О первом члене Символа веры
The Nature of Faith and Confession
Faith in God is a living confidence in His revelation, which must be openly confessed for salvation.
What does it mean to believe in God? To believe in God means to have a living confidence in His existence, attributes, and works, and to accept with your whole heart His revelation regarding the salvation of the human race. We can learn from Holy Scripture what faith in God must consist of. The Apostle Paul writes: "Without faith it is impossible to please God; for the one who comes to God must believe that He is, and that He rewards those who seek Him" (Heb. 11:6). The Apostle portrays the working of faith in Christians in the following prayer for them to God: "May He grant you, according to the riches of His glory, to be firmly strengthened by His Spirit in the inner person, and for Christ to dwell in your hearts through faith" (Eph.1 3:16–17). What is the result of having faith in God? The most immediate and indispensable effect of heartfelt faith in God must be confession of the faith itself.2 What does it mean to confess faith in God? Confessing the faith means openly acknowledging that we are Orthodox, and doing so with such sincerity and firmness that neither seductions, threats, torments, nor death itself could make us renounce our faith in the true God and in our Lord Jesus Christ. Is it necessary to confess your faith openly? The Apostle Paul testifies that an open confession of faith is necessary for salvation: "Because with the heart they believe for righteousness, and with the mouth they confess for salvation" (Rom. 10:10). For salvation, it is necessary not only to believe but also to confess the Orthodox faith; if anyone were to renounce that confession to preserve their temporal life or earthly advantages, they would show that they do not have true faith in God the Savior or in the blessed life to come.
The Unity and Incomprehensibility of God
God is one, and His essence remains beyond human or angelic comprehension.
Why does the Creed speak of faith in one God? The Creed does not just say, "I believe in God," but adds, "in one God" to reject the false teachings of pagans who, by regarding God's creation as God, thought there were many gods.3 How does Holy Scripture describe the unity of God? The words of Holy Scripture's teaching on the oneness of God were brought into the Creed from the saying of the Apostle Paul: “There is no other God but the One.✦ “For even if there are so-called gods, whether in heaven or on earth—as indeed there are many gods and many lords—yet for us there is one God, the Father, from whom are all things, and we for Him; and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we through Him” (1 Cor.✦4 8:4–6). Is it possible to know the essence of God? God's essence cannot be known. It is beyond every kind of knowledge, not only for human beings but for the angels as well. Regarding this, Holy Scripture says through the Apostle Paul that God “dwells in unapproachable light, whom no one among men has seen or can see” (1 Tim. 6:16).
The Attributes of God
God is revealed as an eternal, all-good, and omnipresent Spirit, whose attributes are described through scripture and accommodated to human understanding.
What are the attributes of God? Through divine revelation, we can understand God's essence and essential attributes as follows: God is an eternal Spirit who is all-good, all-knowing, all-righteous, almighty, omnipresent, unchangeable, all-sufficient, and all-blessed.5 You can see all of this in Holy Scripture. The Lord Jesus Christ Himself said that “God is spirit” (Jn. 4:24).✦ (Jn. 4:24). Regarding God's eternity, the prophet David says: “Before the mountains were born, and You formed the earth and the universe, and from everlasting to everlasting You are God” (Ps. 89:3).✦ (Ps. 89:3). In the Apocalypse, we read this doxology to God: “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was and is and is to come” (Rev. 4:8).✦ (Rev. 4:8). The Apostle Paul says that the Gospel was proclaimed “according to the command of the eternal God” (Rom. 16:26). 14:25). Regarding God's goodness, Jesus Christ Himself said: "No one is good except God alone" (Mt. 19:17). The Apostle John says: "God is love" (1 Jn. 4:16).✦ The prophet David sings: "The Lord is gracious and merciful, long-suffering and abundant in mercy. The Lord is good to all, and His mercies are over all His works" (Ps. 144:8–9).✦6 Regarding God's omniscience, the Apostle John says: "God is greater than our heart and knows all things" (1 John 3:20). The Apostle Paul exclaims: "Oh, the depth of the riches, the wisdom, and the knowledge of God! How unsearchable are His judgments and how inscrutable His ways!"✦ (Rom. 11:33). Regarding God's justice, the prophet David sings: "The Lord is righteous; He loves righteousness; His face beholds the upright" (Ps.7 10:7). The Apostle Paul says that God “will repay each one according to his deeds” (Rom. 2:6) and that “there is no partiality with God” (Rom. 2:11).✦ Of God’s almighty power, the psalmist says: “He spoke—and it was done; He commanded, and it appeared” (Ps. 32:9). The Archangel Gabriel says in the Gospel: “with God no word will remain powerless” (Lk.8 1:37).✦ The prophet David portrays God’s omnipresence this way: “Where can I go from Your Spirit, and where can I flee from Your face? If I go up to heaven, You are there; if I go down into the underworld, You are there too. If I take the wings of the dawn and settle at the farthest edge of the sea, even there Your hand will lead me, and Your right hand will hold me. If I say, 'Perhaps darkness will hide me, and the light around me will become night,' yet even the darkness will not hide me from You, and night is as bright as day: darkness is as light to You" (Ps.9 138:7–12).10 The Apostle James writes that with the Father of lights, "there is no change, nor any shadow of turning" (Jas. 1:17). The Apostle Paul says that God "does not need to be served by human hands, as though He lacked anything, since He Himself gives everyone life and breath and all things" (Acts 17:25). He also calls God "the blessed and only Sovereign, the King of kings and Lord of lords" (1 Tim. 6:15). Why does Holy Scripture describe God as having bodily organs? God is Spirit, yet Holy Scripture attributes bodily organs to Him—for example: a heart, eyes, ears, and hands. In this, Holy Scripture adapts itself to ordinary human language, and it must be understood in a spiritual and higher sense. For instance, the heart of God refers to His goodness or love; eyes and ears refer to His omniscience; and hands refer to His omnipotence.11 Where does God dwell? God is everywhere, but in heaven He has a special presence, revealed in eternal glory to the blessed spirits. In churches, He also has a special presence—a presence of grace and mystery—which the faithful revere, know, and sense, and which is sometimes revealed through special signs.12 Jesus Christ says, "Where two or three are gathered in My name, there I am among them" (Matt. 18:20).
