contain these four things: the commandments, the teachings, the threats, and the promises. And for the sake of these we endure every hard discipline—fasting, vigils, sleeping on the ground, labors and toil in service, insults, dishonor, tortures, deaths, and the like. For it says: 'Because of the words of your lips, I have kept to hard paths.'✦
The Path to Theological Knowledge
The transition from practical life to contemplation leads to the knowledge of God and the mystery of the Trinity.
The reward of self-control is dispassion, and the reward of faith is knowledge. Dispassion gives birth to discernment, while knowledge gives birth to love for God.23 When the mind succeeds in the practical life, it advances toward prudence; when it succeeds in the contemplative life, it advances toward knowledge. For the practical life's work is to bring the one who is struggling to the discernment of virtue and vice; the contemplative life's is to lead the one who shares in it to the principles concerning incorporeal and corporeal things.24 But he is granted theological grace only then—when, having passed through all that was said above on the wings of love and come to be in God, he carefully contemplates through the Spirit the truth concerning Him, as far as is possible for a human mind.25 When you're about to speak of God, don't hunt for the principles of what He is in Himself—for a human mind will never find them, nor will any other being after God—instead, examine as far as you can the things that concern Him.26 For example, those concerning His eternity, infinity, and boundlessness; His goodness, wisdom, and power—creative, providential, and judicial over all that exists. For among human beings the great theologian is the one who discovers even in some measure the principles of these things. A strong man is the one who has yoked knowledge to practice. For by practice he withers desire and tames anger; by knowledge he gives wings to the mind and journeys out toward God.27 When the Lord says, "I and the Father are one," he is referring to the sameness of essence. But when he says, "I am in the Father, and the Father is in me," he is showing that the hypostases cannot be separated.28 So the Tritheists, by separating the Son from the Father, fall into a double precipice.29 If they say the Son is co-eternal with the Father but separate him from the Father, they're forced to say he wasn't begotten of him, which leads them to claim there are three Gods and three first principles. If they say he was begotten of him but still separate him, they're forced to say he isn't co-eternal with the Father, which makes the Lord of the ages subject to time. As the great Gregory says, we must both maintain the one God and confess the three hypostases—each with its own distinct property.30 For as Gregory also says, it is divided, yet indivisibly, and it is joined together, yet dividedly.31 That is why both the division and the union are paradoxical. For what is paradoxical about it if, just as one human being is both united to and set apart from another, so also the Son is with the Father—and nothing more?32
The Perfection of Dispassion
Perfect love transcends social distinctions and is rooted in the humility that recognizes God as the source of all good.
The one perfected in love, who has reached the summit of dispassion, does not know a difference between what is his own and what is another's—whether a man's or a woman's—or between believer and unbeliever, slave and free, or male and female at all. But having risen above the tyranny of the passions and looking to the one nature of human beings, he regards all equally and is disposed the same toward all.✦33 For in him there is no Greek or Jew, no male or female, no slave or free; but Christ is all and in all.✦✦ Demons find their opening to stir up impassioned thoughts in us from the passions already dwelling in the soul. Then, by waging war on the mind through these thoughts, they force it to consent to sin. And once the mind is defeated, they lead it into sin in thought. And once that is done, they carry it off captive into the actual deed. After that, having laid waste the soul through these thoughts, they withdraw along with them.34 What remains in the mind is only the idol of sin—about which the Lord says: 'When you see the abomination of desolation standing in the holy place, let the reader understand.' This is because the human mind is the holy place and temple of God, where the demons, having laid waste the soul through impassioned thoughts, set up the idol of sin. I don't think anyone who has read the works of Josephus doubts that these things have already happened historically as well.35 Still, some say these things will also happen under the Antichrist. There are three things that move us toward what is good: the natural seeds, the holy Powers, and a good free choice.36 And the natural seeds, as when we want people to treat us a certain way and we treat them the same; or as when we see someone in hardship or need and we naturally show them mercy. The holy Powers are at work, for example, when we are moved toward some good work, find good help, and are brought to a successful end.37 A good free choice is at work when we distinguish good from evil and choose what is good. There are also three things that drive us toward evil: our passions, demons, and an evil free choice. And the passions, as when we desire something against reason: for example, food outside the right time, or beyond need; or a woman apart from the purpose of having children, and outside lawful marriage.38 And again, when we get angry, or are grieved beyond what's reasonable: for example, against the one who has dishonored us, or who has caused us loss. And the demons, as when, in our negligence, they watch for the right moment and suddenly attack us with great force, stirring up the passions already named, and ones like them.39 An evil free choice happens when we know what is good but choose evil instead. The rewards for the labors of virtue are dispassion and knowledge.40 For these become the means of obtaining the kingdom of heaven — just as the passions and ignorance become the means of eternal punishment.41 So, anyone who seeks these for human glory rather than for the good itself hears from Scripture: "You ask and do not receive, because you ask wrongly."✦ There are many things people do that are good by nature, yet not good again for a certain reason. For example, fasting and keeping vigil, prayer and psalmody, almsgiving and hospitality are by nature good works; but when they're done out of vainglory, they're no longer good. In everything we do, God looks at our purpose: whether we're acting for him or for some other reason. When you hear Scripture saying, "You will repay each person according to his works," understand that God does not repay what is done contrary to the right intention, even if it seems good, but clearly what is done according to the right intention.✦42 God’s judgment doesn't look at the deeds themselves, but at the purpose behind them. The demon of pride has a double wickedness: either he persuades the monk to credit his achievements to himself and not to God—who both supplies what is good and helps us accomplish it—or, if the monk won't be persuaded of that, he gets him to look down on the brothers who are still less mature. And even then, the one under his influence doesn't realize that he is being persuaded to deny God's help.43 For if he looks down on them as people who couldn't manage to succeed, he is clearly casting himself as someone who succeeded by his own strength. But that's impossible, since the Lord said, "Without me you can do nothing." For our weakness, even when moved toward what is good, cannot bring it to completion without the Giver of good things.44 Anyone who has come to know the weakness of human nature has gained experience of divine power; and having accomplished some things through that power and pressing on to accomplish others, such a person never despises any human being. For he knows that just as God helped him and freed him from many passions and hard trials, so God is able to help everyone when He wills—and especially those who struggle for His sake. Even if, by certain judgments of His, He does not free everyone from the passions all at once, still, at His own times, like a good and loving physician, He heals each of those who press on.45 When the passions go quiet, pride sets in—either because their causes are hidden or because the demons are craftily backing off.
Divine Judgment and Healing
Afflictions and temptations are divine remedies intended to heal the soul and transform desire into divine longing.
Almost every sin stems from pleasure, and its undoing comes through hardship and grief—whether chosen or unchosen—through repentance, or through an affliction ordered by divine providence and brought upon us by God's care. For if we judged ourselves, he says, we wouldn't be judged; but when we are judged, we are disciplined by the Lord, so that we won't be condemned with the world.46 When an unexpected temptation comes upon you, don't blame the one through whom it comes; instead, seek the reason why, and you'll find the correction. For whether through that person or through someone else, you still had to drink the wormwood of God's judgments.47 As much as you're of a bad character, don't refuse to endure hardship, so that, humbled through it, you may vomit out pride.48 Some temptations bring people pleasure, others bring sorrow, and some bring bodily pain. For according to the cause of the passions that lies within the soul, the physician of souls also applies the remedy through his judgments.49 Some people face temptations to clear away sins they've already committed; others face them to stop sins they are currently committing; and still others face them to prevent sins they are about to commit. This is separate from the temptations that come for the sake of testing, as we see in the case of Job. A sensible person, reflecting on the healing work of divine judgment, gratefully bears the misfortunes that come their way, and doesn't blame anyone else—they trace them back to their own sins.50 But the fool, ignorant of God's all-wise providence, when he sins and is disciplined, blames either God or other people for his own troubles. There are some things that stop the passions in their movement and keep them from advancing into growth; and there are others that diminish them and bring them down. For instance, fasting, hard work, and keeping vigil prevent desire from growing; but withdrawal, contemplation, prayer, and love for God diminish it and lead it toward extinction.51 It's the same with anger.52 For example, patience, refusing to hold a grudge, and gentleness halt it and keep it from growing; but love, almsgiving, kindness, and goodwill toward others lead it into decline.53 Whoever keeps the mind continually turned toward God — that person's desire has also grown into divine longing, and the irascible part has been wholly transformed into divine love.5455 For by long participation in the divine illumination, having become wholly light-like and having drawn his passible part tightly into himself, he has turned it — as was said — into unceasing divine longing and unceasing love, wholly transferring it from earthly things to the divine.5657
The Nature of the Spiritual Life
True spiritual life involves a constant turning away from material attachments toward God.
If you don't envy, get angry at, or hold a grudge against someone who has hurt you, it doesn't necessarily mean you already have love for that person. For even without yet loving, a person can still refuse to repay evil with evil because of the commandment; yet they don't necessarily also freely return good for evil.✦✦58 Doing good from a genuine disposition to those who hate you belongs to perfect spiritual love alone.✦ If you don't love someone, it doesn't necessarily mean you hate them; conversely, if you don't hate them, it doesn't necessarily mean you love them. But a person can stand toward them in a middle position—that is, neither loving nor hating. For only the five ways mentioned in the ninth chapter of this hundred naturally produce the loving disposition—the praiseworthy, the intermediate, and the blameworthy ones.59 When you notice your mind happily busying itself with material things and lingering fondly over thoughts of them, know that you love these things more than God. For the Lord says that where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.60 A mind joined to God and lingering with him through prayer and love becomes wise, good, powerful, and loving toward people, as well as merciful and long-suffering; simply put, it carries almost all the divine attributes within itself. But when it withdraws from him and draws near to material things, it either becomes brutish by turning pleasure-loving, or savage by fighting with people over those things.61 By "the world," Scripture refers to material things; worldly people are those who occupy their minds with these things—and to them it says, with more reproof: Do not love the world, or the things in the world. The desire of the flesh, the desire of the eyes, and the pride of life are not from God, but from the world—and so on.62 A monk is someone who has withdrawn their mind from material things and who perseveres with God through self-control, love, psalmody, and prayer. In the spiritual sense, the person of practice is a herdsman; for moral achievements hold the place of cattle. That is why Jacob also said, "Your servants are herdsmen." But the person who contemplates is a shepherd of sheep. For thoughts hold the place of sheep, shepherded by the intellect up onto the mountains of contemplations. That is also why every shepherd of sheep is an abomination to the Egyptians—that is, to the opposing powers. When the body is stirred through the senses toward its own desires and pleasures, the base mind goes along with it and consents to its fantasies and impulses; but the virtuous mind practices self-control, holds itself back from passionate fantasies and impulses, and instead works carefully to improve those movements of its own. Some virtues are bodily, while others belong to the soul. Bodily virtues include things like fasting, keeping vigil, sleeping on the ground, service, and working with your hands so you don't burden anyone—or so you have something to share with others.✦6364 Virtues of the soul include love, patience, gentleness, self-control, prayer, and so on.65 So if, because of some necessity or bodily circumstance—illness, for example, or something of that kind—it happens that we can't carry out the bodily virtues already named, we have the Lord's pardon, since he also knows the reasons. But if we fail to practice those of the soul, we'll have no excuse. That is because they aren't subject to necessity.66 Love for God convinces those who share in it to despise every passing pleasure, along with every hardship and sorrow. And let all the saints persuade you—those who have suffered so much for Christ. Watch yourself carefully against the mother of evils, self-love, which is the body's irrational attachment.✦67 For from this, under a plausible show of reason, the first three raging thoughts are born—the most impassioned and most general of all: gluttony, love of money, and vainglory, I mean. They take their starting points, supposedly, from the body's necessary needs; and from these the whole catalogue of evils is generated.✦68 So, as has been said, you must stay necessarily on guard, and fight this with great watchfulness.69 For when this is destroyed, everything that comes from it is destroyed as well. The passion of self-love suggests to the monk that he take pity on his body and go beyond what's proper in food — supposedly for the sake of managing and looking after it — so that, little by little, he may be dragged along and fall into the pit of love of pleasure. But for the person living in the world, it already, from this same root, prompts him to take thought for himself with a view to desire.70
The Mind's Ascent to God
The ultimate goal of the ascetic life is a mind stripped of passions, illuminated by contemplation, and united to God in prayer.
