Upon their seizing the King's Magazines, Forts, Navy, and Militia
The False Charge of War
The King defends his innocence against accusations of inciting civil war, noting his lack of preparation and reliance on prayer.
How falsely I'm charged with first raising an army and beginning this civil war—the eyes that only pity me, and the loyal hearts that at first dared only to pray for me, could witness. And those still don't appear as many on my side as there were men in arms raised against me. My unpreparedness for war may well dishearten those who would help me; while it truly argues my unwillingness to fight, yet it testifies for me that I'm set on the defensive—having so little hope or power to defend others that I have none to defend myself, or to keep what is mine from their seizure.12 No one can doubt that they got ahead of me in their designs as well as in their injuries—those who are so far ahead in preparing against me and in seizing my strength by surprise.3 Those who are not for them still dare not be for me; so overawed is their loyalty by the others' numbers and terrors. I believe my innocence and my failure to assert my rights and honor make me look all the more guilty to people who wouldn't have declared war against me so easily if I had attacked them first. They knew that the chief weapons left to me were only those the ancient Christians used to use against their persecutors: prayers and tears. These can serve a good person's purpose—if not to conquer as a soldier, then at least to suffer as a martyr.
Trusting God Over Earthly Power
The King reflects on the seizure of his military assets as a divine opportunity to rely solely on God rather than the arm of flesh.
Their forestalling me and seizing my castles, forts, arms, and navy, along with the militia, is so far best for me that it may drive me from putting any trust in the arm of flesh, and wholly to cast myself into the protection of the living God, who can save by few or none as well as by many.4 The One who made the greedy ravens Elijah's caterers and had them bring him food can also turn their seizure of my outward force and defenses into an opportunity to show me the special support of His power and protection. I thank God I don't now count the lack of the Militia so much with regard to my own protection as with regard to my people's. Their many and severe oppressions grieve me; I am above my own. What I lack in the hands of force and power, I have in the wings of faith and prayer.✦5 But this is the strange method these men insist on using to solve their riddle of making me a glorious king—by taking away my royal power: that way I'll become a support to my friends and a terror to my enemies, by being unable to help the one or suppress the other. For this is how they have designed and proposed to me the new modeling of sovereignty and kingship: as without any real power, so without any need for subjection and obedience—so that the majesty of the kings of England might from then on hang like Muhammad's tomb, by a magnetic charm, between the power and privileges of the two Houses, in an airy imagination of royalty.6 But I believe that the excess of power, which some have greedily seized and now seek to devour entirely, will before long make the commonwealth sick of both it and them, since they cannot properly digest it—sovereign power in subjects rarely agrees with the stomachs of their fellow subjects.
The Burden of Royal Stewardship
The King discusses his willingness to yield power for the sake of peace, while maintaining his duty to protect the monarchy for his successors.
Yet even regarding the standing Militia, I have tried to satisfy their fears and insistent demands, both to secure my friends and to overcome my enemies, and to gain peace for everyone by stripping myself of the sole power to help or hurt anyone; I have yielded the Militia—which is my undoubted right no less than the Crown—to be disposed of as the two Houses think fit during my lifetime. I'm so willing to bury all their suspicions of me, and for my own part to live free of all suspicion of them, that I don't want to be any safer than I wish them and my people to be: even if I had the sole actual disposal of the Militia, I couldn't protect my people further than they protected me and themselves—so the use of the Militia is mutual. I only want to defend myself far enough to be able to protect my good subjects from the violence and fraud of those men who, conscious of their own evil deserts and designs, insist on persuading the world that only wolves are fit to be trusted with the care of the Shepherd and his flock.7 Hard experience has taught my subjects, since power has been taken from me and used against me and them, that neither can be safe unless both are secured in the way the law has entrusted the public safety and welfare. Even this concession of mine regarding the exercise of the militia—as vast and far-reaching as it is—isn't enough for some, who seem to be enemies not only of me but of all monarchy. They are determined to pass on such suspicions of the Crown to later generations that they would never let it enjoy its just and necessary rights in matters of power—the power into which, in the end, all law is resolved, and by which the law is best protected.8 But here, the honor and justice I owe my successors prevent me from yielding to such a total stripping of their power—something that civility and duty, no less than justice and honor, should have kept them from even asking of me. For although I can be content to eclipse my own beams to satisfy the fears of those who think they would necessarily be scorched or blinded if I shone in the full luster of the kingly power with which God and the laws have invested me, yet I will never consent to put out the sun of