The Mystery of the Holy Trinity
God is one in essence but three in Persons, a mystery revealed in Scripture that defines the Christian understanding of the Godhead.
How should we understand the words of the Creed, "I believe in one God the Father"? The words of the Creed, "I believe in one God the Father," should be understood in relation to the mystery of the Holy Trinity, because God is one in essence, but triune in Persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, the Trinity consubstantial and undivided.13 How does Holy Scripture speak of the Holy Trinity? The main passages about this in the New Testament are as follows: "Go, teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (Matt. 28:19). "There are three that bear witness in heaven: the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spirit; and these three are one" (1 John 5:7). The Holy Trinity is mentioned in the Old Testament as well, though not as clearly. For example: “By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and by the breath of His mouth all their host” (Ps.✦ 32:6).✦ “Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord of Hosts!✦ the whole earth is full of His glory!”✦ (Is. 6:3). Can the triunity of God be understood? God is one in three persons. We do not comprehend this inner mystery of the Godhead, but we believe in it through the unfailing witness of the word of God: "No one knows the things of God except the Spirit of God" (1 Cor.✦ 2:11). How are the persons of the Holy Trinity distinguished from one another? The distinction is this: God the Father is neither begotten nor proceeds from any other person; the Son of God is eternally begotten of the Father; and the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father. What is the dignity of the Persons of the Holy Trinity? The three hypostases, or Persons, of the Holy Trinity possess completely equal divine dignity.14 Just as the Father is true God, so the Son is equally true God, and the Holy Spirit is equally true God; yet in such a way that in these three hypostases, one trihypostatic God is revealed.15
Creation and the Invisible World
God as Almighty Creator made all things visible and invisible, including the angels and the fallen spirits known as demons.
Why is God called the Almighty? God is called the Almighty because He holds everything that exists within His power and His will.16 Why do we call God the Creator? The words of the Creed—"Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible"—mean that God created everything, and that nothing can exist without Him.✦17 These words come from Holy Scripture. The Book of Genesis begins with these words: "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth" (Gen.✦ 1:1).✦ The Apostle Paul says of Jesus Christ, the Son of God: "By Him all things were created, things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible: whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers—all things were created by Him and for Him" (Col 1:16).✦ Who do we mean by the term "the invisible"? In the Creed, by the term invisible we should understand the invisible, or spiritual, world, to which the angels belong.18 Who are the angels? Angels are bodiless spirits, endowed with mind, will, and power. What does the name “Angel” mean? The name “Angel” means messenger. Why are they called that? They are called that because God sends them to announce His will. So, for example, the Archangel Gabriel was sent to foretell to the Most Holy Virgin Mary the conception of the Savior. Who was created first: human beings or the angels? The invisible was created before the visible, and the angels before human beings (Orthodox Confession, pt. 1, question 18). Testimony of this can be found in Holy Scripture. In the book of Job, God Himself describes the creation of the earth this way: “On what were her foundations set, or who laid her cornerstone, when the morning stars sang together and all the sons of God shouted for joy?”✦ (Job 38:6, 7). Who are the guardian angels? The term "guardian angel" comes from these words in Holy Scripture: "He will command His angels concerning you—to guard you in all your ways" (Ps.✦ 90:11). Each of us has a guardian angel. We are assured of this by these words from the Lord Jesus Christ: "See that you do not despise one of these little ones; for I tell you that their angels in heaven always see the face of My heavenly Father" (Matt. 18:10). Who are the demons? Not all angels are good and beneficent. There are evil angels, who are also called devils or demons. They were created good, but became evil because they broke the duty of perfect obedience to God and so fell away from Him, and fell into self-love, pride, and malice. As the Apostle Jude says, these are “angels who did not keep their dignity, but left their dwelling” (Jude19 1:6). What does the word "devil" mean? The word devil means slanderer or deceiver.20 Why are the evil angels called devils? The evil angels are called devils because they act craftily toward people, seducing them and planting false thoughts and evil desires within them. Regarding this, Jesus Christ says to the unbelieving Jews: "Your father is the devil, and you want to carry out your father's desires."✦ He was a murderer from the beginning and did not stand firm in the truth, because there is no truth in him.✦ When he speaks a lie, he speaks from what is his own, for he is a liar and the father of lies" (Jn.✦21 8:44).
The Creation of Man and the World
God created the world in six days and formed man in His own image to know, love, and glorify Him.