They say that the highest state of prayer is this: that the mind come outside flesh and the world, and become entirely immaterial and formless while praying. So, anyone who keeps this state unimpaired is truly praying without ceasing. Just as the body, when it dies, is cut off from all the affairs of life, so too the mind, dying in the height of prayer, is cut off from all the world's thoughts. Unless it dies this kind of death, it can't be found with God and live. Don't let anyone deceive you, monk: you can't be saved while you're enslaved to pleasure and vainglory. Just as the body sins through outward things and uses physical virtues as training to remain self-controlled, so the mind sins through passionate thoughts and uses the virtues of the soul as training, so that by seeing things purely and without passion, it may remain self-controlled. Just as nights follow the days, and winters follow the summers, so griefs and pains follow vainglory and pleasure—whether in the present or in the future. Someone who has sinned cannot escape the judgment to come without voluntary labors here, or involuntary afflictions.71 They say that God allows us to be attacked by demons for five reasons. The first, they say, is so that as we're attacked and fight back, we gain a clear discernment of virtue and vice. The second is so that by gaining virtue through struggle and hard labor, we can keep it firm and unshakable. The third is so that as we progress in virtue, we don't grow proud, but learn to be humble. The fourth is so that, having experienced evil, we hate it with a perfect hatred. And the fifth, above them all, is so that once we've become free of the passions, we neither forget our own weakness nor the power of the One who helped us.72 Just as a hungry person's mind pictures bread, and a thirsty person's water, so the glutton's mind pictures all kinds of foods; the pleasure-lover's, the forms of women; the vainglorious person's, the honors people give; the money-lover's, profits; the resentful person's, revenge on the one who hurt them; the envious person's, harm to the one they envy—and so it is with the other passions as well. For a mind harassed by the passions takes on passionate thoughts both while the body is awake and in sleep. When desire grows stronger, the mind in sleep imagines the materials that give rise to pleasures; but when anger grows stronger, it sees the things that give rise to fears. The unclean demons, for their part, increase the passions, taking our negligence as their ally and stirring them up. But the holy angels diminish them, moving us toward the practice of the virtues. When the soul's desiring part is aroused more often, it implants in the soul a hard-to-dislodge habit of loving pleasure; and when the irascible part is continually agitated, it makes the mind cowardly and spineless. But they are healed: the former by a strenuous discipline of fasting, keeping vigil, and prayer; the latter by kindness, love of others, love, and mercy.73 The demons wage war either through things themselves, or through the passionate thoughts that arise about those things. And through things they attack those who are still involved with things; through thoughts, those who have withdrawn from things.74 Just as it's easier to sin in thought than in deed, so the warfare through thoughts is that much heavier than the warfare through external things. Things themselves lie outside the mind; but the thoughts of them take shape within it. It’s therefore in the mind’s power to use them well or poorly.75 For the misuse of things follows from the mistaken use of thoughts. The mind receives passionate thoughts in three ways: through the senses, through the body's constitution, and through memory.76 Through the senses: when things strike them that correspond to the passions we have, they stir the mind toward passionate thoughts. Through the body's constitution: when that constitution is altered by an unrestrained lifestyle, the activity of demons, or illness, it again stirs the mind toward passionate thoughts—or against Providence.77 Through memory: when memory recalls thoughts of things toward which we have felt passion, it likewise stirs the mind toward passionate thoughts. Of the things God has given us to use, some are found in the soul, some in the body, and some around the body: in the soul, for example, its powers; in the body, the sense organs and other members; and around the body, food, possessions, and the like. So, using these things well or badly—or the circumstances that surround them—makes us either virtuous or base.78 Regarding the circumstances that accompany these things, some relate to the soul, some to the body, and some to the things surrounding the body. Those in the soul include, for example: knowledge and ignorance, forgetfulness and memory, love and hate, fear and boldness, grief and joy, and so on; those in the body include, for example: pleasure and pain, sensation and impairment, health and sickness, life and death, and similar things.79 And of those that surround the body, for example: having fine children and childlessness, wealth and poverty, honor and dishonor, and so on.80 People label some of these as good and others as bad, yet none of them is bad by nature; rather, depending on how they're used, they turn out to be either truly bad or truly good.81 Knowledge is good by nature, and so is health; but for most people, the opposites have done more good than these have. For with the wicked, knowledge does not turn out for good, even though, as has been said, it is good by nature; and neither do health, wealth, or joy. They haven't used them well.82 So then the opposites of these things are what benefit them. Therefore, those things aren't bad in themselves either, even if they seem to be.83 Don't misuse your thoughts, or you'll inevitably misuse things as well.84 If someone doesn't first sin in their mind, they will never sin in action.85 General vices reflect the image of the earthly man—for example, folly, cowardice, intemperance, and injustice.✦ But the image of the heavenly man is the general virtues—for example, prudence, courage, temperance, and justice. And just as we have borne the image of the earthly man, let's also bear the image of the heavenly man.✦ If you want to find the way that leads to life, seek it in the Way herself—and there you'll find it—in the One who said: "I am the way, and the life, and the truth."86 Still, seek it with real effort and care, because few are the ones who find it—and so that you won't be left out of the few and end up counted with the many. The soul is held back from sins by these five things: either by fear of people, or by fear of judgment, or by the reward still to come, or by love of God, or finally by a pricking conscience.✦87 Some say that evil would not exist among beings if there weren't some other power pulling us toward it. But this is nothing more than a neglect of the mind's natural activities.88 That is why those who care for these always do what is good, and never do what is evil. So if you want this too, drive away neglect, and you drive out vice with it—vice being the mistaken use of thoughts, which is followed by the misuse of things.8990 It is the natural role of our rational side to submit to the divine Word and to govern our irrational side. If we maintain this order in all things, evil will not exist among beings, nor will we find anything that drags us toward it. Some thoughts are simple, while others are compound. The simple ones are free of passion, but the compound ones are laden with it, since they consist of both a passion and a mental image.91 Because of this, you can see many simple thoughts following the compound ones whenever people begin to move toward sinning in their minds. Take gold, for example: a passion-laden thought about gold rises up in someone's memory, he rushes in his mind toward stealing, and he completes the sin mentally. Along with the memory of the gold comes the memory of the purse, the casket, the bedroom, and so on.92 Now, the memory of the gold was compound because it carried the passion; but the memory of the purse, the casket, and the rest was simple. For the mind had no passion toward those things. It's the same with every thought—whether it's about vainglory, a woman, or anything else. As the argument has shown, not every thought that accompanies a passion-laden thought is itself passion-laden. From this, then, we can tell which notions are passion-laden and which are simple. Some say that during sleep, demons touch the body's members and stir the passion of fornication; then, once stirred, that passion brings the image of a woman to the mind through memory. Others say they appear to the mind in the form of a woman, and by touching the body's members, they stir the appetite, which is how these fantasies arise. Still others say that the passion that prevails in the demon that draws near stirs the passion; and so the soul is kindled toward thoughts, bringing up the forms through memory.93 It is the same with other passion-laden fantasies: some say it happens one way, others say another. But in none of these ways can demons succeed in stirring any passion at all when love and self-control are present in the soul—neither while the body is awake, nor during sleep. Some of the Law's commandments must be kept both physically and spiritually, while others are to be kept only spiritually. For example, “You shall not commit adultery,” “You shall not murder,” “You shall not steal,” and the like must be kept both bodily and spiritually. And they are kept spiritually in three ways.94 But circumcision and keeping the Sabbath, slaughtering the lamb and eating unleavened bread with bitter herbs, and the like—these are to be kept spiritually only. There are three more general moral states among monks. The first is never to sin in action; the second is not to let passionate thoughts linger in the soul; and the third is to behold without passion, in the mind, the forms of women and of those who have caused you grief.95 A person without possessions is someone who has renounced everything they owned and possesses nothing at all on earth except their body; and having broken even their attachment to that, they have entrusted the care of their own needs to God and to the devout.✦✦9697 Among those who acquire things, some do so dispassionately; that’s why, even when they’re deprived of them, they aren’t distressed—just like those who welcomed the plundering of their possessions with joy.✦ Others, though, acquire them passionately; that is why, when they are about to be deprived, they become deeply grieved — like the rich man in the Gospel, who went away sorrowful.✦ And if they actually are deprived, they grieve even to death. So deprivation exposes the disposition of both the dispassionate person and the passionate one. The demons wage war against those who pray at the highest level, so that they will not take up bare thoughts of sensible things; against those who have spiritual knowledge, so that passionate thoughts will linger in them; and against those who struggle in the life of practice, so that they may persuade them to sin in actual deed. In every way they fight against everyone, so that the wretches may separate people from God.9899 Those who are being trained for piety in this life under divine providence are tested by three kinds of temptation: either by the gift of pleasant things—such as health, beauty, good children, wealth, glory, and the like; or by the onset of painful things—such as the loss of children, wealth, and glory; or by what causes the body pain—such as illnesses, tortures, and so on. And to those in the first case, the Lord says: "If anyone doesn't renounce all that he has, he cannot be my disciple."✦100 But to those in the second and third: "By your endurance gain your souls."✦ They say these four things alter the body's temperament and give the mind thoughts that are either passionate through it or free of passion: namely, the angels, the demons, the atmospheric conditions, and diet.101 They say angels change it through words; demons through contact; atmospheric conditions through their shifts; and diet through the qualities of food and drink, as well as through excess or deficiency—this is in addition to the changes that occur through memory, hearing, and sight, when the soul is first affected by the painful or joyful things it encounters.102 When the soul is affected by these things, it changes the body's temperament; but when the temperament is changed by the things already mentioned, it provides thoughts to the mind. Death, properly speaking, is separation from God, and the sting of death is sin. When Adam received it, he was immediately banished from the tree of life, from paradise, and from God; and the death of the body followed as a matter of necessity. And life, properly speaking, is the One who said, "I am the life." He entered into death and brought the one who had been put to death back again into life.103 A piece of writing is created either as a reminder for the author, for someone else's benefit, for both, to harm others, for show, or out of necessity. Practical virtue is a green pasture; knowledge of created things is water of rest.104 Human life is a shadow of death.✦ So if someone is with God, and God is with him, he can clearly say: "Even if I walk in the midst of the shadow of death, I will not fear evil, for you are with me."✦105 A pure mind sees things rightly; a well-trained reason brings what has been seen into view; and a clear hearing receives them.106 But the one who lacks these three finds fault with the speaker. Those who know the Holy Trinity, its creation, and its providence, and who have freed the passible part of the soul from passion, are with God. They say the rod represents God's judgment, and the staff, His providence.107 So, it belongs to anyone who has shared in the knowledge of these things to say, "Your rod and Your staff, they have comforted me." When the mind has been stripped of the passions and is illuminated by the contemplation of the things that are, then it can also come to be in God and pray as it should.
Read the original Latin
Ὁ γνησίως τόν Θεόν ἀγαπῶν, οὗτος καί ἀπερισπάστως πάντως προσεύχεται· καί ὁ ἀπερισπάστως πάντως προσευχόμενος, οὗτος καί γνησίως τόν Θεόν ἀγαπᾷ. Οὐκ εὔχεται δέ ἀπερισπάστως, ὅ τινι ἐπιγείων ἔχων τόν νοῦν προσηλωμένον· οὐκ ἄρα ἀγαπᾷ τόν Θεόν, ὅ τινι τῶν ἐπιγείων ἔχων τόν νοῦν δεδεμένον.
Ὁ νοῦς πράγματι χρονίζων αἰσθητῷ, πάθος ἔχει πάντως πρός αὐτό· οἷον ἐπιθυμίας, ἤ λύπης, ἤ ὀργῆς, ἤ μνησικακίας· καί εἰ μή τοῦ πράγματος ἐκείνου καταφρονεῖ, τοῦ πάθους ἐκείνου ἐλευθεροῦσθαι οὐ δύναται.
Τά μέν πάθη τοῦ νοῦ κρατοῦντα συνδεσμοῦσιν αὐτόν τοῖς πράγμασι τοῖς ὑλικοῖς· καί τοῦ Θεοῦ χωρίσαντα, αὐτοῖς ἐνασχολεῖσθαι ποιοῦσιν. ἡ δέ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀγάπη κρατήσασα, λύει αὐτόν τῶν δεσμῶν· παραφρονεῖν πείθουσα οὐ μόνόν τῶν αἰσθητῶν πραμγάτων, ἀλλά καί αὐτῆς ἡμῶν τῆς προσκαίρου ζωῆς.
Ἔργον τῶν ἐντολῶν,ψιλά ποιεῖν τά τῶν πραγμάτων νοήματα· ἀναγνώσεως δέ καί θεωρίας, ἄϋλον καί ἀνείδεον τόν νοῦν ἀπεργάζεσθαι· ἐκ δέ τούτου συμβαίνει, τό ἀπερισπάστως προσεύχεσθαι.
Οὐκ ἀρκεῖ πρακτική μέθοδος πρός τό τελείως τόν νοῦν παθῶν ἐλευθερωθῆναι, ὥστε δυνηθῆναι αὐτόν ἀπερισπάστως προσεύχεσθαι, εἰ μή καί διάφοροι αὐτόν διαδέξονται πνευματικαί θεωρίαι. Ἡ μέν γάρ, ἀκρασίας καί μίσους μόνον τόν νοῦν ἐλευθεροῖ· αἱ δέ, καί λήθης καί ἀγνοίας αὐτόν ἀπαλλάττουσι· καί οὕτω δυνήσεται ὡς δεῖ προσεύξασθαι.
Τῆς καθαρᾶς προσευχῆς δύο εἰσίν ἀκρόταται καταστάσεις· ἡ μέν, τοῖς πρακτικοῖς· ἡ δέ, τοῖς θεωρητικοῖς ἐπισυμβαίνουσα. Καί ἡ μέν, ἐκ φόβου Θεοῦ καί ἐλπίδος ἀγαθῆς τῇ ψυχῇ ἐγγίνεται· ἡ δέ, ἀπό θείου ἔρωτος καί ἀκροτάτης καθάρσεως. Γνωρίσματα δέ τοῦ μέν πρώτου μέτρου, τό ἐν τῷ συναγαγεῖν τόν νοῦν ἐκ πάντων τῶν τοῦ κόσμου νοημάτων, καί ὡς αὐτῷ αὐτοῦ περισταμένου τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὥσπερ καί παρέστη, ποιεῖσθαι τάς προσευχάς ἀπερισπάστως καί ἀνενοχλήτως· τοῦ δέ δευτέρου, τό ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὁρμῇ τῆς προσευχῆς ἁρπαγῆναι τόν νοῦν ὑπό τοῦ θείου καί ἀπείρου φωτός, καί μήτε ἑαυτοῦ μήτε τινός ἄλλου τῶν ὄντων τό σύνολον ἐπαισθάνεσθαι, εἰ μή μόνου τοῦ διά τῆς ἀγάπης ἐν αὐτῷ τήν τοιαύτην ἔλλαμψιν ἐνεργοῦντος. Τότε δέ καί περί τούς περί Θεοῦ λόγους κινούμενος, καθαράς καί τρανάς τάς περί αὐτοῦ λαμβάνει ἐμφάσεις.
Ὅ τις ἀγαπᾷ, τούτου καί ἀντέχεται πάντως· καί πάντων τῶν πρός τοῦτο ἐμποδιζόντων αὐτῷ, καταφρονεῖ, ἵνα μή αὐτοῦ στερηθῇ, καί τόν Θεόν ἀγαπῶν, ἐπιμελεῖται καθαρᾶς προσευχῆς· καί πᾶν πάθος πρός τοῦτο ἐμποδίζον αὐτῷ, ἀποβάλλει ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ.
Ὁ τήν μητέρα τῶν παθῶν ἀποβαλών φιλαυτίαν, καί τά λοιπά εὐχερῶς σύν Θεῷ ἀποτίθεται· οἷον ὁργήν, λύπην, μνησικακίαν, καί τά ἑξῆς· ὁ δέ ὑπό τοῦ πρώτου κρατούμενος, ὑπό τοῦ δευτέρου, κἄν μή θέλῃ, τιτρώσκεται. Φιλαυτία δέ ἐστι, τό πρός τό σῶμα πάθος.
Διά τάς πέντε ταύτας αἰτίας οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἀγαπῶσιν ἀλλήλους, εἴτε ἐπαινετῶς, εἴτε ψεκτῶς. Οἷον, ἤ διά τόν Θεόν, ὡς ὁ ἐνάρετος πάντας, καί ὡς ὁ τόν ἐνάρετον κἄν μήπω ἐνάρετος· ἤ διά φύσιν, ὡς οἱ γονεῖς τά τέκνα, καί ἔμπαλιν· ἤ διά κενοδοξίαν, ὡς ὁ δοξαζόμενος τόν δοξάζοντα· ἤ διά φιλαργυρίαν, ὡς ὁ πλούσιον διά λῆψιν· ἤ διά φιληδονίαν, ὡς ὁ τήν γαστέρα θεραπευόμενος καί τά ὑπό γαστέρα. Καί ἡ μέν πρώτη, ἐπαινετή· ἡ δέ δευτέρα, μέση· αἱ δέ λοιπαί, ἐμπαθεῖς.
Ἐάν τινάς μέν μισῇς, τινάς δέ οὐδέ ἀγαπᾷς οὐδέ μισῇς· ἑτέρους δέ ἀγαπᾷς, ἀλλά συμμέτρως· ἄλλους δέ σφόδρα ἀγαπᾷς· ἐκ ταύτης τῆς ἀνισότητος, γνῶθι ὅτι μακράν εἶ τῆς τελείας ἀγάπης, ἥτις ὑποτίθεται πάντα ἄνθρωπον ἐξ ἴσου ἀγαπῆσαι .
Ἔκκλινον ἀπό κακοῦ, καί ποίησον ἀγαθόν. Τουτέστι, Πολέμησον τούς ἐχθρούς, ἵνα μειώσῃς τά πάθη· ἔπειτα δέ νῆφε, ἵνα μή αὐξήσωσι. Καί πάλιν· Πολέμησον, ἵνα κτήσῃ τάς ἀρετάς· καί μετέπειτα νῆφε, ἵνα αὐτάς διαφυλάξῃς. Καί τοῦτο ἄν εἴη, τό ἐργάζεσθαι, καί φυλάσσειν.