sovereignty for all posterity and for succeeding kings—whose just recovery of their rights from unjust usurpations and extortions shall never be prejudiced or obstructed by any act of mine, which indeed would be no more injurious to succeeding kings than to my subjects, whom I desire to leave in a condition not wholly desperate for the future, so as not by a law to be forever subjected to those many factious distractions that must necessarily follow the many-headed Hydra of government: which, as it makes a show to the people of having more eyes to foresee, so they will find it has more mouths too that must be satisfied; and at best it has rather a monstrosity than anything of perfection beyond that of true monarchy, where counsel may be in many as the senses, but the supreme power can be only in one as the head. Fortunately, where people have endured the horrors and malignant influence that will certainly follow the darkness and eclipse forced upon me—caused by the interposition and shadow of that body which, like the Moon, receives its principal light from me—they will in time prize and welcome all the more the restored glory and blessing of the Sun's light.910 And if right now I may seem, by yielding so much of my right to the power of the Militia, to fall short of discharging the trust I am sworn to keep for my people's protection, I hold those men guilty of the forced perjury (if that's how it may seem) who compel me to take this new and strange way of discharging my trust—by seeming to desert it—of protecting my subjects by exposing myself to danger or dishonor for their safety and peace.
A King's Prayer in Solitude
The King concludes with a fervent prayer, surrendering his earthly losses to God and seeking divine refuge and guidance.
Which, in the conflicts of civil war and contests over power, cannot be brought about except by one side yielding—and to that yielding the greatest love of the public peace, and the firmest assurance of God's protection (arising from a good conscience), invite me more than can be expected from other men's fears; fears which, arising from the injustice of their actions (however successful those actions may be), still do not dare to risk their authors on any path of safety other than that of the sword and the militia; and those are only weak defenses against the strokes of divine vengeance, which will overtake them, or against men's own consciences, which always attend injurious deeds. As for me, I don't believe I can lack anything that providence sees fit to take from me for the sake of my people's peace and God's glory. His protection is enough for me, and by being with me, He can more than compensate for whatever honor, power, or liberty the Chaldeans, the Sabeans, or the Devil himself might take away, just as He did for Job.11 Even if they strip me of every weapon and soldier, every refuge on land in forts and castles, and every escape by sea in my ships and navy—yes, even if they work to rob me of the hearts of my subjects, a king's greatest treasure and best ammunition—they still cannot deprive me of my own innocence or God's mercy, nor block my way to heaven. Therefore, O my God, I fly to you for help; if you will be on my side, I will have more with me than can be against me. There is no one in heaven or on earth that I desire in comparison with you. In the loss of everything, be more than everything to me. Hurry to help me, you who never fail those who put their trust in you.✦ You see I have no power to oppose those who come against me—who are encouraged to fight under the pretense of fighting for me. But my eyes are toward you. You don't need any help, and neither will I, if I can have yours; if not to conquer, then at least to suffer. If you don't delight in my safety and prosperity, look—here I am, willing to be reduced to whatever you want me to be; your judgments often begin with your own children. I'm content to be nothing so that You may be all. You have taught me that no king can be saved by the multitude of an army; yet you can save me by the multitude of your mercies—you who are the Lord of Hosts and the Father of mercies.✦✦ Help me, O Lord—I am deeply distressed on every side—yet be on my side, and I will not fear what man can do to me.✦✦ I will give the glory of my distress to Your justice. I let your mercy have the glory of my deliverance from those who persecute my soul: By my sins I have fought against You and robbed You of Your glory—I who am Your subject; and justly You may, through my own subjects, strip me of my strength and eclipse my glory.✦ But reveal Yourself, O my hope and only refuge! Don't let my enemies say, "There is no help for him in his God."✦ Uphold my steps in your paths, so that my footsteps do not slip. Keep me as the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of your wings. Show your marvelous loving-kindness, O you who save by your right hand those who put their trust in you from those who rise up against them; From the wicked who oppress me, from my deadly enemies who surround me.✦ Show me the path of life.✦ In your presence is fullness of joy; at your right hand there are pleasures forevermore.✦
Read the original Latin
How untruly I am charged with the first raising of an Army, and beginning this Civill Warre, the eyes that onely pitty Me, and the Loyall hearts that durst only pray for me, at first, might witnesse, which yet appear not so many on my side, as there were men in Armes lifted against me; my unpreparednesse for a War may well dis-hearten those that would help Me; while it argues (truly) my willingnes to fight; yet it testifies for me, that I am set on the defensive part; having so little hopes or power to defend others, that I have none to defend my self, or to preserve what is mine own from their proreption.