What does Holy Scripture say about the creation of the world? Holy Scripture has revealed to us about the creation of the world that in the beginning God created heaven and earth out of nothing.✦ The earth was formless and empty.✦22 Then God gradually created: on the first day of the world's existence—light; on the second day—the firmament, or the visible heaven; on the third—the gathering places of the waters on the earth, dry land, and plants; on the fourth—the sun, the moon, and the stars; on the fifth—fish and birds; on the sixth—the animals that live on dry land, and finally the human being.✦ Creation ended with the human being, and on the seventh day, God ceased His work of creation.✦ That is why the seventh day was named the Sabbath, which means 'rest' in Hebrew (see✦ Gen.✦ 2:2).✦ Were visible creatures created looking the way they do now? Visible creatures were not created as we see them now. At creation, everything was good—that is,✦ i.e. pure, beautiful, and harmless. What is distinctive about the creation of man? God in the Holy Trinity said: “Let us make man in Our image, and after Our likeness” (Gen. 1:26). And God formed the body of the first man, Adam, from the earth, breathed the breath of life into his face, brought Adam into paradise, and gave him the fruits of the tree of life as food, along with the other fruits of paradise; finally, taking a rib from Adam while he slept, He made from it the first wife—Eve (see Gen. 2:21–22). What does the image of God consist of? The image of God consists, according to the apostle Paul's explanation, "in righteousness and holiness of the truth" (Eph. 4:24). What is the breath of life?✦ The breath of life is the soul, a spiritual and immortal being.✦ What is paradise? The word paradise means garden. That is what the beautiful and blessed dwelling of the first man was called, which the book of Genesis describes as a garden. How should we understand the paradise where the first people lived? The paradise where the first people lived was material for the body—a visible, blessed dwelling—and spiritual for the soul, as a state of grace-filled Communion with God and spiritual contemplation of God's creation (see St. Gregory the Theologian, Orations 38 and 42; St. John of Damascus, Theology, bk.23 2, ch. 12, §24 3). What is the tree of life?✦ The tree of life is the tree by whose fruit the human body would have been free from pain and immortal.✦ Why was Eve created from Adam's rib?✦ Eve was created from Adam's rib so that the entire human race would be one body by its origin, and so that, because of this, people would be naturally inclined to love and care for one another.✦ What is the purpose of man? The purpose of man is to know God, to love and glorify Him, and through this, to be eternally blessed.
Predestination and Divine Providence
God's providence and predestination guide humanity toward eternal blessedness through grace and the saving work of Christ.
What do we call God's predestination? God's predestination is His will regarding a person's destiny for eternal blessedness.25 God's predestination of human blessedness remains unchanged, even now that man is no longer in a state of blessedness. To man, who had turned aside from the path of blessedness, God, according to His foreknowledge and according to His infinite mercy, was pleased to open a new path to blessedness through His only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ. “He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world” (Eph.✦26 1:4), says the Apostle Paul.✦ What is God's predestination regarding people in general, and each person in particular? God predestined and granted to all people preceding grace and the means for attaining blessedness.27 To blessedness itself He predestined those who freely receive the grace He gives, make use of the saving means He supplies, and go toward blessedness by the path He has shown. The Word of God puts it this way: "Those whom He foreknew, He also predestined" (Rom.✦ 8:29). The Exposition of the Faith of the Eastern Patriarchs states on this point: Since He foresaw that some would use their free will well and others poorly, He predestined some to glory and condemned others (Article 2). What do we mean by the providence of God? By the providence of God, we mean God's action toward the world—and especially toward humanity—that occurs after the creation of the world and of man. God's providence is the continuous action of God's omnipotence, wisdom, and goodness, by which God preserves the existence and powers of creatures, directs them toward good ends, assists every good, and either stops the evil that arises through departure from good or corrects it and turns it toward good outcomes. How does Holy Scripture describe God's providence? Concerning God's providence in Holy Scripture, the Lord Jesus Christ Himself says: “Look at the birds of the air: they neither sow, nor reap, nor gather into barns; and your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not of much more value than they?” (Matt. 6:26). In these words one sees both God's general providence over creatures and His special providence over human beings. The entirety of Psalm 90 illustrates God's special and multifaceted providence over human beings.28
Read the original Latin
Что означает веровать в Бога? Веровать в Бога значит иметь живую уверенность в Его бытии, свойствах и действиях и всем сердцем принимать откровение Его о спасении человеческого рода.
Из Священного Писания можно узнать, в чем должна состоять вера в Бога. Апостол Павел пишет: «Без веры угодить Богу невозможно; ибо надобно, чтобы приходящий к Богу веровал, что Он есть, и ищущим Его воздает»(Евр. 11:6). Действие веры в христианах апостол изображает в следующей молитве о них к Богу: «Да даст вам, по богатству славы Своей, крепко утвердиться Духом Его во внутреннем человеке, верою вселиться Христу в сердца ваши» (Еф. 3:16–17).
Что является действием веры в Бога? Ближайшим и непременным действием сердечной веры в Бога должно быть исповедание самой веры.
Что означает исповедовать веру в Бога? Исповедовать веру – значит открыто признавать, что мы православные, и исповедовать это с такой искренностью и твердостью, чтобы ни прельщения, ни угрозы, ни мучения, ни сама смерть не могли заставить нас отречься от веры в истинного Бога и в Господа нашего Иисуса Христа.
Необходимо ли открыто исповедовать свою веру? Апостол Павел свидетельствует, что открытое исповедание веры необходимо для спасения: «Потому что сердцем веруют к праведности, а устами исповедуют ко спасению» (Рим. 10:10).