Οἱ κατά συγχώρησιν Θεοῦ πειράζοντες ἡμᾶς, ἤ τό ἐπιθυμητικόν τῆς ψυχῆς ἐκθερμαίνουσιν, ἤ τό θυμικόν ἐκταράσσουσιν, ἤ τό λογικόν ἐπισκοτίζουσιν, ἤ τό σῶμα ὀδύναις περιβάλλουσιν, ἤ τά σωματικά διαρπάζουσιν.
Ἤ δι᾿ ἑαυτῶν ἡμᾶς οἱ δαίμονες ἐκπειράζουσιν, ἤ τούς μή φοβουμένους τόν Κύριον καθ᾿ ἡμῶν ἐφοπλίζουσιν. Καί δι᾿ ἑαυτῶν μέν, ὅταν ἐκ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἰδιάσωμεν, ὥσπερ τόν Κύριον ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ· διά τῶν ἀνθρώπων δέ, ὅταν μετά τῶν ἀνθρώπων συνδιατρίψωμεν, ὥσπερ καί τόν Κύριον διά τῶν Φαρισαίων. Ἀλλ᾿ ἡμεῖς εῖς τόν τύπον ἡμῶν ἀποβλεπόμενοι, ἀμφοτέρωθεν αὐτούς ἀποκρουσώμεθα.
Ὅταν ἄρχηται ὁ νοῦς εἰς τήν ἀγάπην τοῦ Θεοῦ προκόπτειν, τότε καί ὁ δαίμων τῆς βλασφημίας ἄρχεται ἐκπειράζειν αὐτόν· καί τοιούτους αὐτῷ λογισμούς ὑποβάλλει, οἷους ἀνθρώπων μέν οὐδείς, μόνος δέ ὁ τούτων πατήρ διάβολος ἐφευρίσκει. Τοῦτο δέ ποιεῖ, φθονῶν τῷ θεοφιλεῖ· ἵνα εἰς ἀπόγνωσιν ἐλθών ὡς τοιαῦτα διανοηθείς, μηκέτι τολμήσῃ διά τῆς συνήθους προσευχῆς πρός αὐτόν ἀναπτῆναι. Οὐδέν δέ ἐντεῦθεν ὠφελεῖται ὁ ἀλάστωρ πρός τόν ἴδιον σκοπόν· ἀλλά καί μᾶλλον βεβαιοτέρους ἡμᾶς ἀπεργάζεται. Πολεμούμενοι γάρ καί ἀντιπολεμοῦντες, δοκιμώτεροι καί γνησιώτεροι εἰς τήν ἀγάπην τοῦ Θεοῦ εὑρισκόμεθα. Ἡ δέ ῥομφαία αὐτοῦ, εἰσέλθοι εἰς τήν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ, καί τά τόξα αὐτοῦ συντριβείη.
Ὁ νοῦς ἐπιβάλλων τοῖς ὁρατοῖς, κατά φύσιν νοεῖ τά πράγματα διά μέσης τῆς αἰσθήσεως· καί οὔτε ὁ νοῦς κακόν, οὔτε τό κατά φύσιν νοεῖν· οὔτε δέ τά πράγματα, οὔτε ἡ αἴσθησις· Θεοῦ γάρ εἰσι ταῦτα τά ἔργα. Τί οὖν ἐστι τό κακόν; Δῆλον ὅτι τό πάθος τοῦ κατά φύσιν νοήματος, ὅπερ δύναται μή εἶναι ἐν τῇ τῶν νοημάτων χρήσει, ἐάν ὁ νοῦς γρηγορῇ.
Πάθος ἐστί κίνησις ψυχῆς παρά φύσιν, ἤ ἐπί φιλίαν ἄλογον, ἤ ἐπί μῖσος ἄκριτον, ἤ τινος, ἤ διά τι τῶν αἰσθητῶν. Οἷον ἐπί μέν φιλίαν ἄλογον, ἤ βρωμάτων, ἤ γυναικός, ἤ χρημάτων, ἤ δόξης παρερχομένης, ἤ τινος ἄλλου τῶν αἰσθητῶν, ἤ διά ταῦτα. Ἐπί μῖσος δέ ἄκριτον· οἷον ἤ τινος τῶν προειρημένων, ὡς εἴρηται, ἤ πρός τινα διά ταῦτα.
Ἤ πάλιν κακία ἐστίν, ἡ ἐσφαλμένη κρίσις τῶν νοημάτων, ᾗ ἐπακολουθεῖ ἡ παράχρησις τῶν πραγμάτων. Οἷον ὡς ἐπί τῆς γυναικός, ἡ ὀρθή κρίσις τῆς συνουσίας, ὁ σκοπός ἐστι τῆς παιδοποιίας. Ὁ οὖν εἰς τήν ἡδονήν ἀποβλεψάμενος, ἐσφάλη περί τήν κρίσιν, τό μή καλόν ὡς καλόν ἡγησάμενος. Ὁ γοῦν τοιοῦτος, παραχρῆται γυναικί συνουσιαζόμενος. Καί ἐπί τῶν ἄλλων πραγμάτων καί νοημάτων.
Ὅτε τόν νοῦν σου οἱ δαίμονες τῆς σωφροσύνης ἐκβαλόντες, τοῖς τῆς προνείας λογισμοῖς περικυκλώσωσι, τότε μετά δακρύων λέγε πρός τόν Δεσπότην· Ἐκβαλόντες με νῦν περιεκύκλωσάν με, τό ἀγαλλίαμά μου λύτρωσαί με, ἀπό τῶν κυκλωσάντων με· καί σώζῃ.
Βαρύς ὁ τῆς πορνείας δαίμων, καί σφοδρῶς ἐπιτίθεται τοῖς κατά τοῦ πάθους ἀγωνιζομένοις· καί μάλιστα ἐν τῇ ἀμελείᾳ τῆς διαίτης, καί ἐν ταῖς συντυχίαις τῶν γυναικῶν. Λεληθότως γάρ τῇ λειότητι τῆς ἡδονῆς ὑποκλέπτων τόν νοῦν, μετέπεια ἐπεμβαίνει διά τῆς μνήμης ἡσυχάζοντι, τό τε σῶμα ἐμπυρίζων, καί ποικίλας μορφάς τῷ νῷ παριστῶν. Διό καί πρός τήν συγκατάθεσιν τῆς ἁμαρτίας αὐτόν ἐκκαλεῖται· ἅς ἐάν θέλῃς μή ἐγχρονίζειν ἐν σοί, νηστείαν ἀναλαβοῦ καί κόπον καί ἀγρυπνίαν, καί τήν καλήν ἡσυχίαν μετά ἐκτενοῦς προσευχῆς.
Οἱ τήν ψυχήν ἡμῶν ἀεί ζητοῦντες, διά τῶν ἐμπαθῶν λογισμῶν ζητοῦσιν, ἵνα αὐτήν εἰς τήν κατά διάνοιαν, ἤ τήν κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν ἁμαρτίαν ἐμβάλωσιν. Ὅταν οὖν εὕρωσι τόν νοῦν μή παραδεχόμενον, τότε αἰσχυνθήσονται καί ἐντραπήσονται· ὅταν δέ τῇ πνευματικῇ θεωρίᾳ ἐνασχολούμενον, τότε ἀποστραφήσονται καί καταισχυνθήσονται σφόδρα διά τάχους.
Διακόνου λόγον ἐπέχει, ὁ πρός τούς ἱερούς ἀγῶνας ἀλείφων τόν νοῦν, καί τούς ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμούς ἀπελεύνων ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ· πρεσβυτέρου δέ, ὁ εἰς τήν γνῶσιν τῶν ὄντων φωτίζων, καί τήν ψευδώνυμον γνῶσιν ἐξαφανίζων· ἐπισκόπου δέ, ὁ τῷ ἁγίῳ μύρῳ τελειῶν τῆς γνώσεως τῆς προσκυνητῆς καί ἁγίας Τριάδος.
Ἀσθενοῦσι μέν οἱ δαίμονες, ὅταν διά τῶν ἐντολῶν μειῶνται τά πάθη τά ἐν ἡμῖν· ἀπόλλυνται δέ, ὅταν εἰς τέλος διά τῆς ἀπαθείας τῆς ψυχῆς ἐξαφανίζωνται, μηκέτι εὑρίσκοντες τά δι᾿ ὧν ἐν αὐτῇ εὑρίσκοντο καί ἐπολέμουν αὐτήν· καί τοῦτο ἄν εἴη τό, Ἀσθενήσουσι, καί ἀπολοῦνται ἀπό προσώπου σου.
Οἱ μέν τῶν ἀνθρώπων διά φόβον ἀνθρώπινον τῶν παθῶν ἀπέχονται· οἱ δέ, διά κενοδοξίαν· ἄλλοι δέ, δι᾿ ἐγκράτειαν· ἕτεροι δέ, διά θείων κριμάτων τῶν παθῶν ἐλευθεροῦνται.
Πάντες οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Κυρίου, τά τέσσαρα ταῦτα περιέχουσι· τάς ἐντολάς, τά δόγματα, τάς ἀπειλάς, τάς ἐπαγγελίας· καί πᾶσαν σκληραγωγίαν διά ταῦτα ὑπομένομεν· οἷον, νηστείας, ἀγρυπνίας, χαμευνίας, κόπους καί μόχθους ἐν διακονίαις, ὕβρεις, ἀτιμίας, στρεβλώσεις, θανάτους, καί τά ὅμοια. Διά γάρ τούς λόγους τῶν χειλῶν σου, φησίν, ἐγώ ἐφύλαξα ὁδούς σκληράς.
Μισθός τῆς ἐγκρατείας, ἡ ἀπάθεια· τῆς δέ πίστεως, ἡ γνῶσις· καί ἡ μέν ἀπάθεια, τίκτει τήν διάκρισιν· ἡ δέ γνῶσις, τήν εἰς θεόν ἀγάπην .
Πρακτικήν μέν ὁ νοῦς κατορθῶν, εἰς φρόνησιν προκόπτει· θεωρητικήν δέ, εἰς γνῶσιν. Τῆς μέν γάρ ἐστιν, εἰς διάκρισιν ἀρετῆς καί κακίας φέρειν τόν ἀγωνιζόμενον· τῆς δέ, εἰς τούς περί ἀσωμάτων καί σωμάτων λόγους ἄγειν τόν μέτοχον. Τῆς δέ θεολογικῆς χάριτος, τοτηνικαῦτα καταξιοῦται, ὁπηνίκα τά προειρημένα πάντα διά τῶν τῆς ἀγάπης πτερῶν διαπεράσας, καί ἐν Θεῷ γενόμενος, τόν περί αὐτοῦ λόγον διά τοῦ πνεύματος, ὡς ἀνθρωπίνῳ νῷ δυνατόν, διασκοπήσει.
Θεολογεῖν μέλλων, μή τούς κατ᾿ αὐτόν ζητήσῃς λόγους (οὐ μή γάρ εὕρῃ ἀνθρώπινος νοῦς· ἀλλ᾿ οὐδέ ἄλλου τινός τῶν μετά Θεόν), ἀλά τούς περί αὐτόν, ὡς οἷόν τε, διασκόπει. Οἷον τούς περί ἀϊδιότητος, ἀπειρίας τε καί ἀοριστίας, ἀγαθότητός τε καί σοφίας καί δυνάμεως, δημιουργικῆς τε καί προνοητικῆς, καί κριτικῆς τῶν ὄντων. Οὗτος γάρ ἐν ἀνθρώποις μέγας θεολόγος, ὁ τούτων τούς λόγους κἄν ποσῶς ἐξευρίσκων.
Δυνατός ἀνήρ, ὁ τῇ πράξει τήν γνῶσιν συζεύξας. Τῇ μέν γάρ, τήν ἐπιθυμίαν μαραίνει καί τόν θυμόν ἡμεροῖ· τῇ δέ, τόν νοῦν πτεροῖ, καί πρός Θεόν ἐκδημεῖ.
Ὅταν λέγῃ Κύριος· Ἐγώ, καί ὁ Πατήρ, ἕν ἐσμεν, τό ταυτόν τῆς οὐσίας σημαίνει. Ὅταν δέ πάλιν λέγῃ· Ἐγώ ἐν τῷ Πατρί, καί ὁ Πατήρ ἐν ἐμοί, τό ἀχώριστον δηλοῖ τῶν ὑποστάσεων. Οἱ οὖν Τριθεῖται χωρίζοντες τοῦ Πατρός τόν Υἱόν, εἰς ἀμφίκρημνον ἐμπίπτουσιν. Ἤ γάρ συναΐδιον λέγοντες τῷ Πατρί τόν Υἱόν, χωρίζοντες δέ αὐτόν ἐξ αὐτοῦ, ἀναγκάζονται λέγειν μή ἐξ αὐτοῦ γεγεννῆσθαι, καί ἐμπεσεῖν εἰς τό τρεῖς λέγειν Θεούς, καί τρεῖς ἀρχάς· ἤ ἐξ αὐτοῦ γεγεννῆσθαι λέγοντες, χωρίζοντες δέ, ἀναγκάζονται λέγειν μή συναΐδιον εἶναι τῷ Πατρί, καί ποιῆσαι ὑπό χρόνον τόν τῶν χρόνων δεσπότην. Χρή γάρ καί τόν ἕνα Θεόν τηρεῖν, καί τάς τρεῖς ὑποστάσεις ὁμολογεῖν, κατά τόν μέγαν Γρηγόριον· καί ἑκάστην μετά τῆς ἰδιότητος. Καί γάρ " διαιρεῖται" μέν, ἀλλ᾿ "ἀδιαιρέτως, κατά τόν αὐτόν καί συνάπτεται μέν, διῃρημένως δέ." Καί διά τοῦτο, παράδοξος καί ἡ διαίρεσις καί ἡ ἕνωσις. Ἐπεί τί ἔχει τό παράδοξον, εἰ ὡς ἄνθρωπος ἀνθρώπῳ ἥνωταί τε καί κεχώρισται, οὕτω καί ὁ Υἱός τῷ Πατρί, καί οὐδέν πλέον;
Ὁ τέλειος ἐν ἀγάπῃ, καί εἰς ἄκρον ἀπαθείας ἐλθών, οὐκ ἐπίσταται διαφοράν ἰδίου καί ἀλλοτρίου, ἤ ἰδίας καί ἀλλοτρίας, ἤ πιστοῦ καί ἀπίστου, ἤ δούλου καί ἐλευθέρου, ἤ ὅλως ἄρσενος καί θηλείας· ἀλλ᾿ ἀνώτερος τῆς τῶν παθῶν τυραννίδος γενόμενος, καί εἰς τήν μίαν φύσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀποβλεπόμενος, πάντας ἐξ ἴσου θεωρεῖ, καί πρός πάντας ἴσως διάκειται. Οὐκ ἔστι γάρ ἐν αὐτῷ Ἕλλην καί Ἰουδαῖος, οὐδέ ἄρσεν καί θῆλυ, οὐδέ δοῦλος καί ἐλεύθερος· ἀλλά πάντα καί ἐν πᾶσι Χριστός.