No man can doubt but they prevented me in their purposes, as well as their injuries, who are so much before-hand in their preparations against me, and surprisals of my Strength. Such as are not for Them, yet dare not be for Me; so over-aw'd is their Loyalty by the others numbers and terrours. I believe my innocency and unpreparedness to assert my Rights and Honour, makes me the more guilty in their esteems; who would not so easily have declared a War against me, if I had first assaulted them.
They knew, my chiefest Arms left me, were those only which the Ancient Christians were wont to use against their Persecutors, Prayers and Tears. These may serve a good mans turn, if not to conquer as a Souldier, yet to suffer as a Martyr.
Their preventing of me, and surprising my Castles, Forts, Arms and Navy, with the Militia, is so far best for me, That it may drive me from putting any trust in the arm of flesh, and wholly to cast my self into the protection of the living God, who can save by few or none, as well as by many.
He that made the greedy Ravens to be Elias Caterers, and bring him food, may also make their surprisall of outward force and defence, an opportunity to shew me the special support of his power and protection.
I thank God, I reckon not now the want of the Militia so much in reference to my own protection, as my Peoples.
Their many and sore oppressions grieve me, I am above mine own: What I want in the hands of Force and Power, I have in the wings of Faith and Prayer.
But this is the strange method these men will needs take to resolve their riddle of Making Me a glorious King, by taking away my Kingly power: Thus I shall become a Support to my Friends, and a Terrour to my Enemies, by being unable to succour the one, or suppress the other.
For thus have they designed and proposed to me the new modeling of Soveraignty and Kingship, as without any reality of power, so without any necessity of subjection and obedience: That the Majesty of the Kings of England might hereafter hang like Mahomet's Tomb, by a magnetique Charm, between the Power and Priviledges of the two Houses, in an airy imagination of Regality.
But I beleeve the surfet of too much power, which some men have greedily seized on, and now seek wholly to devour, will ere long make the Common-wealth sick both of it and them, since they cannot well digest it; Soveraign Power in Subjects seldom agreeing with the stomacks of fellow-subjects.
Yet I have even in this point of the constant Militia, sought, by satisfying their fears and importunities, both to secure my Friends, and overcome mine Enemies, to gain the peace of all, by depriving my self of a sole power to help, or hurt any: yeelding the Militia, (which is my undoubted Right no less then the Crown) to be disposed of as the two Houses shall think fit, during my time.
So willing am I to bury all jealousies in them of me, and to live above all jealousies of them, as to my self; I desire not to be safer then I wish them and my People: If I had the sole actuall disposing of the Militia, I could not protect my People, further then they protected Me and Themselves: so that the use of the Militia is mutuall. I would but defend my self so far, as to be able to defend my good Subjects from those mens violence and fraud, who conscious to their own evill merits and designes, will needs perswade the world, that none but Wolves are fit to be trusted with the custody of the Shepherd and his Flock. Miserable experience hath taught my Subjects, since power hath been wrested from Me, and imployed against Me and Them, that neither can be safe, if both be not in such a way as the Law hath intrusted the publike safety and welfare.
Yet even this Concession of mine, as to the exercise of the Militia, so vast and large, is not satisfactory to some men; which seem to be Enemies not to me only, but to all Monarchy; and are resolved to transmit to posterity such Jealousies of the Crown, as they should never permit it to enjoy its just and necessary Rights in point of power; to which (at last) all Law is resolved, while thereby it is best protected.
But here Honour and Justice due to my Successors, forbid me to yeeld to such total alienation of that power from them, which civility and duty, no less then Justice and Honour should have forbad them to have asked of me.