Для спасения нужно не только веровать, но и исповедовать православную веру, потому что если бы кто-либо для сохранения своей временной жизни или земных выгод отрёкся от исповедания веры, то показал бы этим, что не имеет истинной веры в Бога Спасителя и в будущую блаженную жизнь.
Почему в Символе веры говорится о вере в единого Бога? В Символе веры не сказано: верую в Бога, но прибавлено: во единаго Бога – для того, чтобы отвергнуть ложное учение язычников, которые, почитая творение Божие Богом, думали, что богов много.
Как Священное Писание говорит о единстве Божием? Слова учения Священного Писания о единственности Бога внесены в Символ веры из изречения апостола Павла: «Нет иного Бога, кроме Единого. Ибо, хотя и есть так называемые боги, или на небе, или на земле, так как есть много богов и господ много; Но у нас один Бог Отец, из Которого все, и мы для Него, и один Господь Иисус Христос, Которым все, и мы Им» (1Кор. 8:4–6).
Возможно ли познание существа Божия? Существо Божие познать нельзя. Оно выше всякого познания не только человека, но и ангелов.
Об этом в Священном Писании через апостола Павла сказано, что Бог «обитает в неприступном свете, Которого никто из человеков не видел и видеть не может»(1Тим. 6:16).
Каковы свойства Божии? Из откровения Божия можно заимствовать следующие понятия о существе и существенных свойствах Божиих: Бог есть Дух вечный, всеблагой, всеведущий, всеправедный, всемогущий, вездесущий, неизменяемый, вседовольный, всеблаженный.
Все это можно видеть из Священного Писания. Сам Господь Иисус Христос сказал, что «Бог есть дух» (Ин. 4:24). О вечности Божией говорит пророк Давид: «Прежде нежели родились горы, и Ты образовал землю и вселенную, и от века и до века Ты – Бог»(Пс. 89:3). В Апокалипсисе читается следующее славословие Богу: «свят, свят, свят Господь Бог Вседержитель, Который был, есть и грядет»(Откр. 4:8). Апостол Павел говорит, что Евангелие возвещено «по повелению Вечнаго Бога»(Рим.
14:25). О благости Божией Сам Иисус Христос сказал: «Никто не благ, как только один Бог» (Мф. 19:17). Апостол Иоанн говорит: «Бог есть любовь» (1Ин. 4:16). Пророк Давид воспевает: «Щедр и милостив Господь, долготерпелив и многомилостив. Благ Господь ко всем, и щедроты Его на всех делах Его» (Пс. 144:8–9).
О всеведении Божием апостол Иоанн говорит: «Бог больше сердца нашего и знает все»(1Ин. 3:20). Апостол Павел восклицает: «О, бездна богатства и премудрости и ведения Божия! Как непостижимы судьбы Его и неисследимы пути Его!» (Рим. 11:33). О правосудии Божием пророк Давид поёт: «Господь праведен, любит правду; лице Его видит праведника» (Пс. 10:7).
Апостол Павел говорит, что Бог «воздаст каждому по делам его»(Рим. 2:6) и что «нет лицеприятия у Бога»(Рим. 2:11). О всемогуществе Божием псалмопевец говорит: «Он сказал, – и сделалось; Он повелел, и явилось» (Пс. 32:9). Архангел Гавриил говорит в Евангелии: «у Бога не останется безсильным никакое слово» (Лк. 1:37). Вездесущие Божие пророк Давид изображает так: «Куда пойду от духа Твоего, и от лица Твоего куда убегу?
Взойду ли на небо – Ты там; сойду ли в преисподнюю – и там Ты. Возьму ли крылья зари и переселюся на край моря, – и там рука Твоя поведет меня, и удержит меня десница Твоя. Скажу ли: может быть, тьма сокроет меня, и свет вокруг меня сделается ночью, но и тьма не затмит от Тебя, и ночь светла, как день: как тьма, так и свет» (Пс. 138:7–12). Апостол Иаков пишет, что у Отца светов «нет изменения и ни тени перемены» (Иак. 1:17). Апостол Павел говорит, что Бог «не требует служения рук человеческих, как бы имеющий в чем-либо нужду, Сам дая всему жизнь и дыхание и все» (Деян. 17:25).
Он же именует Бога: «блаженный и единый сильный Царь царствующих и Господь господствующих»(1Тим. 6:15).
Почему Священное Писание приписывает Богу телесные органы? Бог есть Дух, однако Священное Писание приписывает Ему телесные органы, например: сердце, очи, уши, руки. Священное Писание применяется в этом к обычному человеческому языку, а понимать надо в духовном и высшем смысле, например: сердце Божие значит благость, или любовь Божия, очи и уши означают всеведение, руки – всемогущество.
Где обитает Бог? Бог везде, но на небесах есть особое присутствие Его, являемое в вечной славе блаженным духам; также в храмах есть особое присутствие Его, благодатное и таинственное, благоговейно познаваемое, ощущаемое верующими и являемое иногда в особых знамениях. Иисус Христос говорит: «Где двое или трое собраны во имя Мое, там Я посреди их» (Мф. 18:20).
Как понимать слова символа «Верую во единаго Бога Отца»? Слова Символа: Верую во единаго (одного) Бога Отца следует понимать в смысле отношения к тайне Святой Троицы, потому что Бог один по существу, но троичен в лицах: Отец, Сын и Святой Дух, Троица единосущная и нераздельная.