Ἐκ τῶν ὑποκειμένων ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ παθῶν, λαμβάνουσιν οἱ δαίμονες τάς ἀφορμάς τοῦ κινεῖν ἐν ἡμῖν τούς ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμούς. Εἶτα διά τούτων πολεμοῦντες τόν νοῦν, ἐκβιάζονται αὐτόν εἰς συγκατάθεσιν ἐλθεῖν τῆς ἁμαρτίας. Ἡττηθέντος δέ αὐτοῦ, ἄγουσιν εἰς τήν κατά διάνοιαν ἁμαρτίαν. Καί ταύτης ἀποτελεσθείσης, φέρουσιν αὐτόν λοιπόν αἰχμάλωτον εἰς τήν πρᾶξιν. Μετά δέ ταύτην λοιπόν, οἱ τήν ψυχήν διά τῶν λογισμῶν ἐρημώσαντες, σύν αὐτοῖς ὑποχωροῦσι. Μένει δέ μόνον ἐν τῷ νῷ τό εἴδωλον τῆς ἁμαρτίας, περί οὗ φησίν ὁ Κύριος· ὅταν ἴδητε τό βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως ἑστώς ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ, ὁ ἀναγινώσκων νοείτω· ὅτι τόπος ἅγιος καί ναός Θεοῦ, ὁ νοῦς ὑπάρχει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἐν ᾧ οἱ δαίμονες διά τῶν ἐμπαθῶν λογισμῶν τήν ψυχήν ἐρημώσαντες, τό εἴδωλον τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἕστησαν. Ὅτι δέ καί ἱστορικῶς ἤδη ταῦτα γέγονεν, οὐδείς τῶν τά Ἰωσήππεια ἀνεγνωκότων, ὡς οἶμαι, ἀμφιβάλλει. Πλήν τινές φασι καί ἐπί τοῦ Ἀντιχρίστου ταῦτα γενήσεσθαι.
Τρία εἰσί τά κινοῦντα ἡμᾶς ἐπί τά καλά· τά φυσικά σπέρματα· αἱ ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις, καί ἡ ἀγαθή προαίρεσις. Καί τά μέν φυσικά σπέρματα, ὡς ὅταν ὅ θέλομεν ἵνα ποιῶσιν ἡμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι, καί ἡμεῖς ὁμοίως ποιῶμεν αὐτοῖς· ἤ ὡς ὅταν ἴδωμέν τινα ἐν στενώσει ἤ ἐν ἀνάγκῃ, καί φυσικῶς ἐλεῶμεν. Αἱ δέ ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις, οἷον ὅταν κινούμενοι ἐπί καλῷ πράγματι, εὕρωμεν συνεργίαν ἀγαθήν, καί κατευοδώμεθα. Ἡ δέ ἀγαθή προαίρεσις, ὡς ὅταν διακρίνοντες ἀπό τοῦ κακοῦ τό καλόν, αἱρώμεθα τό ἀγαθόν.
Τρία δέ πάλιν εἰσί τά κινοῦντα ἡμᾶς ἐπί τά κακά· τά πάθη, οἱ δαίμονες, καί ἡ κακή προαίρεσις. Καί τά μέν πάθη, ὡς ὅταν ἐπιθυμῶμεν πράγματος παρά λόγον· οἷον ἤ βρώματος, παρά τόν καιρόν, ἤ παρά τήν χρείαν, ἤ γυναικός παρά τόν σκοπόν τῆς παιδοποιΐας, καί τῆς μή νομίμου. Καί πάλιν, ὅταν ὁργιζώμεθα, ἤ λυπώμεθα παρά τό εἰκός· οἷον, κατά τοῦ ἀτιμάσαντος, ἤ ζημιώσαντος. Οἱ δέ δαίμονες, οἷον ὅταν ἐν τῇ ἐμελείᾳ ἡμῶν, καιροσκοποῦντες ἐπιτίθωνται ἡμῖν ἄφνω μετά πολλῆς σφοδρότητος κινοῦντες τά προειρημένα πάθη, καί τά ὅμοια. Ἡ δέ κακή προαίρεσις, οἷον, ὅτε ἐν γνώσει τοῦ καλοῦ, κακῶν ἀνθαιρώμεθα.
Μισθοί τῶν πόνων τῆς ἀρετῆς, εἰσίν ἡ ἀπάθεια καί ἡ γνῶσις. Αὗται γάρ πρόξενοι γίνονται βασιλείας οὐρανῶν· ὡς καί τά πάθη καί ἡ ἀγνωσία, κολάσεως αἰωνίου. Ὁ οὖν τούτους διά δόξαν ἀνθρώπων ζητῶν, καί μή δι᾿ αὐτό τό καλόν, ἀκούει παρά τῆς Γραφῆς· Αἰτεῖτε, καί οὐ λαμβάνετε, διότι κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε.
Εἰσί πολλά τινα φύσει καλά ὑπό τῶν ἀνθρώπων γινόμενα, ἀλλ᾿ οὐ καλά πάλιν διά τινα αἰτίαν· οἷον, νηστεία καί ἀγρυπνία, προσευχή καί ψαλμῳδία, ἐλεημοσύνη καί ξενοδοχία, φύσει καλά ἔργα εἰσίν· ἀλλ᾿ ὅταν διά κενοδοξίαν γίνωνται, οὐκ ἔτι καλά.
Πάντων τῶν πραττομένων ὑφ᾿ ἡμῶν τόν σκοπόν ζητεῖ ὁ Θεός· εἴτε δι᾿ αὐτόν πράττομεν, εἴτε δι᾿ ἄλλην αἰτίαν.
Ὅταν ἀκούσῃς τῆς Γραφῆς λεγούσης· Ὅτι σύ ἀποδώσεις ἑκάστῳ κατά τά ἔργα αὐτοῦ· οὐ παρά τόν ὀρθόν σκοπόν πραττόμενα, εἰ καί δοκεῖ καλά εἶναι, ὁ Θεός ἀποδίδωσιν· ἀλλά τά κατά τόν ὀρθόν δηλονότι. Οὐ γάρ εἰς τά γινόμενα, ἀλλ᾿ εἰς τόν σκοπόν τῶν γινομένων, ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ κρίσις ἐφορᾷ.
Ὁ τῆς ὑπερηφανίας δαίμων, διπλῆν ἔχει τήν πονηρίαν· ἤ γάρ ἑαυτῷ ἀναπείθει τόν μοναχόν ἐπιγράφειν τά κατορθώματα, καί οὐχί τῷ Θεῷ, τῷ καί χορηγῷ τῶν καλῶν, καί βοηθῷ πρός κατόρθωσιν· ἤ τούτῳ μή πειθόμενον, τούς ἔτι ἀτελεστέρους τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὑποβάλλει ἐξουθενεῖν. Ἀγνοεῖ δέ καί οὕτως ὁ ἐνεργούμενος, ὅτι τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ βοήθειαν ἀναπείθει αὐτόν ἀπαρνεῖσθαι. Εἰ γάρ ἐκείνους ὡς μή δυνηθέντας κατορθῶσαι ἐξουθενεῖ, ἑαυτόν δηλονότι ὡς ἐξ ἰδίας δυνάμεως κατορθώσαντα εἰσάγει. Ὅπερ ἐστί ἀμήχανον, τοῦ Κυρίου εἰπόντος· Χωρίς ἐμοῦ οὐ δύνασθαι ποιεῖν οὐδέν. Ἐπειδή ἡ ἡμετέρα ἀσθένεια κινουμένη ἐπί τά καλά, ἄνευ τοῦ τοῦ χορηγοῦ τῶν καλῶν εἰς τέλος ἄγειν οὐ δύναται.
Ὁ ἐγνωκώς τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως τήν ἀσθένειαν, οὗτος εἴληφε πεῖραν τῆς θείας δυνάμεως· καί ὁ τοιοῦτος δι᾿ αὐτῆς τά μέν κατορθώσας· τά δέ σπεύδων κατορθῶσαι, οὐκ ἐξουθενεῖ ποτε οὐδένα ἀνθρώπων. Οἶδε γάρ, ὅτι ὥσπερ αὐτῷ ἐβοήθησε, καί πολλῶν παθῶν καί χαλεπῶν ἠλευθέρωσεν, οὕτω δυνατός ἐστι καί πᾶσι βοηθῆσαι ὅτε θέλει· καί μάλιστα τοῖς δι᾿ αὐτόν ἀγωνιζομένοις· εἰ καί κρίμασίν τισιν, ὑφ᾿ ἕν πάντας τῶν παθῶν οὐκ ἀπαλλάττει· ἀλλ᾿ ἰδίοις καιροῖς, ὡς ἀγαθός καί φιλάνθρωπος ἰατρός, ἕκαστον τῶν σπευδόντων ἰᾶται.
Ἐπί τῇ τῶν παθῶν ἀνενεργησίᾳ, ἡ ὑπερηφανία ἐπισυμβαίνει, ἤ τῶν αἰτιῶν ἀποκρυπτομένων, ἤ τῶν δαιμόνων δολερῶς ὑποχωρούντων.
Πᾶσα σχεδόν ἁμαρτία, διά ἡδονήν γίνεται· καί ἡ ταύτης ἀναίρεσις, διά κακοπαθείας καί λύπης, ἤ ἑκουσίου ἤ ἀκουσίου, διά μετανοίας, ἤ οἰκονομικῆς ἐπιφορᾶς διά τῆς προνοίας ἐπαγομένης· Εἰ γάρ ἑαυτούς ἐκρίνομεν, φησίν, οὐκ ἄν ἐκρινόμεθα· κρινόμενοι δέ, ὑπό Κυρίου παιδευόμεθα, ἵνα μή σύν τῷ κόσμῳ κατακριθῶμεν.
Ὅταν σοι ἔλθῃ ἐξ ἀπροσδοκήτου πειρασμός, μή τόν δι᾿ οὗ αἰτιῶ· ἀλλά τό διά τί ζήτει, καί εὑρίσκεις διόρθωσιν. Ἐπεί, εἴτε δι᾿ ἐκείνου, εἴτε δι᾿ ἄλλου, πιεῖν εἶχες τῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ κριμάτων τό ἀψίνθιον.
Ὅσον εἶ κακότροπος, τό κακοπαθεῖν μή ἀπαναίνου, ἵνα δι᾿ αὐτῆς ταπεινωθείς, τήν ὑπερηφανίαν ἐμέσῃ.
Οἱ μέν τῶν πειρασμῶν, ἡδονάς· οἱ δέ, λύπας· οἱ δέ, ὀδύνας σωματικάς τοῖς ἀνθρώποις προσάγουσι. Κατά γάρ τήν ἐγκειμένην τῇ ψυχῇ αἰτίαν τῶν παθῶν, καί τό φάρμακον ὁ ἰατρός τῶν ψυχῶν διά τῶν αὐτοῦ κριμάτων ἐπιτίθησιν.
Αἱ ἐπιφοραί τῶν πειρασμῶν, τοῖς μέν πρός ἤδη γεγονότων ἁμαρτημάτων ἀναίρεσιν· τοῖς δέ, πρός νῦν ἐνεργουμένων· ἄλλοις, πρός μελλόντων ἐνεργεῖσθαι ἀνακοπήν, ἐπάγονται. Δίχα τῶν πρός δοκιμήν ἐπισυμβαινόντων, ὡς ἐπί τοῦ Ἰώβ.
Ὁ μέν ἐχέφρων, τῶν θείων κριμάτων τήν ἰατρείαν ἀναλογιζόμενος, εὐχαρίστως φέρει τάς διά τούτων ἐπισυμβαινούσας αὐτῷ συμφορᾶς· μηδένα τούτων αἴτιον, ἤ τάς ἑαυτοῦ ἁμαρτίας λογιζόμενος. Ὁ δέ ἄφρων, τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀγνοῶν σοφωτάτην πρόνοιαν, ἁμαρτάνων καί παιδευόμενος, ἤ τόν Θεόν, ἤ τούς ἀνθρώπους τῶν ἑαυτοῦ κακῶν αἰτίους λογίζεται.
Εἰσί τινα ἱστῶντα τά πάθη τῆς κινήσεως, καί μή ἐῶντα προβῆναι εἰς αὔξησιν· καί εἰσίν ἕτερα ἐλαττοῦντα, καί εἰς μείωσιν ἄγοντα. Οἷον, νηστεία καί κόπος καί ἀγρυπνία, οὐκ ἐῶσιν αὔξειν τήν ἐπιθυμίαν· ἀναχώρησις δέ καί θεωρία καί προσευχή, καί ἔρως εἰς Θεόν, ἐλαττοῦσιν αὐτήν, καί εἰς ἀφανισμόν ἄγουσι. Καί ἐπί τοῦ θυμοῦ δέ ὁμοίως. Οἷον, μακροθυμία καί ἀμνησικακία καί πραότης, ἱστῶσιν αὐτόν, καί οὐκ ἐῶσιν αὔξειν· ἀγάπη δέ καί ἐλεημοσύνη καί χρηστότης καί φιλανθρωπία, εἰς μείωσιν ἄγουσιν.
Οὗτινος ὁ νοῦς διαπαντός ἐστι πρός Θεόν, τούτου καί ἡ ἐπιθυμία εἰς τόν θεῖον ὑπερηύξησεν ἔρωτα· καί ὁ θυμός ὁλοστός εἰς τήν θείαν μετετράπη ἀγάπην. Τῇ γάρ χρονίᾳ τῆς θείας ἐλλάμψεως μετουσίᾳ, ὅλος φωτοειδής γεγονώς, καί τό παθητικόν αὐτοῦ μέρος πρός ἑαυτόν συσφίγξας, εἰς ἔρωτα θεῖον, ὡς εἴρηται, ἀκατάληκτον, καί ἀγάπης ἀκατάπαυστον, ἔστρεψεν, ὅλως ἐκ τῶν ἐπιγείων ἐπί τό θεῖον μεταγαγών.
Οὐ πάντως ὁ μή φθονῶν, μηδέ ὀργιζόμενος μηδέ μνησικακῶν τῷ λυπήσαντι, ἤδη καί ἀγάπην ἔχει πρός αὐτόν. Δύναται γάρ καί μήπω ἀγαπῶν, κακόν ἀντί κακοῦ μή ἀποδοῦναι, διά τήν ἐντολήν· οὐ πάντως δέ ἔτι καί καλόν ἀνταποδῦναι κακοῦ, ἀβιάστως. Τό γάρ ἐκ διαθέσεως καλῶς ποιεῖν τοῖς μισοῦσι, μόνης ἐστί τῆς πνευματικῆς τελείας ἀγάπης.
Οὐχ ὁ μή ἀγαπῶν τινα, ἤδη πάντως καί μισεῖ αὐτόν· οὐδέ πάλιν, ὁ μή μισῶν, ἤδη πάντως καί ἀγαπᾷ. Ἀλλά δύναται ὡς μέσος εἶναι πρός αὐτόν· τουτέστι, μήτε ἀγαπᾷν, μήτε μισεῖν. Τήν γάρ ἀγαπητικήν διάθεσιν, μόνοι οἱ ἐν τῶ ἐνάτῳ κεφαλαίῳ ταύτης τῆς ἑκατοντάδος εἰρημένοι πέντε τρόποι, ἐμποιεῖν πεφύκασιν, ὅ τε ἐπαινετός καί ὁ μέσος, καί οἱ ψεκτοί.
Ὅταν ἴδῃς τόν νοῦν σου τοῖς ὑλικοῖς ἡδέως ἐνασχολούμενον, καί τοῖς τούτων νοήμασιν ἐμφιλοχωροῦντα, γίνωσκε σεαυτόν ταῦτα μᾶλλον ἤ τόν Θεόν ἀγαπῶντα. Ὅπου γάρα ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου, φησίν ὁ Κύριος, ἐκεῖ καί ἡ καρδία ἔσται.