For, although I can be content to Eclypse my own beams, to satisfie their fears; who think they must needs be scorched or blinded, if I should shine in the full lustre of Kingly power wherewith God and the Laws have invested me: Yet I will never consent to put out the Sun of Soveraignty to all posterity, and succeeding Kings; whose just recovery of their Rights from unjust Usurpations and Extortions, shall never be prejudiced or obstructed by any Act of mine; which indeed, would not be more injurious to succeeding Kings, then to my Subjects; whom I desire to leave in a condition not wholly desperate for the future; so as by a Law to be ever subjected to those many factious distractions, which must needs follow the many-headed Hydra of Government: which as it makes a shew to the people to have more eyes to foresee; so they will find it hath more mouths too, which must be satisfied: and (at best) it hath rather a monstrosity, then any thing of perfection, beyond that of right Monarchy; where counsell may be in many as the senses, but the Supreme Power can be but in One as the Head.
Happily where men have tried the horrours and malignant influence which will certainly follow my enforced darkness and Eclypse, (occasioned by the interposition and shadow of that body, which as the Moon receiveth its chiefest lights from me) which will at length more esteem and welcome the restored glory and blessing of the Suns light.
And if at present I may seem by My receding so much from the use of my Right in the Power of the Militia, to come short of the discharge of that trust to which I am sworn for my peoples protection; I conceive those men are guilty of the inforced perjury; (if so it may seem) who compell me to take this new and strange way of discharging my trust, by seeming to desert it; of protecting my Subjects, by exposing my self to danger or dishonour, for their safety and quiet.
Which in the conflicts of Civill War and advantages of power, cannot be effected but by some side yeilding; to which the greatest love of the publique peace, and the firmest assurance of Gods protection (arising from a good Conscience) doth more invite me, then can be expected from other mens fears; which arising from the injustice of their actions (though never so successfull) yet dare not adventure their Authours upon any other way of safety then that of the Sword and Militia; which yet are but weak defences against the stroaks of divine Vengeance, which will overtake; or of mens own Consciences, which alwayes attend injurious perpetrations.
For my self, I do not think that I can want any thing which providential necessity is pleased to take from me, in order to my Peoples tranquillity and Gods glory, whose protection is sufficient for me; and he is able by his being with me, abundantly to compensate to me, as he did to Job, what-ever Honour, Power, or Liberty the Chaldeans, the Sabeans, or the Divel himself can deprive me of.
Although they take from me all defence of Arms and Militia, all refuge by Land of Forts and Castles, all flight by Sea in my Ships and Navie; yea, though they study to rob me of the Hearts of my Subjects, the greatest Treasure and best Ammunition of a King; yet cannot they deprive me of my own innocencie, or Gods mercie, nor obstruct my way to heaven.
Therefore, O my God, to thee I fly for help; if thou wilt be on my side, I shall have more with me then can be against me.
There is none in Heaven, or in Earth that I desire in comparison of thee: In the losse of all, be thou more then all to me: Make haste to succour me, thou that never failest them that put their trust in thee.
Thou seest I have no power to oppose them that come against me, who are encouraged to fight under pretence of fighting for me: But my eies are towards thee.
Thou needest no help, nor shall I, if I may have thine; if not to conquer, yet at least to suffer.
If thou delightest not in my safety, and prosperity, behold here I am willing to be reduced to what thou wilt have me; whose Judgements oft begin with thy own Children.
I am content to be nothing that thou maiest be all.
Thou hast taught me, that no King can be saved by the multitude of an host; but yet Thou canst save me by the multitude of Thy mercies, who art the Lord of Hosts, and the Father of mercies.
Help me, O Lord, who am sore distressed on every side, yet be thou on my side, and I shall not fear what man can do unto me.
I will give thy Justice the glorie of my distress.
I let thy mercie have the glorie of my deliverance from them that persecute my soul:
By my sins have I fought against Thee, and robbed thee of thy glory, who am thy subject; and justly maist thou by my own Subjects, strip me of my strength, and eclipse my glory.
But shew thy self, O my hope and only refuge! Let not mine enemies say, There is no help for him in his God.
Hold up my goings in thy paths, that my footsteps slip not.