Как говорит Священное Писание о Святой Троице? Главнейшие изречения об этом в Новом Завете следующие: «Идите, научите все народы, крестя их во имя Отца и Сына и Святаго Духа»(Мф. 28:19). «Три свидетельствуют на небе: Отец, Слово и Святый Дух; и Сии три суть едино»(1Ин. 5:7).
О Святой Троице говорится и в Ветхом Завете, но не так ясно. Например: «Словом Господа сотворены небеса, и духом уст Его – все воинство их»(Пс. 32:6). «Свят, Свят, Свят, Господь Саваоф! вся земля полна славы Его!» (Ис. 6:3).
Можно ли постигнуть триединство Божие? Бог один в трех лицах. Мы не постигаем этой внутренней тайны Божества, но верим в неё по непреложному свидетельству слова Божия: «Божиего никто не знает, кроме Духа Божия» (1Кор. 2:11).
Каково различие лиц Святой Троицы? Между лицами Святой Троицы различие в том, что Бог Отец не рождается и не исходит от другого лица; Сын Божий предвечно рождается от Отца; Святой Дух предвечно исходит от Отца.
Какое достоинство имеют лица Святой Троицы? Три ипостаси, или лица Святой Троицы – совершенно равного Божественного достоинства. Как Отец есть истинный Бог, так равно и Сын есть истинный Бог, равно и Святой Дух есть истинный Бог; но притом так, что в этих трёх ипостасях явлен один триипостасный Бог.
Почему Бог называется Вседержителем? Бог называется Вседержителем потому, что Он всё, что ни есть, содержит в Своей силе и в Своей воле.
Почему Бога мы именуем Творцом? Слова Символа веры: Творца небу и земли, видимым же всем и невидимым говорят о том, что всё сотворено Богом и ничто не может быть без Бога.
Эти слова взяты из Священного Писания. Книга Бытия начинается словами: «В начале сотворил Бог небо и землю»(Быт. 1:1). Апостол Павел об Иисусе Христе, Сыне Божием, говорит: «Им создано все, что на небесах и что на земле, видимое и невидимое: престолы ли, господства ли, начальства ли, власти ли, – все Им и для Него создано» (Кол 1:16).
Кого мы подразумеваем под названием «невидимых»? В Символе веры под наименованием невидимых следует понимать невидимый, или духовныймир, к которому принадлежат ангелы.
Кто такие Ангелы? Ангелы – духи бесплотные, одарённые умом, волей и могуществом.
Что значит имя «Ангел»? Имя «Ангел» значит вестник.
Почему они так названы? Они так названы потому, что Бог посылает их возвещать Свою волю. Так, например, Архангел Гавриил был послан предвозвестить Пресвятой Деве Марии зачатие Спасителя.
Кто сотворен раньше: люди или Ангелы? Невидимое сотворено прежде видимого, и Ангелы – прежде людей (Православное исповедание, ч. 1, вопрос 18).
Свидетельство об этом можно найти в Священном Писании. В книге Иова Сам Бог о сотворении земли говорит так: «На чем утверждены основания ея, или кто положил краеугольный камень ея, при общем ликовании утренних звезд, когда все сыны Божии восклицали от радости?» (Иов. 38:6, 7).
Кто такие Ангелы хранители? Название Ангела хранителя взято из следующих слов Священного Писания: «Ангелам Своим заповедает о тебе – охранять тебя на всех путях твоих» (Пс. 90:11).
Для каждого из нас есть Ангелы хранители. В этом удостоверяют нас следующие слова Господа Иисуса Христа: «Смотрите, не презирайте ни одного из малых сих; ибо говорю вам, что Ангелы их на небесах всегда видят лице Отца Моего Небесного» (Мф. 18:10).
Кто такие демоны? Не все ангелы добры и благодетельны. Есть злые ангелы, которых иначе называют диаволами или бесами.
Они сотворены добрыми, но стали злыми потому, что нарушили долг совершенного повиновения Богу и таким образом отпали от Него, и впали в самолюбие, гордость и злобу. По изречению апостола Иуды, это «ангелы, не сохранившие своего достоинства, но оставившие свое жилище» (Иуд. 1:6).
Что означает слово «диавол»? Слово диавол значит клеветник или обольститель.
Почему злые ангелы называются диаволами? Злые ангелы называются диаволами потому, что будучи коварными в отношении людей, обольщая их, внушают им ложные мысли и злые желания. Об этом Иисус Христос неверующим иудеям говорит: «Ваш отец диавол; и вы хотите исполнять похоти отца вашего. Он был человекоубийца от начала, и не устоял в истине; ибо нет в нем истины. Когда говорит он ложь, говорит свое; ибо он лжец и отец лжи» (Ин. 8:44).
Что говорит Священное Писание о сотворении мира? Священное Писание открыло нам о сотворении мира то, что в начале Бог из ничего сотворил небо и землю. Земля была необразована и пуста. Затем Бог постепенно сотворил: в первый день бытия мира – свет; во второй день – твердь, или видимое небо; в третий – вместилища вод на земле, сушу и растения; в четвертый – солнце, луну и звёзды; в пятый – рыб и птиц; в шестой – живущих на суше животных, и, наконец, человека. Человеком творение закончилось, и в седьмой день Бог прекратил Свои дела творения. Поэтому седьмой день назван субботой, что в переводе с еврейского языка означает покой (см. Быт. 2:2).
Такими ли сотворены видимые твари, как они выглядят сейчас? Видимые твари сотворены не такими, какими мы их видим сейчас. При сотворении всё было хорошо, т. е. чисто, прекрасно и безвредно.