Νοῦς Θεῷ συναπτόμενος, καί αὐτῷ ἐγχρονίζων διά προσευχῆς καί ἀγάπης, σοφός γίνεται καί ἀγαθός καί δυνατός καί φιλάνθρωπος καί ἐλεήμων καί μακρόθυμος· καί ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν, πάντα σχεδόν τά θεῖα ἰδιώματα ἐν ἑαυτῷ περιφέρει. Τούτου δέ ἀναχωρῶν , καί τῶν ὑλικῶν προσχωρῶν, ἤ κτηνώδης γίνεται φιλήδονος γεγονώς· ἤ θηριώδης, διά ταῦτα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις μαχόμενος.
Κόσμον λέγει ἡ Γραφή τά ὑλικά πράγματα· καί κοσμικοί εἰσι, οἱ τούτοις τόν νοῦν ἐνασχολοῦντες, πρός οὕς καί λέγει ἐντρεπτικώτερον· Μή ἀγαπᾷτε τόν κόσμον, μηδέ τά ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ. Ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῆς σαρκός, καί ἐπιθυμία τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, καί ἡ ἀλαζονεία τοῦ βίου, οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ· ἀλλ᾿ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου ἐστί, καί τά ἑξῆς.
Μοναχός ἐστιν, ὁ τῶν ὑλικῶν πραγμάτων τόν νοῦν ἀποχωρίσας· καί δι᾿ ἐγκρατείας καί ἀγάπης καί ψαλμῳδίας καί προσευχῆς προσκαρτερῶν τῷ Θεῷ.
Κτηνοτρόφος μέν ἐστιν νοητός, ὁ πρακτικός· κτηνῶν γάρ λόγος ἐπέχουσι τά ἠθικά κατορθώματα· διό καί ἔλεγεν ὁἸακώβ· Ἄνδρες κτηνοτρόφοι εἰσίν οἱ παῖδές σου. Ποιμήν δέ προβάτων, ὁ γνωστικός. Προβάτων γάρ ἐπέχουσιν οἱ λογισμοί, ἐπί τά ὄρη τῶν θεωρημάτων ὑπό τοῦ νοῦ ποιμαινόμενοι. Διά τοῦτο καί Βδέλυγμα τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις πᾶς ποιμήν προβάτων, ἤγουν ταῖς ἐναντίαις δυνάμεσι.
Ὁ μέν φαῦλος νοῦς, κινουμένου τοῦ σώματος διά τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἐπί τάς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας καί ἡδονάς, ἐξακολουθεῖ, καί συγκατατίθεται ταῖς τούτου φαντασίαις καί ὁρμαῖς· ὁ δέ ἐνάρετος, ἐγκρατεύεται, καί κατέχει ἑαυτόν ἀπό τῶν ἐμπαθῶν φαντασιῶν καί ὁρμῶν, καί μᾶλλον φιλοσοφεῖ βελτίους ποιῆσαι τάς τοιαύτας αὐτοῦ κινήσεις.
Τῶν ἀρετῶν, αἱ μέν εἰσι σωματικαί· αἱ δέ, ψυχικαί. Καί σωματικαί μέν εἰσιν, οἷον νηστεία, ἀγρυπνία, χαμευνία, διακονία, ἐργόχειρον πρός τό μή ἐπιβαρῆσαί τινα, ἤ πρός μετάδοσιν, καί τά ἑξῆς. Ψυχικαί δέ εἰσιν, οἷον ἀγάπη, μακροθυμία, πραότης, ἐγκράτεια, προσευχή, καί τά ἑξῆς. Ἐάν οὖν ἔκ τινος ἀνάγκης, ἤ περιστάσεως σωματικῆς, οἷον ἀῤῥωστίας, ἤ τινος τῶν τοιούτων, συμβῇ ἡμῖν μή ἐκτελέσαι δυνηθῆναι τάς προειρημένας σωματικάς ἀρετάς, συγγνώμην ἔχομεν παρά Κυρίου, τοῦ καί τάς αἰτίας εἰδότος· τάς δέ ψυχικάς μή ἐκτελοῦντες οὐδεμίαν ἔξομεν ἀπολογίαν. Οὐ γάρ εἰσιν ὑπό ἀνάγκην.
Ἡ εἰς Θεόν ἀγάπη, πάσης ἡδονῆς παρερχομένης, καί παντός πόνου καί λύπης πείθει καταφρονεῖν τόν μέτοχον αὐτῆς. Καί πειθέτωσάν σε οἱ ἅγιοι πάντες, τοσαῦτα πεπονθότες διά Χριστόν.
Πρόσεχε σεαυτῷ ἀπό τῆς μητρός τῶν κακῶν, φιλαυτίας, ἥτις ἐστίν ἡ τοῦ σώματος ἄλογος φιλία. Ἐκ ταύτης γάρ εὐλογοφανῶς τίκτονται οἱ πρῶτοι καί ἐμπαθεῖς καί γενικώτατοι τρεῖς ἐμμανεῖς λογισμοί· ὁ τῆς γαστριμαργίας λέγω, καί φιλαργυρίας, καί κενοδοξίας· τάς ἀφορμάς ἐκ τῆς ἀναγκαίας τοῦ σώματος δῆθεν λαμβάνοντες χρείας· ἐξ ὧν γεννᾶται ἅπας ὁ τῶν κακῶν κατάλογος. Δεῖ οὖν, ὡς εἴρηται, προσέχειν ἀναγκαίως, καί ταύτῃ πολεμεῖν μετά πολλῆς νήψεως. Ταύτης γάρ ἀναιρουμένης, συναναιροῦνται πάντες οἱ ἐξ αὐτῆς.
Τό τῆς φιλαυτίας πάθος, τῷ μέν μοναχῷ ἐλεεῖν ὑποτίθεται τό σῶμα, καί συνελθεῖν παρά τό προσῆκον εἰς τά βρώματα· οἰκονομίας δῆθεν χάριν καί κυβερνήσεως, ἵνα κατά μικρόν παρασυρόμενος, εἰς τόν βόθρον τῆς φιληδονίας ἐμπέσῃ. Τῷ δέ κοσμικῷ ἐντεῦθεν ἤδη πρόνοιαν αὐτῶ ποιεῖσθαι εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν ὑποβάλλει.
Τήν τῆς προσευχῆς ἀκροτάτην κατάστασιν, ταύτην εἶναι λέγουσι, τό ἔξω σαρκός καί κόσμου γενέσθαι τόν νοῦν, καί ἄϋλον πάντη καί ἀνείδεον ἐν τῶ προσεύχεσθαι. Ὁ οὖν ταύτην ἀλώβητον διατηρῶν τήν κατάστασιν, οὗτος ὄντως ἀδιαλείπτως προσεύχεται.
Ὥσπερ τό σῶμα ἀποθνῆσκον, πάντων χωρίζεται τῶν τοῦ βίου πραγμάτων· οὕτω καί ὁ νοῦς ἐν τῷ ἄκρως προσεύχεσθαι ἀποθνήσκων, πάντων χωρίζεται τῶν τοῦ κόσμου νοημάτων. Ἐάν γάρ μή τόν τοιοῦτον θάνῃ θάνατον, μετά θεοῦ εὑρεθῆναι καί ζῆσαι οὐ δύναται.
Μηδείς σε ἀπατήσῃ, μοναχέ, ὅτι ἔνι σε σωθῆναι ἡδονῇ καί κενοδοξίᾳ δουλεύοντα.
Ὥσπερ τό σῶμα διά τῶν πραγμάτων ἁμαρτάνει, καί ἔχει πρός παιδαγωγίαν τάς σωματικάς ἀρετάς, ἵνα σωφρονῇ· οὕτω καί ὁ νοῦς διά τῶν ἐμπαθῶν νοημάτων, καί ἔχει ὡσαύτως πρός παιδαγωγίαν τάς ψυχικάς ἀρετάς, ἵνα καθαρῶς καί ἀπαθῶς ὁρῶν τά πράγματα, σωφρονῇ.
Ὥσπερ τάς ἡμέρας διαδέχονται αἱ νύκτες, καί τά θέρη οἱ χειμῶνες· οὕτω κενοδοξίαν καί ἡδονήν, λύπαι καί ὀδύναι, εἴτε ἐν τῷ παρόντι εἴτε ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι.
Οὐκ ἔστιν ἁμαρτήσαντα ἐκφυγεῖν τήν μέλλουσαιν κρίσιν, ἄνευ ἑκουσίων ἐνταῦθα πόνων, ἤ ἀκουσίων ἐπιφορῶν.
Διά πέντε αἰτίας φασι παραχωρεῖσθαι ἡμᾶς ὑπό Θεοῦ πολεμεῖσθαι ὑπό δαιμόνων. Καί πρώτην μέν εἶναί φασιν, ἵνα πολεμούμενοι καί ἀντιπολεμοῦντες, εἰς διάκρισιν τῆς ἀρετῆς καί τῆς κακίας ἔλθωμεν. Δευτέραν δέ, ἵνα πολέμῳ καί πόνῳ τήν ἀρετήν κτώμενοι, βεβαίαν αὐτήν καί ἀμετάπτωτον ἔξωμεν. Τρίτην δέ, ἵνα προκόπτοντες εἰς τήν ἀρετήν, μή ὑψηλοφρονῶμεν, ἀλλά μάθωμεν ταπεινοφρονεῖν. Τετάρτην δέ, ἵνα πειραθέντες τῆς κακίας, τέλειον μῖσος αὐτήν μισήσωμεν. Πέμπτην δέ ἐπί πάσαις, ἵνα ἀπαθεῖς γενόμενοι, μή ἐπιλαθώμεθα τῆς οἰκείας ἀσθενείας, μήτε τῆς τοῦ βοηθήσαντος δυνάμεως.
Ὥσπερ τοῦ πεινῶντος ὁ νοῦς ἄρτον φαντάζεται, καί τοῦ διψῶντος ὕδωρ, οὕτω καί τοῦ γαστριμάργου ποικιλίας ἐδεσμάτων· καί τοῦ φιληδόνου, μορφάς γυναικῶν· καί ὁ τοῦ κενοδόξου, τάς ἐξ ανθρώπων τιμάς· καί τοῦ φιλαργύρου, τά κέρδη· καί τοῦ μνησικάκου, τήν ἄμυναν τοῦ λυπήσαντος· καί τοῦ φθονεροῦ, τήν κάκωσιν τοῦ φθονουμένου, καί ἐπί τῶν ἄλλων παθῶν ὁμοίως. Ἐκ γάρ τῶν παθῶν ὀχλούμενος νοῦς, λαμβάνει τά ἐμπαθῆ νοήματα, καί ἐγρηγορότος τοῦ σώματος, καί κατά τούς ὕπνους.
Ὅταν ἐπιθυμία αὔξῃ, τάς ποιητικάς τῶν ἡδονῶν ὕλας ἐν τοῖς ὕπνοις ὁ νοῦς φαντάζεται· ὅταν δέ ὁ θυμός, τά φόβων ποιητικά βλέπει πράγματα. Αὔξουσι μέντοι τά πάθη, οἱ ἀκάθαρτοι δαίμονες, συνεργόν τήν ἡμετέραν ἀμέλειαν λαμβάνοντες, καί ταῦτα ἐρεθίζοντες. Ἐλαττοῦσι δέ οἱ ἅγιοι ἄγγελοι, πρός τήν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἡμᾶς κινοῦντες ἐργασίαν.
Τό μέν ἐπιθυμητικόν τῆς ψυχῆς πυκνότερον ἐρεθιζόμενον, ἕξιν φιληδονίας δυσκίνητον τῇ ψυχῇ ἐντίθησιν· ὁ δέ θυμός συνεχῶς ταρασσόμενος, δειλόν καί ἄνανδρον τόν νοῦν ἀπεργάζεται. Ἰῶνται δέ, τό μέν, ἄσκησις ἐπιτεταμένη νηστείας καί ἀγρυπνίας καί προσευχῆς· τόν δέ, χρηστότης καί φιλανθρωπία καί ἀγάπη καί ἔλεος.
Ἤ διά τῶν πραγμάτων οἱ δαίμονες πολεμοῦσιν, ἤ διά τῶν ἐν τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐμπαθῶν νοημάτων. Καί διά μέν τῶν πραγμάτων, τούς ἐν τοῖς πράγμασιν ὄντας, διά δέ τῶν νοημάτων, τούς τῶν πραγμάτων κεχωρισμένους.
Ὅσον ἐστίν εὐκοπώτερον τό κατά διάνοιαν ἁμαρτάνειν τοῦ κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν, τοσοῦτόν ἐστι βαρύτερος ὁ διά τῶν νοημάτων πόλεμος, τοῦ διά τῶν πραγμάτων.
Τά μέν πράγματα ἔξωθέν εἰσι τοῦ νοῦ· τά δέ τούτων νοήματα ἔσω συνίστανται. Ἐν αὐτῷ οὖν ἐστι, τό εὖ τούτοις χρήσασθαι, ἤ κακῶς. Τῇ γάρ ἐσφαλμένῃ τῶν νοημάτων χρήσει ἡ παράχρησις τῶν πραγμάτων ἀκολουθεῖ.
Διά τῶν τριῶν τούτων λαμβάνει ὁ νοῦς τά ἐμπαθῆ νοήματα· διά τῆς αἰσθήσεως, διά τῆς κράσεως, διά τῆς μνήμης. Καί διά μέν τῆς αἰσθήσεως, ὅταν προσβάλλοντα αὐτῇ τά πράγματα πρός ἅπερ τά πάθη κεκτήμεθα, κινῇ αὐτόν πρός ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμούς. Διά δέ τῆς κράσεως, ὅταν ἐξ ἀκολάστου διαίτης, ἤ ἐνεργείας δαιμόνων, ἤ νοσήματός τινος ἀλλοιουμένη ἡ τοῦ σώματος κρᾶσις, κινῇ αὐτόν πάλιν πρός ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμούς, ἤ κατά τῆς Προνοίας. Διά δέ τῆς μνήμης, ὅταν τῶν πραγμάτων πρός ἅπερ πεπόνθαμεν τά νοήματα ἡ μνήμη ἀναφέρῃ, καί κινῇ αὐτόν ὁμοίως πρός ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμούς.
Τῶν εἰς χρῆσιν παρά Θεοῦ δοθέντων ἡμῖν πραγμάτων, τά μέν, ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, τά δέ, ἐν τῷ σώματι, τά δέ, περί τό σῶμα εὑρίσκεται, οἷον, ἐν μέν τῇ ψυχῆ, αἱ δυνάμεις αὐτῆς· ἐν δέ τῷ σώματι, τά αἰσθητήρια καί τά λοιπά μέλη· περί δέ τό σῶμα, βρώματα, κτήματα, καί τά ἑξῆς. Τό οὖν εὖ τούτοις χρήσασθαι ἤ κακῶς, ἤ τοῖς περί ταῦτα συμβεβηκόσιν, ἤ ἐναρέτους ἤ φαύλους ἡμᾶς ἀποφαίνει.