Keep me as the apple of thine eye, hide me under the shadow of thy wings.
Shew thy marvelous loving kindness, O thou that savest by thy right hand them that put their trust in thee, from those that rise up against them;
From the wicked that oppress me, from my deadly enemies that compass me about.
Shew me the path of life. In thy presence is fulness of joy, at thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Ps.91.4;Ruth.2.12;Ps.17.8 — With his pinions he will cover you, and under his wings you will take refuge; his faithfulness is a shield and a buckler. Ruth.2.12 — May the LORD repay you for what you have done, and may your wages be full from the LORD, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have come to take refuge. Ps.17.8 — Keep me as the apple of your eye; hide me in the shadow of your wings.
- ↩Ps.73.25 — Whom have I in heaven but you? And with you I desire nothing on earth.
- ↩Ps.33.16 — A king is not saved by a great army; a warrior is not delivered by great strength.
- ↩2Cor.1.3 — Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies and God of all comfort,
- ↩Ps.118.6;Ps.56.4;Heb.13.6 — The LORD is with me; I will not fear. What can a mere human do to me? Ps.56.4 — In the day when I fear, I trust in you. Heb.13.6 — So we say with confidence, 'The Lord is my helper; I will not fear. What can man do to me?'
- ↩2Cor.4.8 — We are pressed in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not driven to despair;
- ↩Acts.5.39;Rom.1.21;Isa.42.8 — But if it is from God, you will not be able to overthrow them, and you may even be found fighting against God. Rom.1.21 — For although they knew God, they did not glorify him as God or give him thanks, but they became futile in their reasonings, and their senseless hearts were darkened. Isa.42.8 — I am the LORD; that is my name. My glory I will not give to another, nor my praise to idols.
- ↩Ps.3.2 — LORD, how many are my foes! Many are rising against me.
- ↩Ps.17.9 — “Hide me from the wicked who have despoiled me, from my deadly enemies who surround me.”
- ↩Ps.16.11 — You make known to me the path of life; in your presence there is fullness of joy; at your right hand are pleasures forevermore.
- ↩Ps.16.11 — You make known to me the path of life; in your presence there is fullness of joy; at your right hand are pleasures forevermore.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source reads "willingnes to fight." The surrounding argument (unpreparedness, defensive posture, fewer supporters than armed enemies) strongly suggests intended "unwillingness to fight"; rendered accordingly.
- 2 ↩"proreption" is rare Latinate English for snatching away / seizing; rendered "seizure" to match the chapter's theme of magazines, forts, navy, and militia taken from the King.
- 3 ↩Early modern 'prevented' means anticipated/forestalled (got ahead of), not stopped; 'surprisals of my Strength' means sudden seizures of military resources and power.
- 4 ↩Early Modern 'preventing' here means forestalling/getting ahead of (not merely 'stopping'); 'surprising' means seizing by sudden capture.
- 5 ↩Early Modern 'I am above mine own' is elliptical after 'Their many and sore oppressions': most naturally, the King means he rises above concern for his own sufferings, while the people's do grieve him (cf. 1.10.6 on their protection over his). 'Want' is rendered as 'lack'.
- 6 ↩"Mahomet's Tomb" alludes to the early modern legend that Muhammad's coffin hung suspended in the air by magnets; the image is political satire of a kingship suspended between the two Houses of Parliament, not a doctrinal claim.
- 7 ↩Shepherd and Flock is the king's self-image as guardian of the people; kept as a figure, not modernized away.
- 8 ↩"Jealousies of the Crown" means political suspicions and distrust of royal power, not personal envy. "Resolved" here means reduced or comes down to: law ultimately rests on the power that also best protects it.
- 9 ↩Period 'Happily' is rendered as 'Fortunately' (by good fortune), not modern 'happily' (= gladly). 'Tried' is taken as 'endured/experienced,' not 'attempted.'
- 10 ↩The Sun/Moon metaphor continues the previous section: the king as the sun of sovereignty; 'that body' (Parliament) as the moon that borrows its light from him and interposes to cast the eclipse.
- 11 ↩Early modern 'want' here means 'lack / be without,' not 'desire'; modernized accordingly to avoid reversing the sense.
Eikon Basilike: The Pourtraicture of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings companion
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