Какова особенность сотворения человека? Бог во Святой Троице сказал: «Сотворим человека по образу Нашему, и по подобию Нашему» (Быт. 1:26). И сотворил Бог из земли тело первого человека Адама, вдунул в лицо его дыхание жизни, ввёл Адама в рай, дал ему в пищу, помимо прочих райских плодов, плоды с дерева жизни; наконец, взяв у Адама во время сна ребро, создал из него первую жену – Еву (см. Быт. 2:21–22).
В чём состоит образ Божий? Образ Божий состоит, по объяснению апостола Павла, «в праведности и святости истины» (Еф. 4:24).
Что такое дыхание жизни? Дыхание жизни – это душа, существо духовное и бессмертное.
Что такое рай? Слово рай означает сад. Так названо прекрасное и блаженное жилище первого человека, описанное в книге Бытия подобным саду.
Как мы понимаем рай, в котором пребывали первые люди? Рай, в котором пребывали первые люди, был для тела вещественным, как видимое блаженное жилище; а для души – духовным, как состояние благодатного общения с Богом и духовного созерцания Божиего творения (см. святого Григория Богослова, слово 38, 42; святого Иоанна Дамаскина, Богословие, кн. 2, гл. 12, ст. 3).
Что такое дерево жизни? Дерево жизни – это дерево, питаясь плодами которого тело человека было бы безболезненно и бессмертно.
Почему Ева создана из ребра Адама? Ева создана из ребра Адама для того, чтобы весь род человеческий по своему происхождению был одним телом и чтобы благодаря этому люди естественно склонны были любить и беречь друг друга.
Каково предназначение человека? Предназначение человека состоит в том, чтобы он познавал Бога, любил и прославлял Его и благодаря этому вечно блаженствовал.
Что мы называем предопределением Божиим? Предопределением Божиим называется изволение Божие о предназначении человека к вечному блаженству.
Предопределение Божие о блаженстве человека остаётся неизменным даже сейчас, когда человек не блаженствует. Уклонившемуся от пути блаженства человеку Бог по предведению и по бесконечному милосердию Своему изволил открыть новый путь к блаженству через единородного Сына Своего Иисуса Христа. «Избрал нас в Нем прежде создания мира» (Еф. 1:4), – говорит апостол Павел.
Каково предопределение Божие по отношению к людям вообще, и к каждому человеку в частности? Бог предопределил и даровал всем людям предваряющую благодать и средства к достижению блаженства. Непосредственно к блаженству Он предопределил тех, кто подаваемую Им благодать добровольно приемлет, употребляет подаваемые Им спасительные средства и идёт к блаженству указанным Им путем.
Слово Божие говорит об этом так: «Кого Он предузнал, тем и предопределил»(Рим. 8:29).
В изложении веры восточных Патриархов об этом сказано: Поскольку Он предвидел, что одни хорошо будут пользоваться своей свободной волей, а другие плохо, то одних предопределил к славе, а других осудил (член 2-й).
Что мы называем промыслом Божиим? Промыслом Божиим называется имеющее место вслед за сотворением мира и человека действие Божие по отношению к миру и особенно к человеку.
Промысл Божий есть непрестанное действие всемогущества, премудрости и благости Божией, которым Бог сохраняет бытие и силы тварей, направляет их к благим целям, всякому добру вспомоществует, а возникающее через удаление от добра зло пресекает или исправляет и обращает к добрым последствиям.
Как говорится о промысле Божием в Священном Писании? О промысле Божием в Священном Писании Сам Господь Иисус Христос говорит: «Взгляните на птиц небесных: они не сеют, ни жнут, ни собирают в житницы; и Отец ваш небесный питает их. Вы не гораздо ли лучше их?» (Мф. 6:26). В этих словах виден как общий Промысл Божий о тварях, так и особый – о человеке. Весь псалом 90 есть изображение особого и многообразного промысла Божия о человеке.
Scripture echoes
- ↩1Cor.8.4-1Cor.8.6 — Therefore, concerning the eating of food offered to idols, we know that an idol is nothing in the world, and that there is no God but one. 1Cor.8.5 — For even if there are so-called gods, whether in heaven or on earth—as there are many gods and many lords— 1Cor.8.6 — yet for us there is one God, the Father, from whom are all things and for whom we exist, and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things and through whom we exist.
- ↩1Cor.8.4-1Cor.8.6 — Therefore, concerning the eating of food offered to idols, we know that an idol is nothing in the world, and that there is no God but one. 1Cor.8.5 — For even if there are so-called gods, whether in heaven or on earth—as there are many gods and many lords— 1Cor.8.6 — yet for us there is one God, the Father, from whom are all things and for whom we exist, and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things and through whom we exist.
- ↩John.4.24 — God is spirit, and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth.
- ↩Ps.89.3 — For I have said, "Forever steadfast love is built up; the heavens—you establish your faithfulness in them."
- ↩Rev.4.8 — And the four living creatures, each having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. And they have no rest day and night, saying, 'Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come.'
- ↩1John.4.16 — And we have known and believed the love that God has for us. God is love, and the one who abides in love abides in God, and God abides in him.
- ↩Ps.144.8-Ps.144.9 — whose mouths speak vanity, and their right hand is a right hand of falsehood Ps.144.9 — I will sing a new song to you, O God; upon a ten-stringed harp I will play for you.
- ↩Rom.11.33 — Oh, the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his judgments, and how inscrutable his ways!