Τῶν ἐν τοῖς πράγμασι συμβεβηκότων, τά μέν εἰσι τῶν ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, τά δέ, τῶν ἐν τῶ σώματι, τά δέ, τῶν περί τό σῶμα πραγμάτων. Καί τῶν μέν ἐν τῆ ψυχῆ, οἷον, γνῶσις καί ἄγνοια, λήθη καί μνήμη, ἀγάπη και μῖσος, φόβος καί θάρσος, λύπη καί χαρά, καί τά ἑξῆς· τῶν δέ ἐν τῷ σώματι, οἷον, ἡδονή καί πόνος, αἴσθησις καί πήρωσις, ὑγεία καί νόσος, ζωή καί θάνατος, καί τά τοιαῦτα. Τῶν δέ περί τό σῶμα, οἷον, εὐτεκνία καί ἀτεκνία, πλοῦτος καί πενία, δόξα καί ἀδοξία, καί τά ἑξῆς. Τούτων δέ, τά μέν καλά, τά δέ κακά τοῖς ἀνθρώποις νομίζεται, οὐδέν αὐτῶν κακόν ὄν τῷ ἰδίῳ λόγῳ· παρά δέ τήν χρῆσιν, εἴτε κακά κυρίως, εἴτε ἀγαθά εὑρίσκεται.
Καλή ἡ γνῶσις τῇ φύσει· ὁμοίως δέ καί ὑγεία· ἀλλά τἀναντία τούς πολλούς ἤπερ ταῦτα ὤνησεν. Τοῖς γάρ φαύλοις οὐκ εἰς καλόν ἡ γνῶσις συμβαίνει, εἰ καί τῇ φύσει, ὡς εἴρηται, ἐστί καλή· ὁμοίως δέ οὐδέ ὑγεία, οὐδέ πλοῦτος, οὐδέ χαρά. Οὐ γάρ συμφερόντως τούτοις κέχρηνται. Ἄρα οὖν τἀναντία τούτοις συμφέρει. Οὐκοῦν οὐδέ ἐκεῖνα κακά τῷ ἰδίῳ λόγῳ τυγχάνει, εἰ καί δοκεῖ κακά εἶναι.
Μή παραχρῶ τοῖς νοήμασιν, ἵνα μή ἐξ ἀνάγκης καί τοῖς πράγμασι παραχρήσῃ. Ἐάν γάρ μή τις πρῶτον κατά διάνοιαν ἁμαρτάνῃ, οὐκ ἄν ἁμάρτῃ ποτέ κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν.
Εἰκών τοῦ χοϊκοῦ αἱ γενικαί κακίαι ὑπάρχουσιν· οἷον, ἀφροσύνη, δειλία, ἀκολασία, ἀδικία. Εἰκών δέ τοῦ ἐπουρανίου, αἱ γενικαί ἀρεταί, οἷον, φρόνησις, ἀνδρεία, σωφροσύνη, δικαιοσύνη. Ἀλλά καθώς ἐφορέσαμεν τήν εἰκόνα τοῦ χοϊκοῦ, φορέσωμεν καί τήν εἰκόνα τοῦ ἐπουρανίου.
Εἰ θέλεις εὑρεῖν τήν ὁδόν τήν ἀπάγουσαν εἰς τήν ζωήν, ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ αὐτήν ζήτει, κἀκεῖ αὐτήν εὑρίσκεις, τῇ εἰπούσῃ· Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδός, καί ἡ ζωή καί ἡ ἀλήθεια. Πλήν σφόδρα ἐμπόνως ζήτει, διότι ὀλίγοι εἰσίν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν· καί μήπως τῶν ὀλίγων ἀπολειφθείς, μετά τῶν πολλῶν εὑρεθήσῃ.
Διά τά πέντε ταῦτα ἡ ψυχή ἀπό ἁμαρτιῶν ἀνακόπτεται· ἤ διά τόν φόβον τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἤ διά τόν φόβον τῆς κρίσεως, ἤ διά τήν μέλλουσαν μισθαποδοσίαν, ἤ διά τήν ἀγάπην τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἤ τελευταῖον δία συνείδησιν τύπτουσαν.
Τινές φασιν, ὅτι οὐκ ἄν ἦν τό κακόν ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν, εἰ μήτι δ᾿ ἄν ἑτέρα τις ἦν δύναμις, ἡ ἀνθέλκουσα ἡμᾶς ἐπ᾿ αὐτό. Αὕτη δέ ἐστιν οὐδέν ἕτερον, ἤ ἡ τῶν κατά φύσιν τοῦ νοῦ ἐνεργειῶν ἀμέλεια. Διόπερ οἱ τούτων τήν ἐπιμέλειαν ποιούμενοι, τά μέν καλά, ἀεί ποιοῦσι· τά δέ κακά , οὐδέποτε. Εἰ οὖν θέλεις καί σύν ἄπωσαι τήν ἀμέλειαν, καί συναπελαύνεις τήν κακίαν· ἥτις ἐστι ἡ ἐσφαλμένη χρῆσις τῶν νοημάτων, ᾗ ἐπακολουθεῖ ἡ παράχρησις τῶν πραγμάτων.
Κατά φύσιν ἐστί τοῦ ἐν ἡμῖν λογικοῦ μέρους, τό τε ὑποταγῆναι τῷ θείῳ λόγῳ, καί τό ἄρχειν τοῦ ἐν ἡμῖν ἀλόγου μέρους. Αὔτη οὖν ἡ τάξις ἐν πᾶσι φυλαχθήτω, καί οὔτε τό κακόν ἔσται ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν, οὔτε τό ἐπ᾿ αὐτό ἀνθέλκον εὑρεθήσεται.
Οἱ μέν τῶν λογισμῶν, ἁπλοῖ εἰσιν, οἱ δέ σύνθετοι. Καί ἁπλοῖ μέν εἰσιν, οἱ ἀπαθεῖς· σύνθετοι δέ, οἱ ἐμπαθεῖς, ὡς ἐκ πάθους καί νοήματος συγκείμενοι. Τούτων οὕτως ἐχόντων, πολλούς τῶν ἁπλῶν ἔστιν ἰδεῖν ἑπομένους τοῖς συνθέτοις, ὅταν ἄρξωνται κινεῖσθαι πρός τό κατά διάνοιαν ἁμαρτάνειν. Οἷον, ὡς ἐπί χρυσίου· ἀνέβη ἐπί τήν μνήμην τινός λογισμός περί χρυσίου ἐμπαθής· καί ὥρμησε τῇ διανοίᾳ ἐπί τό κλέπτειν, καί ἀπετέλεσε κατά νοῦν τήν ἁμαρτίαν. Συνείποντο δέ τῆ μνήμῃ τοῦ χρυσίου, καί ἡ μνήμη τοῦ βαλλαντίου καί τοῦ σκευαρίου καί τοῦ κουβουκλείου, καί τῶν ἑξῆς. Καί ἡ μέν μνήμη τοῦ χρυσίου, ἦν σύνθετος· εἶχε γάρ τό πάθος· ἡ δέ τοῦ βαλλαντίου καί τοῦ σκευαρίου καί τῶν ἑξῆς, ἁπλῆ. Οὐ γάρ εἶχε πρός αὐτά πάθος ὁ νοῦς. Καί ἐπί παντός δέ λογισμοῦ ὁμοίως ἔχει, ἐπί τε κενοδοξίας, καί ἐπί γυναικός, καί τῶν λοιπῶν.
Οὐ γάρ πάντες οἱ συνεπόμενοι τῷ ἐμπαθεῖ λογισμῷ λογισμοί, καί ἐμπαθεῖς εἰσιν, ὡς ἀπέδειξεν ὁ λόγος. Ἐκ τούτων οὖν δυνάμεθα γνῶναι, ποῖα τά ἐμπαθῆ νοήματα, καί ποῖα τά ἁπλᾶ.
Τινές μέν φασιν, ὅτι τῶν μορίων τοῦ σώματος καθαπτόμενοι οἱ δαίμονες κατά τούς ὕπνους, κινοῦσι τό πάθος τῆς πορνείας· εἶτα τό πάθος κινούμενον, ἀναφέρει τήν μορφήν τῆς γυναικός διά τῆς μνήμης ἐπί τόν νοῦν. Τινές δέ, ὅτι τῷ μέν νῷ ἐν σχήματι γυναικός παραφαίνονται· τῶν τε μορίων τοῦ σώματος καθαπτόμενοι, τήν ὄρεξιν κινοῦσι, καί οὕτω γίνονται αἱ φαντασίαι. Ἕτεροι δέ πάλιν, ὅτι τό πάθος τό ἐπικρατοῦν ἐν τῷ πλησιάζοντι δαίμονι, κινεῖ τό πάθος· καί οὕτως ἀνάπτεται πρός λογισμούς ἡ ψυχή, ἀναφέρουσα τάς μορφάς διά τῆς μνήμης. Καί ἐπί τῶν ἄλλων δέ ἐμπαθῶν φαντασιῶν ὁμοίως, οἱ μέν οὕτως, οἱ δέ οὕτως συμβαίνειν φασί. Πλήν ἐν οὐδενί τῶν εἰρημένων τρόπων ἰσχύουσι πάθος τό οἱονδήποτε κινῆσαι οἱ δαίμονες, παρούσης τῇ ψυχῇ ἀγάπης καί ἐγκρατείας, οὔτε ἐγρηγορότος τοῦ σώματος, οὔτε κατά τούς ὕπνους.
Τά μέν τῶν τοῦ νόμου ἐντολῶν καί σωματικῶς καί πνευματικῶς ἀνάγκη φυλάττειν· τά δέ, πνευματικῶς μόνον. Οἷον τό, Οὐ μοιχεύσεις, Οὐ φονεύσεις, Οὐ κλέψεις, καί τά ὅμοια, καί σωματικῶς καί πνευματικῶς χρή φυλάττειν. Καί πνευματικῶς δέ τρισσῶς. Τό δέ περιτέμνεσθαι καί φυλάττειν τό Σάββατον, καί σφάξαι τόν ἀμνόν καί ἔδεσθαι ἄζυμα ἐπί πικρίδων, καί τά ὅμοια, πνευματικῶς μόνον.
Τρεῖς εἰσιν ἠθικαί καταστάσεις γενικώτεραι ἐν τοῖς μοναχοῖς. Καί πρώτη μέν, τό μηδέν ἁμαρτάνειν κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν· δευτέρα δέ, τό μή ἐγχρονίζειν ἐν τῇ ψυχῆ τούς ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμούς· τρίτη δέ, τό τάς μορφάς τῶν γυναικῶν, καί τῶν λυπησάντων ἀπαθῶς θεωρεῖν κατά διάνοιαν.
Ἀκτήμων ἐστίν ὁ ἀπαταξάμενος πᾶσι τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν αὐτῷ, καί μηδέν τό σύνολον ἐπί γῆς κεκτημένος πλήν τοῦ σώματος· καί τήν πρός αὐτό δέ σχέσιν διαῤῥήξας, τῷ Θεῷ καί τοῖς εὐσεβέσι τήν ἑαυτοῦ κατεπίστευσεν οἰκονομίαν.
Τῶν κτωμένων οἱ μέν ἀπαθῶς κτῶνται· διό καί στερούμενοι αὐτῶν, οὐ λυποῦνται· ὡς οἱ τήν ἁρπαγήν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτοῖς μετά χαρᾶς προσδεξάμενοι. Οἱ δέ ἐμπαθῶς κτῶνται· διότι μέλλοντες στερεῖσθαι, περίλυποι γίνονται· ὡς ὁ ἐν τῷ Εὐαγγελίῳ πλούσιος, ἀπῆλθε λυπούμενος. Εἰ δέ καί στεροῦνται, μέχρι θανάτου λυποῦνται. Τοῦ οὖν ἀπαθοῦς καί τοῦ ἐμπαθοῦς τήν διάθεσιν ἡ στέρησις ἐλέγχει.
Τούς μέν ἄκρως προσευχομένους πολεμοῦσιν οἱ δαίμονες, ἵνα τά νοήματα τῶν αἰσθητῶν πραγμάτων ψιλά μή ἀναλαμβάνωσι· τούς δέ γνωστικούς, ἵνα ἐγχρονίζωσιν ἐν αὐτοῖς οἱ ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμοί· τούς δέ περί τήν πρᾶξιν ἀγωνιζομένους, ἵνα πείσωσιν αὐτούς κατ᾿ ἐνέργειαν ἁμαρτάνειν· παντί δέ τρόπῳ πρός πάντας ἀγωνίζονται, ἵνα ἀπό τοῦ Θεοῦ οἱ δείλαιοι τούς ἀνθρώπους χωρίσωσι.
Οἱ κατά τόν βίον τοῦτον ὑπό τῆς θείας προνοίας εἰς εὐσέβειαν ἐγγυμναζόμενοι, διά τῶν τριῶν τούτων πειρασμῶν δοκιμάζονται· οἷον, ἤ διά τῆς τῶν ἡδέων δόσεως, ὡς ἐπί ὑγείας καί κάλλους καί εὐτεκνίας καί χρημάτων καί δόξης, καί τῶν ὁμοίων· ἤ διά τῆς τῶν λυπηρῶν ἐπιφορᾶς· οἷον, στερήσεως τέκνων, καί χρημάτων καί δόξης· ἤ διά τῶν ὀδύνας ἐμποιούντων τῷ σώματι· οἷον, νοσημάτων καί βασάνων, καί τῶν ἑξῆς. Καί πρός μέν τούς πρώτους λέγει ὁ Κύριος· Εἴ τις οὐκ ἀποτάσσεται πᾶσι τῖς ὑπάρχουσιν αὐτῷ, οὐ δύναταί μου εἶναι μαθητής. Πρός δέ τούς δευτέρους καί τρίτους· Ἐν τῇ ὑπομονῇ ὑμῶν κτήσασθε τάς ψυχάς ὑμῶν.
Τά τέσσαρα ταῦτά φασιν ἀλλοιῶσαι τήν κρᾶσιν τοῦ σώματος, καί διδόναι τῷ νῷ λογισμούς, εἴτε ἐμπαθεῖς δι᾿ αὐτῆς, εἴτε ἀπαθεῖς· οἷον, τούς ἀγγέλους, τούς δαίμονας, τούς ἀέρας, τήν δίαιταν. Καί τούς μέν ἀγγέλους λόγῳ φασίν ἀλλοιῶσαι· τούς δέ δαίμονας, δι᾿ ἐπαφῆς· τούς δέ ἀέρας, ταῖς μεταβολαῖς· τήν δέ δίαιταν, ταῖς τῶν βρωμάτων καί πομάτων ποιότησι, καί πλεονασμῷ καί ἐλαττώσει· πάρεξ τῶν διά μνήμης καί ἀκοῆς καί ὁράσεως συμβαινουσῶν αὐτῇ ἀλλοιώσεων, πρωτοπαθούσης τῆς ψυχῆς ἐκ τῶν συμπιπτόντων αὐτῆ λυπηρῶν ἤ χαροποιῶν. Καί ἐκ τούτων μέν πάσχουσα ἡ ψυχή, ἀλλοιοῖ τήν κρᾶσιν τοῦ σώματος· ἐκ δέ τῶν προειρημένων ἡ κρᾶσις ἀλλοιουμένη, παρέχει τῷ νῷ λογισμούς.
Θάνατος μέν ἐστι κυρίως ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ χωρισμός· κέντρον δέ θανάτου, ἡ ἁμαρτία· ὅ δεξάμενος ὁ Ἀδάμ, ὁμοῦ τοῦ τῆς ζωῆς ξύλου, καί τοῦ παραδείσου καί τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐξόριστος γέγονε· ᾧ ἐπηκολούθησεν ἐξ ἀνάγκης καί ὁ τοῦ σώματος θάνατος. Ζωή δέ κυρίως ἐστίν ὁ εἰπών· Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ζωή, Οὗτος ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ γενόμενος, τόν νεκρωθέντα πάλιν εἰς τήν ζωήν ἐπανήγαγεν.