- ↩Rom.2.11 — For there is no partiality with God.
- ↩Luke.1.37 — For nothing will be impossible with God.
- ↩Ps.32.6;Ps.34.6 — Because of this, let every faithful one pray to you, at a time of finding; surely when the floodwaters rise, they shall not reach him. Ps.34.6 — Look to him and be radiant, and let your faces not be ashamed.
- ↩Ps.33.6;Ps.34.6 — By the word of the LORD the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their host. Ps.34.6 — Look to him and be radiant, and let your faces not be ashamed.
- ↩Isa.6.3 — And one called to another and said, 'Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hosts; the fullness of the earth is his glory.
- ↩Isa.6.3 — And one called to another and said, 'Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hosts; the fullness of the earth is his glory.
- ↩1Cor.2.11 — For who among people knows the things of a person except the person's own spirit within? So also no one has known the things of God except the Spirit of God.
- ↩Gen.1.1;Col.1.16 — In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Col.1.16 — For in him all things were created, in the heavens and on earth, the visible and the invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities — all things have been created through him and for him.
- ↩Gen.1.1 — In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
- ↩Gen.1.1 — In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
- ↩Col.1.16 — For in him all things were created, in the heavens and on earth, the visible and the invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities — all things have been created through him and for him.
- ↩Job.38.6 — On what were its foundations sunk, or who laid its cornerstone,
- ↩Ps.91.11;Ps.91.11 — For he will command his angels concerning you, to guard you in all your ways. Ps.91.11 — For he will command his angels concerning you, to guard you in all your ways.
- ↩John.8.44 — You are of your father the devil, and you desire to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning and has not stood in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaks the lie, he speaks from his own, for he is a liar and the father of it.
- ↩John.8.44 — You are of your father the devil, and you desire to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning and has not stood in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaks the lie, he speaks from his own, for he is a liar and the father of it.
- ↩John.8.44 — You are of your father the devil, and you desire to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning and has not stood in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaks the lie, he speaks from his own, for he is a liar and the father of it.
- ↩Gen.1.1 — In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
- ↩Gen.1.2 — And the earth was formless and void, and darkness was over the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.
- ↩Gen.1.3-Gen.1.31 — And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. Gen.1.4 — And God saw the light, that it was good; and God separated the light from the darkness. Gen.1.5 — And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening, and there was morning: the first day. Gen.1.6 — And God said, "Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it separate waters from waters." Gen.1.7 — And God made the expanse, and separated the waters that were under the expanse from the waters that were above the expanse. And it was so. Gen.1.8 — And God called the expanse "sky." And there was evening, and there was morning — a second day. Gen.1.9 — And God said, "Let the waters under the heavens be gathered to one place, and let the dry land appear." And it was so. Gen.1.10 — And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering of the waters He called Seas. And God saw that it was good. Gen.1.11 — And God said, "Let the earth sprout vegetation—plants yielding seed, fruit trees bearing fruit according to their kinds, whose seed is in them, upon the earth." And it was so. Gen.1.12 — And the earth brought forth vegetation—plants yielding seed according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in them according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good. Gen.1.13 — And there was evening, and there was morning—the third day. Gen.1.14 — And God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of the heavens to separate the day from the night, and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years." Gen.1.15 — and let them be lights in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth — and it was so. Gen.1.16 — And God made the two great lights—the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night—and the stars. Gen.1.17 — And God set them in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth, Gen.1.18 — and to rule over the day and over the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was good. Gen.1.19 — And there was evening, and there was morning—the fourth day. Gen.1.20 — And God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the heavens." Gen.1.21 — And God created the great sea creatures and every living thing that moves, with which the waters swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. Gen.1.22 — And God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth." Gen.1.23 — And there was evening, and there was morning — the fifth day. Gen.1.24 — And God said, "Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their kinds: livestock, creeping things, and wild animals of the earth, each according to its kind." And it was so. Gen.1.25 — And God made the living creatures of the earth according to their kinds, and the livestock according to their kinds, and everything that creeps on the ground according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. Gen.1.26 — Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, according to our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." Gen.1.27 — So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. Gen.1.28 — And God blessed them, and God said to them, 'Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.' Gen.1.29 — And God said, "See, I have given you every seed-bearing plant that is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree that has seed-bearing fruit; they shall be yours for food." Gen.1.30 — And to every living creature of the earth, and to every bird of the heavens, and to everything that creeps on the earth in which there is a living soul—every green plant for food. And it was so. Gen.1.31 — And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.
- ↩Gen.2.1-Gen.2.2 — Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all their host. Gen.2.2 — And God finished on the seventh day His work that He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work that He had done.
- ↩Gen.2.2 — And God finished on the seventh day His work that He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work that He had done.
- ↩Gen.2.2 — And God finished on the seventh day His work that He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work that He had done.
- ↩Gen.2.2 — And God finished on the seventh day His work that He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work that He had done.
- ↩Gen.1.31 — And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.
- ↩Gen.2.7 — Then the LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being.
- ↩Gen.2.7 — Then the LORD God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being.
- ↩Gen.2.9 — And the LORD God made to grow from the ground every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, and the tree of life in the middle of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
- ↩Gen.2.9 — And the LORD God made to grow from the ground every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, and the tree of life in the middle of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
- ↩Gen.2.21-Gen.2.22 — So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; and He took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh in its place. Gen.2.22 — And the LORD God built the rib that He had taken from the man into a woman, and brought her to the man.