Ὁ λόγος συγγραφόμενος, ἤ πρός τήν ἑαυτοῦ ὑπόμνησιν συγγράφεται, ἤ πρός ὠφέλειαν, ἤ καί ἄμφω, ἤ πρός βλάβην τινῶν, ἤ πρός ἐπίδειξιν, ἤ ἐξ ἀνάγκης.
Τόπος ἐστί χλόης ἡ πρακτική ἀρετή· ὕδωρ ἀναπαύσεως, ἡ γνῶσις τῶν γεγονότων.
Σκιά θανάτου ἐστίν ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη ζωή. Εἴ τις οὖν ἐστι μετά τοῦ Θεοῦ, καί ὁ Θεός μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἐστιν, οὗτος δύναται εἰπεῖν ἐναργῶς τό, Ἐάν γάρ πορευθῶ ἐν μέσῳ σκιᾶς θάνατου, οὐ φοβηθήσομαι κακά, ὅτι σύ μετ' ἐμοῦ εἶ.
Νοῦς μέν καθαρός ὀρθά βλέπει τά πράγματα· λόγος δέ γεγυμνασμένος, ὑπ᾿ ὄψιν ἄγει τά ὁραθέντα· ἀκοή δέ λαμπρά ὑποδέχεται αὐτά. Ὁ δέ τῶν τριῶν ἐστερημένος, τόν εἰρηκότα κακίζει.
Μετά τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν ὁ τήν ἁγίαν γινώσκων Τριάδα, καί τήν δημιουργίαν αὐτῆς, καί τήν πρόνοιαν· καί τό παθητόν μέρος τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπαθές κεκτημένος.
Τήν ῥάβδον σημαίνειν φασί τήν κρίσιν τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ· τήν δέ βακτηρίαν, τήν πρόνοιαν. Τοῦ οὖν τῆς τούτων γνώσεως μετειληφότος ἐστί τό λέγειν· Ἡ ῥάβδος σου καί ἡ βακτηρία σου, αὗταί με παρεκάλεσαν.
Ὅτε ὁ νοῦς παθῶν γυμνωθῇ, καί τῇ τῶν ὄντων καταλάμπηται θεωρίᾳ, τότε δύναται καί ἐν Θεῷ γενέσθαι, καί ὡς δεῖ προσεύχεσθαι.
Scripture echoes
- ↩2Cor.12.2-2Cor.12.4 — I know a person in Christ fourteen years ago—whether in the body I do not know, or out of the body I do not know; God knows—such a one was caught up to the third heaven. 2Cor.12.3 — And I know that such a person—whether in the body or apart from the body, I do not know; God knows— 2Cor.12.4 — that he was caught up into Paradise and heard inexpressible words, which it is not lawful for a person to speak.
- ↩Matt.4.1-Matt.4.11;Mark.1.12-Mark.1.13;Luke.4.1-Luke.4.13 — Then Jesus was led up into the wilderness by the Spirit to be tempted by the Devil. Matt.4.2 — And after fasting forty days and forty nights, he was hungry. Matt.4.3 — And the tempter came and said to him, 'If you are the Son of God, tell these stones to become bread.' Matt.4.4 — But he answered, "It is written: 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God.'" Matt.4.5 — Then the devil took him to the holy city and set him on the pinnacle of the temple. Matt.4.6 — And he said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, 'He will command his angels concerning you,' and 'On their hands they will bear you up, lest you strike your foot against a stone.'" Matt.4.7 — Jesus said to him again, 'It is written, You shall not put the Lord your God to the test.' Matt.4.8 — Again, the devil takes him to a very high mountain and shows him all the kingdoms of the world and their glory. Matt.4.9 — And he said to him, 'All these things I will give you, if you fall down and worship me.' Matt.4.10 — Then Jesus said to him, 'Go away, Satan! For it is written, "You shall worship the Lord your God, and him alone shall you serve."' Matt.4.11 — Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and ministered to him. Mark.1.12 — And immediately the Spirit drives him out into the wilderness. Mark.1.13 — And he was in the wilderness forty days, being tempted by Satan. And he was with the wild animals, and the angels were serving him. Luke.4.1 — Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan and was led by the Spirit in the wilderness. Luke.4.2 — for forty days, being tempted by the devil. And he ate nothing in those days. And when they were completed, he was hungry. Luke.4.3 — And the devil said to him, "If you are the Son of God, tell this stone to become bread." Luke.4.4 — And Jesus answered him, 'It is written: "Man shall not live by bread alone."' Luke.4.5 — And he led him up and showed him all the kingdoms of the inhabited world in a moment of time. Luke.4.6 — And the devil said to him, 'I will give you all this authority and their glory, for it has been delivered to me, and I give it to whomever I wish.' Luke.4.7 — If you will worship before me, it will all be yours. Luke.4.8 — And Jesus answered him, "It is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and Him alone shall you serve.'" Luke.4.9 — And he brought him to Jerusalem, and set him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down from here. Luke.4.10 — For it is written, 'He will command his angels concerning you, to guard you.' Luke.4.11 — that they will lift you up in their hands, lest you strike your foot against a stone. Luke.4.12 — And Jesus answered him, 'It is said, You shall not put the Lord your God to the test.' Luke.4.13 — And when the devil had finished every temptation, he departed from him until an opportune time.
- ↩John.8.44 — You are of your father the devil, and you desire to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning and has not stood in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaks the lie, he speaks from his own, for he is a liar and the father of it.
- ↩Ps.31.7 — I hate those who cling to worthless idols, but I trust in the LORD.
- ↩1Tim.6.20 — O Timothy, guard the deposit entrusted to you, avoiding the profane empty talk and contradictions of what is falsely called knowledge.
- ↩Ps.16.4;Ps.18.4 — Their sorrows will multiply for those who hasten after another god; I will not pour out their drink offerings of blood, nor will I take their names upon my lips. Ps.18.4 — Praised be the LORD, and I will be saved from my enemies.
- ↩Gal.3.28;Col.3.11 — There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. Col.3.11 — where there is no Greek and Jew, circumcised and uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave, free—but Christ is all and in all.
- ↩Gal.3.28;Col.3.11 — There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. Col.3.11 — where there is no Greek and Jew, circumcised and uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave, free—but Christ is all and in all.
- ↩Col.3.11 — where there is no Greek and Jew, circumcised and uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave, free—but Christ is all and in all.
- ↩Jas.4.3 — You ask and do not receive, because you ask wrongly, to spend it on your pleasures.
- ↩Ps.62.12;Rom.2.6;Matt.16.27 — One thing God has spoken; two things I have heard: strength belongs to God. Rom.2.6 — who will render to each one according to that person's works Matt.16.27 — For the Son of Man is going to come in the glory of his Father with his angels, and then he will repay each one according to his deeds.
- ↩Rom.12.17;1Thess.5.15;1Pet.3.9 — Repay no one evil for evil, but take thought for what is good in the sight of all people. 1Thess.5.15 — See that no one repays anyone evil for evil, but always pursue what is good, both toward one another and toward all. 1Pet.3.9 — Do not repay evil for evil or insult for insult; but on the contrary, bless, because for this you were called, so that you may inherit a blessing.
- ↩Rom.12.20-Rom.12.21;Matt.5.44 — But if your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him something to drink; for by doing this you will heap burning coals on his head. Rom.12.21 — Do not be conquered by evil, but conquer evil with good. Matt.5.44 — But I say to you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.
- ↩Luke.6.27;Matt.5.44 — But I say to you who are listening: love your enemies, do good to those who hate you. Matt.5.44 — But I say to you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.
- ↩1Thess.2.9;2Thess.3.8;2Cor.11.9 — For you remember, brothers and sisters, our labor and toil—working night and day so as not to burden any of you—we proclaimed to you the gospel of God. 2Thess.3.8 — nor did we eat bread from anyone for free, but in toil and hardship, working night and day, so as not to burden any of you. 2Cor.11.9 — And when I was present with you and was in need, I did not burden anyone; for my lack was supplied by the brothers who came from Macedonia. And in all things I kept myself from being a burden to you, and I will continue to do so.
- ↩Deut.15.9;1Tim.4.16 — Be careful that there is no base thought in your heart, saying, 'The seventh year, the year of release, is near,' and your eye is evil toward your needy brother, and you give him nothing, and he cries out to the LORD against you, and it becomes sin in you. 1Tim.4.16 — Pay close attention to yourself and to your teaching; persist in these things, for by doing this you will save both yourself and those who hear you.
- ↩1Tim.6.10 — For the root of all evils is the love of money, which some, reaching for it, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves with many pains.
- ↩1Cor.15.47-1Cor.15.49 — The first human was from the earth, made of dust; the second human is from heaven." This harmonizes with v.21 while preserving Adam-Christ representation. 1Cor.15.48 — As was the one made of dust, so also are those made of dust; and as is the heavenly one, so also are those who are heavenly. 1Cor.15.49 — And just as we have borne the image of the earthly one, we will also bear the image of the heavenly one.
- ↩1Cor.15.49 — And just as we have borne the image of the earthly one, we will also bear the image of the heavenly one.
- ↩Heb.11.6 — And without faith it is impossible to please God, for the one who comes to him must believe that he exists and that he rewards those who seek him.
- ↩Luke.14.33;Matt.19.21 — So therefore, none of you who does not say goodbye to all that he has can be my disciple. Matt.19.21 — Jesus said to him, "If you wish to be perfect, go, sell your possessions and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me."
- ↩Matt.6.25-Matt.6.33 — Therefore I tell you, do not be anxious about your life, what you will eat [or what you will drink], nor about your body, what you will put on. Is not the life more than food, and the body more than clothing? Matt.6.26 — Look at the birds of the air: they do not reap, nor gather into barns, nor store away grain — and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not worth far more than they? Matt.6.27 — And which of you by being anxious can add a single cubit to his lifespan? Matt.6.28 — And why do you worry about clothing? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow: they do not toil, nor do they spin. Matt.6.29 — Yet I tell you, not even Solomon in all his glory was clothed like one of these. Matt.6.30 — If God so clothes the grass of the field, which is here today and tomorrow is thrown into the oven, will he not much more clothe you, O you of little faith? Matt.6.31 — Therefore do not be anxious, saying, 'What shall we eat?' or 'What shall we drink?' or 'What shall we wear?' Matt.6.32 — For all these things the Gentiles seek after. For your Father who is in heaven knows that you need all of these things. Matt.6.33 — But seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things will be added to you.
- ↩Heb.10.34 — For you sympathized with the prisoners, and you joyfully accepted the plundering of your possessions, knowing that you yourselves have a better and lasting possession.
- ↩Matt.19.22;Mark.10.22 — But when the young man heard this word, he went away sorrowful, for he had many possessions. Mark.10.22 — But he was dismayed by this word and went away grieving, for he had many possessions.
- ↩Luke.14.33 — So therefore, none of you who does not say goodbye to all that he has can be my disciple.
- ↩Luke.21.19 — By your endurance you will gain your lives.
- ↩Ps.23.4;Ps.23.4 — Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff — they comfort me. Ps.23.4 — Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff — they comfort me.
- ↩Ps.23.4;Ps.24.4 — Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff — they comfort me. Ps.24.4 — The one with clean hands and a pure heart, who has not lifted up his soul to what is false, and has not sworn deceitfully.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source has πραμγάτων; translated as πραγμάτων ('things'), the only plausible intended reading.
- 2 ↩ψιλά…νοήματα: in the Evagrian–Maximian vocabulary, ‘bare/stripped thoughts’ means conceptual awareness of things freed from passionate coloring, not mere emptiness of content.
- 3 ↩Ἡ μέν / αἱ δέ track πρακτική μέθοδος (sg. fem.) vs. πνευματικαί θεωρίαι (pl. fem.): practical discipline vs. spiritual contemplations.
- 4 ↩θείου ἔρωτος is rendered "divine love"; the Greek ἔρως marks an intense, desiring love for God, stronger than mild affection.
- 5 ↩μέτρον is kept as "measure" (degree/level of pure prayer). νοῦς is rendered "mind" in the Evagrian-Maximian sense of the spiritual intellect, not mere discursive thinking.
- 6 ↩λόγους περὶ Θεοῦ could mean discourses, conceptions, or reasonings about God; rendered "thoughts about God." ἐμφάσεις are clear impressions/manifestations—kept as "insights."
- 7 ↩φιλαυτία here is Maximus's technical 'self-love' (disordered attachment to the bodily self), not ordinary self-regard; τό πρός τό σῶμα πάθος = passion oriented toward the body.
- 8 ↩τά ὑπό γαστέρα: traditional ascetical euphemism for sexual appetite; rendered plainly but without slang as "what lies below the belly."
- 9 ↩μέση: in ascetical usage, neither fully praiseworthy nor passionate—natural/intermediate affection; rendered "intermediate" rather than "middling" or merely "neutral."
- 10 ↩ἐχθρούς likely means the spiritual enemies of the soul (demons/passions as foes), not merely human opponents; πάθη rendered as 'passions' in the ascetical sense.
- 11 ↩ἐργάζεσθαι καὶ φυλάσσειν echoes the Genesis commission for paradise (Gen 2:15 LXX); Maximos reads the psalm command as that same double labor: cultivate virtue and guard it.
- 12 ↩ἐπιθυμητικόν / θυμικόν / λογικόν are the tripartite soul faculties in Maximus's Evagrian anthropology: desiring, irascible (spirited/anger), and rational.
- 13 ↩τύπον ἡμῶν: the 'pattern' or 'type' is Christ, the model set out in the desert and Pharisee examples of s2.
- 14 ↩συνήθους προσευχῆς: rendered as 'the prayer that has become habitual' (customary/accustomed prayer practice), not a fixed liturgical title.
- 15 ↩ἀλάστωρ: patristic epithet for the devil as destroyer/avenger; rendered 'destroyer' rather than a weaker 'fiend'.
- 16 ↩πάθος rendered as 'passion' in the ascetical sense (disordered affective motion), not mere strong feeling; next section defines πάθος more fully.
- 17 ↩συνουσία rendered as 'sexual union' (not mere companionship); παιδοποιία as procreation/begetting of children, Maximus's stated proper σκοπός.
- 18 ↩Source προνείας is almost certainly a corruption of πορνείας (fornication), confirmed by neighboring sections on πορνεία; translated as fornication.
- 19 ↩Source μετέπεια is almost certainly μετέπειτα ('afterward'); translated on that reading.
- 20 ↩ἅς ('which') is feminine plural and most naturally resumes ποικίλας μορφάς ('various forms') from the previous sentence; rendered as 'these forms'.
- 21 ↩ἀλείφων keeps the athletic image of oiling a contender for the contests; the hierarchical verbs (anoint / illuminate / perfect with myrrh) map diaconal, presbyteral, and episcopal roles onto stages of the mind’s purification, illumination, and completion.
- 22 ↩ἀπάθεια is rendered as 'dispassion,' the standard Evagrian/Maximian technical term for freedom from the passions, not emotional numbness.
- 23 ↩ἀπάθεια rendered as the technical ascetical term 'dispassion' (freedom from the passions), not modern emotional numbness.
- 24 ↩λόγους (logous): in Maximus, the inner principles/reasons of beings; rendered 'principles' rather than bare 'words' or 'reasons'.
- 25 ↩Source reading τοτηνικαῦτα taken as τηνικαῦτα ('then / at that time').
- 26 ↩Source ἀλά read as ἀλλά ('but/instead'). κατ᾿ αὐτόν vs. περί αὐτόν: Maximos contrasts God's essence (unknowable in itself) with the attributes and operations that can be contemplated.
- 27 ↩ἐπιθυμία and θυμός are the concupiscible and irascible powers; rendered as 'desire' and 'anger' in plain English. ἐκδημεῖ keeps the sense of the mind going abroad/away toward God, not mere mental travel.
- 28 ↩ὑποστάσεις rendered as 'hypostases' (technical Trinitarian term for the three divine Persons), not as generic 'persons' only, to keep Maximus's ousia/hypostasis distinction clear.
- 29 ↩ἀμφίκρημνον = a cliff on both sides; 'double precipice' keeps the image of a dilemma that ruins either way.
- 30 ↩ἰδιότητος = the distinctive property of each hypostasis (e.g. unbegotten, begotten, proceeding), not a moral trait.
- 31 ↩Source quotation marks are uneven around the Gregory phrase; sense follows the standard Gregory Nazianzen formula of undivided division / divided union of the Godhead.
- 32 ↩Rhetorical question: if the Son–Father relation were only like human unity-and-separation, there would be nothing paradoxical left—so the tritheist reduction fails.
- 33 ↩ἀπάθεια rendered as “dispassion” (freedom from the passions), not modern “apathy.” ἰδίου/ἀλλοτρίου and ἰδίας/ἀλλοτρίας mark one’s own versus another’s across both genders, before the further social and sexual pairs.
- 34 ↩σύν αὐτοῖς most naturally refers to the thoughts (λογισμοί) with which the demons withdraw after desolating the soul.
- 35 ↩τά Ἰωσήππεια = the Josephan writings (Josephus), not a biblical book.
- 36 ↩φυσικὰ σπέρματα: Maximian term for the innate seeds of goodness planted in human nature; not botanical metaphor for its own sake.
- 37 ↩ἅγιαι Δυνάμεις: angelic holy Powers; συνεργία is cooperative help, not generic luck.
- 38 ↩παρά τόν σκοπόν τῆς παιδοποιΐας, καί τῆς μή νομίμου: taken as desire for a woman contrary both to procreation as the proper end and to lawful marriage (τῆς μή νομίμου with γυναικός).
- 39 ↩Normalized ἐμελείᾳ read as ἀμελείᾳ (negligence/carelessness), the only contextually and lexically plausible form.
- 40 ↩ἀπάθεια rendered as 'dispassion' (the technical ascetical sense: freedom from the passions), not mere apathy or indifference.
- 41 ↩πρόξενοι literally 'proxies/sponsors/procurers'; rendered 'means of obtaining' to keep the instrumental force without wooden agency language.
- 42 ↩σκοπός is rendered as 'intention' here (and 'purpose' in s2) for the moral aim of an act; the neighboring maxim uses the same term for the end for which we act.
- 43 ↩ὁ ἐνεργούμενος: the person being acted on / energized by the demon; rendered as 'the one under his influence.'
- 44 ↩Reading ἄνευ τοῦ τοῦ χορηγοῦ as 'without the Giver/supplier of good things' (double article; same χορηγός τῶν καλῶν as in s1).
- 45 ↩κρίμασίν τισιν rendered as 'by certain judgments of His' (divine dispensations/providential decisions), not human moral verdicts.
- 46 ↩οἰκονομικῆς ἐπιφορᾶς διά τῆς προνοίας ἐπαγομένης: rendered as an affliction ordered by divine providence/economy and brought on by God's care; Maximus means a corrective trial under the divine economy, not random misfortune.
- 47 ↩πιεῖν εἶχες (imperfect of ἔχω + infinitive) carries necessity/inevitability: the bitter draft of divine judgment was appointed for you either way, not merely possible.
- 48 ↩ἐμέσῃ is deliberately visceral ('vomit out'); kept as a medical/ascetical metaphor for purging pride, not softened to 'cast off' or 'get rid of'.
- 49 ↩κριμάτων: divine judgments/decrees (not merely legal verdicts); the 'physician of souls' is God applying medicinal discipline suited to the soul's underlying passion.
- 50 ↩ἰατρείαν of the divine judgments: medical 'healing/remedy'—rendered as healing work to keep the therapeutic force of God's judgments without sounding clinical.
- 51 ↩ἔρως εἰς Θεόν rendered as 'love for God' (devotional yearning/eros toward God), not romantic love; Maximos's technical use of ἔρως for intense longing for God.
- 52 ↩θυμός rendered as 'anger' (the irascible passion); in Maximos's psychology it is the spirited faculty that can become wrath.
- 53 ↩ἀμνησικακία rendered as 'refusing to hold a grudge' (literally forgetfulness of wrongs); φιλανθρωπία as 'goodwill toward others' rather than modern 'philanthropy' alone.
- 54 ↩Greek ὁλοστός is irregular; rendered as 'wholly' on the likely intended sense of ὁλοσχερῶς / ὅλως. Review against a critical text if available.
- 55 ↩ἔρως and ἀγάπη are both kept distinct: 'longing' for ἔρως, 'love' for ἀγάπη.
- 56 ↩τὸ παθητικὸν μέρος = the passible/passionate part of the soul; rendered 'passible part' to keep Maximus's anthropological sense rather than modern 'emotions'.
- 57 ↩εἰς ἔρωτα θεῖον ... ἀκατάληκτον, καὶ ἀγάπης ἀκατάπαυστον: ἀγάπης is genitive; sense taken as parallel goal-phrases: unceasing divine longing and unceasing love.
- 58 ↩Source has ἀνταποδῦναι; translated as the intended aorist infinitive ἀνταποδοῦναι ('to repay/return').
- 59 ↩ἐνάτῳ κεφαλαίῳ ταύτης τῆς ἑκατοντάδος points back to the internal numbering of this century of texts (the second hundred on love), not to a modern chapter system. τρόποι are modes/ways of loving; ἐπαινετός / μέσος / ψεκτοί classify those ways as praiseworthy, intermediate, and blameworthy.
- 60 ↩Source reads γάρα; translated as γάρ ('for'), the expected connective in this Gospel saying (cf. Mt 6:21 / Lk 12:34).
- 61 ↩κτηνώδης = cattle-like/brutish; θηριώδης = wild-beast-like/savage. Rendered as brutish vs. savage to keep Maximus's two-stage debasement (pleasure vs. aggression).
- 62 ↩ἀλαζονεία τοῦ βίου is rendered with the familiar biblical cadence "pride of life"; it can also mean boastful pretension about one's way of life.
- 63 ↩χαμευνία: sleeping/lying on the ground (ascetic hard bed); rendered 'sleeping on the ground'.
- 64 ↩ἐργόχειρον πρός τό μή ἐπιβαρῆσαί τινα, ἤ πρός μετάδοσιν: manual work aimed either at self-support (not burdening others) or at giving/sharing.
- 65 ↩μακροθυμία rendered 'patience' in the sense of long-suffering forbearance, not mere waiting.
- 66 ↩Subject is the soul-virtues of s3–s4: they are not constrained by bodily necessity the way fasting, vigil, etc. can be.
- 67 ↩φιλαυτία is the technical Maximian term self-love (self-regarding attachment), not healthy self-regard; ἄλογος φιλία is irrational/unreasoned affection for the body.
- 68 ↩εὐλογοφανῶς = with a fair/plausible appearance of reason; δῆθεν marks the false pretext that bodily necessity excuses the passion. λογισμοί are the technical 'thoughts' of the ascetic tradition, not mere ideas.
- 69 ↩νῆψις is the ascetic technical term usually rendered 'watchfulness' or 'spiritual sobriety'; kept as 'watchfulness' for modern readability without losing the hesychastic sense.
- 70 ↩πρόνοιαν αὐτῶ ποιεῖσθαι εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν: self-love twists legitimate self-care (πρόνοια) into desire-driven self-provision; rendered as 'take thought for himself with a view to desire' rather than generic 'look after himself'.
- 71 ↩Source reads μέλλουσαιν; translated as μέλλουσαν κρίσιν (‘the coming judgment’).
- 72 ↩ἀπαθεῖς keeps the ascetical sense of freedom from disordered passions (apatheia), not Stoic indifference or emotional numbness.
- 73 ↩τό μέν / τόν δέ: neuter points back to τὸ ἐπιθυμητικόν; masculine to ὁ θυμός (or the νοῦς damaged by it). Rendered as 'the former' / 'the latter' to keep Maximos's bipartite therapy clear without over-specifying.
- 74 ↩The finite verb is understood from s1 (πολεμοῦσιν): the demons are the attackers; the two pairs of objects mark whom each mode of war targets.
- 75 ↩αὐτῷ most naturally refers to νοῦς from s1; τούτοις can cover both πράγματα and νοήματα. Rendered as the mind using 'them' (the thoughts of things, and by extension the things themselves).
- 76 ↩κρᾶσις (krasis) is the body's temperament/mixture (humoral constitution), not abstract 'mixing' of ideas.
- 77 ↩ἤ κατά τῆς Προνοίας: the altered constitution moves the mind either toward passionate thoughts or into thoughts against divine Providence (blame/murmur against God's care).
- 78 ↩τοῖς περί ταῦτα συμβεβηκόσιν is the dative of the circumstantial accidents/attributes that accompany the things given for use (picked up in the next section); rendered as 'circumstances that attend them' rather than scholastic 'accidents' for modern readability.
- 79 ↩πήρωσις is the maiming or crippling of a sense-faculty, set over against αἴσθησις; rendered 'impairment' rather than a narrower medical 'mutilation.'
- 80 ↩εὐτεκνία is the blessing of good/fine offspring, not mere fertility; paired with ἀτεκνία, childlessness.
- 81 ↩τῷ ἰδίῳ λόγῳ = in their own account/nature (not intrinsically evil); παρά τήν χρῆσιν = relative to use; κυρίως marks strict moral valuation from use, not essence.
- 82 ↩συμφερόντως: 'beneficially / advantageously / to their true good.' Rendered as 'well' for plain modern English; the force is right use for what truly profits them.
- 83 ↩τῷ ἰδίῳ λόγῳ: 'in their own nature / by their own account' (not intrinsically evil). Matches the previous section's claim that circumstances are not bad in themselves but according to use.
- 84 ↩παραχρῶ / παραχρήσῃ = misuse, abuse, make wrong use of; νοήματα = thoughts/conceptions; πράγματα = things, realities, affairs (not merely 'deeds').
- 85 ↩κατά διάνοιαν = in mind/thought/intention; κατ’ ἐνέργειαν = in act/deed (actual operation), the classic mind-to-deed progression of sin.
- 86 ↩Greek wordplay: ἡ ὁδός (the way) is feminine; τῇ εἰπούσῃ attaches the search to Christ as the Way who speaks. Source order of the saying is ὁδός / ζωή / ἀλήθεια (way, life, truth), not the more familiar John 14:6 order (way, truth, life); the translation keeps the source order.
- 87 ↩Source has δία for διά before συνείδησιν; translated as the expected διά.
- 88 ↩νοῦς rendered as 'mind' (not 'intellect' or 'nous') for modern readability; Maximus means the rational/spiritual faculty and its proper operations.
- 89 ↩Source reads 'καί σύν ἄπωσαι'; most plausible intended sense is 'καὶ σὺ ἄπωσαι' ('you too drive away') or an imperative plus the accompanying force of 'συναπελαύνεις' ('drive out along with it'). Translation follows the coherent sense: remove neglect and vice leaves with it.
- 90 ↩νοήματα = thoughts/concepts (mental contents); πράγματα = things/realities. χρῆσις vs παράχρησις: proper use vs misuse/abuse.
- 91 ↩νόημα here is the bare mental content/image joined to passion (πάθος) in a compound thought; rendered 'mental image' rather than abstract 'concept'.
- 92 ↩σκευάριον may mean a small vessel, box, or casket for valuables; κουβουκλείον is a bedchamber/private room (Latin cubiculum). 'Casket' and 'bedroom' keep the practical theft scene clear.
- 93 ↩τό πάθος ... κινεῖ τό πάθος: the demon's predominant passion is said to stir the corresponding passion in the person; left slightly elliptical as in the Greek.
- 94 ↩τρισσῶς (‘in three ways’) is left unexplained in this printed section; the threefold spiritual sense is not expanded here.
- 95 ↩ἐμπαθεῖς λογισμοί is rendered as 'passionate thoughts' (the technical ascetical sense of thoughts charged with passion). ἀπαθῶς…κατὰ διάνοιαν is rendered as 'without passion, in the mind' to keep both dispassion and interior mental contemplation.
- 96 ↩Source prints ἀπαταξάμενος; sense and monastic usage point to ἀποταξάμενος, 'having renounced.'
- 97 ↩οἰκονομίαν here is the practical provision/management of bodily needs, not divine providence in the technical sense; rendered as 'the care of his own needs.'
- 98 ↩ψιλά νοήματα: technical Evagrian/Maximian term for 'bare' or passion-free thoughts of sensible things (not mere bare concepts in a modern sense).
- 99 ↩γνωστικούς rendered as 'those who have spiritual knowledge' (contemplative knowers), not modern 'intellectuals'.
- 100 ↩Source has τῖς for expected τοῖς in πᾶσι τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν; translated as the standard reading.
- 101 ↩κρᾶσις rendered as 'temperament' (the body's humoral mixture/constitution). λογισμούς as 'thoughts' (ascetic logismoi). ἀέρας as 'atmospheric conditions' (climates/airs), not merely empty air.
- 102 ↩λόγῳ: 'by word' (rational/verbal agency of angels). δι᾿ ἐπαφῆς: 'by contact' (demonic touch/influence). αὐτῇ in the final clause is the soul; πρωτοπαθούσης is a genitive absolute: the soul being first affected.
- 103 ↩τόν νεκρωθέντα is singular masculine: most naturally Adam/the fallen human being, or humanity considered in Adam; not flattened to a generic plural.
- 104 ↩In Maximus’s ascetical vocabulary, πρακτική ἀρετή is the active life of virtue, and γνῶσις τῶν γεγονότων is contemplative knowledge of beings/created realities (not mere factual information).
- 105 ↩Source has θάνατου; translated as the expected genitive θανάτου ('of death').
- 106 ↩νοῦς / λόγος / ἀκοή are the three faculties in view: pure intellect that sees truly, trained discursive reason that presents what was seen, and a clear receptive hearing that takes them in. λόγος could be rendered 'discourse' or 'reason'; 'reason' fits the epistemic sequence here.
- 107 ↩ῥάβδος and βακτηρία are both staff-like implements; here they are distinguished as rod of judgment vs. supporting staff of providence, following the Psalm pair that sentence 2 quotes.
Four Hundred Texts on Love companion
A daily portion of stillness
Chosen Portion delivers one short contemplative reading and a guided moment of silence each day — the ascent, one step at a time.
Chosen Portion is the paced doorway into this collection: it portions the dense mystical treatises into one daily reading plus guided silence, exactly as the 14-day plan teaches.
- Daily bite-sized excerpts from the contemplative classics, never a wall of text
- A built-in timed stillness practice that grows from 2 minutes to 10
- Gentle progression through the tradition — the app remembers where you are on the ascent