- ↩Gen.2.21-Gen.2.23 — So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; and He took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh in its place. Gen.2.22 — And the LORD God built the rib that He had taken from the man into a woman, and brought her to the man. Gen.2.23 — And the man said, "This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; this one shall be called Woman, for from man this one was taken."
- ↩Eph.1.4 — just as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, to be holy and blameless before him in love
- ↩Eph.1.4 — just as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, to be holy and blameless before him in love
- ↩Rom.8.29 — For those whom he foreknew, he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brothers.
Notes
- 1 ↩Russian 'во внутреннем человеке' is the Pauline 'inner man'; rendered here as 'inner person' for contemporary readability while keeping the interior-spiritual sense.
- 2 ↩Russian «действием» is rendered as “effect” (what faith produces/does), not mere activity; «сердечной веры» as “heartfelt faith” keeps the interior, from-the-heart force of сердечной.
- 3 ↩"во единаго Бога" preserves the Creed's traditional phrasing (Church Slavonic form in the source); rendered as "in one God" to match modern Creed usage while keeping the catechetical contrast with mere "in God."
- 4 ↩Russian «мы для Него» / «мы Им» follows the Pauline εἰς αὐτόν / δι' αὐτοῦ force: existence oriented toward the Father and mediated through Christ; rendered 'for Him' and 'through Him' rather than looser paraphrase.
- 5 ↩Russian «вседовольный» is rendered as 'all-sufficient' (self-sufficient / needing nothing), the standard catechetical sense rather than mere contentment.
- 6 ↩Source uses Slavic/Septuagint Psalm numbering (Ps. 144:8–9), which corresponds to Hebrew/English Ps. 145:8–9.
- 7 ↩Russian «лице Его видит праведника» takes «лице Его» as subject (His face beholds the upright), matching the traditional Slavonic/Synodal reading of this verse rather than the reverse English construction 'the upright shall behold His face'.
- 8 ↩Russian «не останется безсильным никакое слово» tracks the Greek ῥῆμα sense (word/thing spoken). Rendered as “no word will remain powerless” rather than the freer “nothing will be impossible,” to stay close to the source wording.
- 9 ↩«не затмит от Тебя» rendered as 'will not hide me from You' (sense of darkness failing to obscure the person before God), not as darkness failing to darken God Himself.
- 10 ↩Source uses Slavonic/LXX Psalm numbering (138); Masoretic equivalent is Psalm 139:7–12. Later Moses resolution should decide surface form.
- 11 ↩Russian «применяется … к обычному человеческому языку» is rendered as theological accommodation (Scripture speaking in human terms); «благость» as goodness (not mere kindness).
- 12 ↩«таинственное» rendered as 'mystery' in the pair 'grace and mystery' to keep the sacramental/mysterious sense without flattening it into mere secrecy; «благодатное» as 'of grace'.
- 13 ↩Russian «единосущная» rendered as "consubstantial" (the standard English equivalent of ὁμοούσιος); «нераздельная» as "undivided."
- 14 ↩Russian uses both «ипостаси» (hypostases) and «лица» (persons) as synonymous; both are retained to preserve Orthodox catechetical terminology.
- 15 ↩«Триипостасный Бог» is rendered “trihypostatic God” to keep the technical Orthodox term for the one God in three hypostases; “one God in three Persons” would be a looser paraphrase.
- 16 ↩Вседержитель is the Creed's Russian rendering of Pantocrator (literally 'All-Holder/All-Ruler'); 'Almighty' is the standard English Creed equivalent. 'содержит' is rendered 'holds' to preserve the sense of all things being contained and upheld in God's power and will, not merely that God is strong.
- 17 ↩Source quotes the Creed in Church Slavonic form (Творца небу и земли, видимым же всем и невидимым). Rendered with the standard English Nicene wording for the same article rather than a wooden word-for-word calque.
- 18 ↩Source has "духовныймир" without a space; translated as the intended "духовный мир" (spiritual world).
- 19 ↩Russian достоинство in Jude 1:6 can mean dignity, rank, or proper estate; rendered here as “dignity” to stay close to the catechism’s wording.
- 20 ↩Russian «обольститель» can mean deceiver, seducer, or one who leads astray; "deceiver" keeps the catechetical sense without narrowing to sexual seduction.
- 21 ↩Russian «говорит свое» means he speaks what belongs to his own nature/character, not merely 'speaks for himself' in a conversational sense.
- 22 ↩необразована here is the older catechetical rendering of the earth as unformed/formless (cf. Gen 1:2), not 'uneducated'.
- 23 ↩«Григорий Богослов» rendered as Gregory the Theologian (Nazianzen). «Богословие» is the usual catechetical short title for his Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith.
- 24 ↩«ст.» rendered as section mark (§); in this citation style it stands for статья (article/section).
- 25 ↩изволение Божие rendered as "God's will"; could also be "God's good pleasure" or "God's decree" in a more technical dogmatic register.
- 26 ↩Scripture quotation and citation are split across s3/s4 in the source; translation preserves that split without completing the verse reference here.
- 27 ↩Russian «предваряющую благодать» is rendered as «preceding grace» (prevenient grace): grace given beforehand, before free human response, not merely temporal sequence.
- 28 ↩The source uses Orthodox/Septuagint Psalm numbering (псалом 90), which corresponds to Psalm 91 in the Hebrew and most English Bibles; the numeral is left as in the Russian catechism for later scripture-resolution.
Catechism of the Orthodox Church (Longer Catechism) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit