El sábado por la mañana
The Spear Thrust and the Mother's Sorrow
A meditation on the piercing of Christ's side and the profound, transformative grief of the Virgin Mary.
Today we reflect on the spear thrust into the Savior, his removal from the cross, the weeping of Our Lady, and the rites of his burial.✦✦ The text of the evangelists says this: At that time the Jews, because it was Passover, not wanting the bodies to remain on the cross. Reflect on these steps of the text. I. The spear thrust.✦ Up to now, my soul, you have contemplated the death and sufferings of the Son; it's time for you to begin contemplating and mourning those of the Mother. So then, for this, sit down now a little at the feet of the prophet Jeremiah, and, taking the words from his mouth, with a bitter and sorrowful heart, sighing, say this: "How are you left alone now, most innocent Virgin?✦ How are you left a widow, Lady of the world, and though you have no guilt at all, they have made you tributary to so much pain?✦1 O most holy Virgin! I would console you, and I don't know how; I would ease a little the greatness of your sorrows, and I don't know by what path. Queen of heaven, if the cause of your sorrows was those of your blessed Son, and not your own—because you loved him more than yourself—his sufferings have already ceased, for his body no longer suffers, and his whole soul is already glorious. Let the multitude of your groans cease, then, since the cause of your sorrow has ceased. You wept with the one who was weeping; it is right that you now rejoice with the one who already rejoices.✦ Let the springs of those purest eyes be closed—eyes clearer than the waters of Heshbon, yet now clouded and darkened by the rain of so many tears. The Lord's anger has already been appeased by the sacrifice of the true Noah; so let the flood from your most sacred eyes cease, and let the earth clear with a new serenity.2 The dove has already gone out from the ark; when she returns, she will bring signs of divine clemency. Rejoice in this hope, and let your groans cease now. Your own Son himself silences your outcries and invites you to a new joy in his Song of Songs, saying: "Winter is already past; the rains and the storms have ceased; the flowers have appeared in our land." "Arise, my beloved, my beautiful one, my dove, who dwell in the clefts of the rock and in the openings of the wall—that is, in the wounds and sores of my body; leave that dwelling now, and come with me."3 I can see clearly, my Lady, that none of this is enough to console you, because your sorrow hasn't been taken away—only exchanged for another. One martyrdom has ended, and another begins. The tormentors of your heart are renewed; as some leave, others take their place with new kinds of torments, so that with these changes, the torment of the Passion is doubled for you.4 Until now you were weeping for His pains—now for His death; until now for His Passion—now for your solitude; until now for His labors—now for His absence. One wave has passed, and another comes crashing full upon you, so that the end of His suffering is the beginning of yours. And as if this pain were small, I see they're preparing another for you that's just as severe. Close your eyes, my Lady—close them—and don't watch that lance, leveled through the air, to see where it will strike.5 Then the soldier comes with the lance in his hand and drives it with great force through the Savior's bare breast.6 The cross shuddered in the air under the force of the blow, and from it came water and blood, with which the sins of the world are washed away. O river that flows out of paradise and waters the whole face of the earth with your streams! O wound of the precious side, made more by love for humankind than by the iron of the cruel lance!7 O gate of heaven, window of paradise, place of refuge, tower of strength, sanctuary of the just, burial place of pilgrims, nest of the simple doves, and flowered bed of Solomon's bride! Hail, wound of the precious side, that wounds devout hearts; wound that pierces the souls of the just, rose of inestimable beauty, ruby of priceless worth, doorway into the heart of Christ, testimony of his love and pledge of everlasting life.8 Through you, the animals enter the ark of the true Noah to take shelter from the flood; the tempted take refuge in you; the sorrowful are comforted in you; the sick are healed by you; through you, sinners enter heaven; and in you, the exiled and the pilgrims sleep and rest sweetly. O forge of love, house of peace, treasure of the Church, and spring of living water that leaps up to eternal life! Open that door to me, Lord; receive my heart into that most delightful dwelling; through it, give me a way into the depths of your love; let me drink from this sweet spring; let me be washed with this holy water and made drunk with this most precious liquor.910 Let my soul fall asleep on that sacred breast; here let it forget all the cares of the world; here let it sleep, here eat, here sing sweetly with the Prophet, saying: This is my dwelling forever and ever; here I will dwell, because I have chosen this dwelling.
The Mystery of Suffering in the Just
An exploration of why God permits suffering in the lives of the holy, framing it as a precious jewel of love.
II. On the descent from the cross and the Virgin's lament. This explains why the holy Virgin and all the just are afflicted in this life with various tribulations. O eternal Father, since by your infinite goodness and mercy you willed that your blessed Son should suffer like this for our sins, why do you want this holy Virgin to suffer as well—she who does not deserve death for other people's sins, since the Son's is enough, nor for her own, since she has none? How easily this hardship could have been eased if she had been outside Jerusalem at that time, where she wouldn't have seen her Son die with her own eyes, and her pain wouldn't have grown so much at the sight of what stood right before her.11 O marvelous dispensation and counsel of God! You want her to suffer, Lord—not for the redemption of the world, but because there is nothing in the world that pleases you more than suffering for love of you. In all creation there is nothing more precious than this: in heaven, the glorious love of the blessed, and on earth, the afflicted love of the just.12 In the house of God there is no greater honor than to suffer for love of him. Among all the good works and services the Savior rendered you in this world, this was the one you chiefly marked out and accepted to be the means of our restoration.13 This was the jewel and the precious stone that, among all the riches of virtues that rich merchant set before you, pleased you most—so that for it you would give him all he asked, which was the remedy of the world. If this jewel is so precious, it’s only right that it shouldn't be missing from the most perfect of the perfect—the one who so greatly pleased the eyes of God.✦ Beyond this, no work in the world more clearly demonstrates true virtue than bearing hardships for the love of God. Because the proof of true love is true patience for the one you love, and no other test is as free of suspicion as that. Just as God himself never so clearly revealed to people the greatness of his love—for all the other blessings he gave them—until he came to suffer for them, so they will never fully reveal their own—for all the services they may do for him—until they come to suffer for him.✦ Tribulation, says Saint Paul, is the occasion and material of patience; patience is the proof of true virtue; and this proof gives us the hope of glory.✦ For this reason, a person should always treat any virtue or holiness he finds in himself as suspect until it has been tested by the trial of tribulation. For, as the Wise Man says, clay vessels are tested in the furnace; but the hearts of the just are tested in the forge of tribulation.
Conformity to Christ Through the Cross
An exhortation to embrace the cross as a mark of divine friendship and a necessary path for all who follow Christ.
God made nothing in all the works of nature that was idle; much less will he want his gifts to sit idle in the work of grace. For this reason, he takes it upon himself to give each of the chosen the burden they must carry, according to their strength and the talent of the grace they have received. So, greater intimacy with God isn't treated here as a claim to greater ease, but to greater labor.14 "You will give us tears to drink by measure, Lord," says the Prophet; and the measure will be this: the one most favored is commonly the most afflicted and troubled. When Moses made those bonds of friendship and covenants of peace between God and his people, divine Scripture says he sprinkled all the people with blood by a hyssop, and when that was done, he poured out the rest of the blood that remained upon the altar. By this, let all who resolve to be friends of God understand that their friendships must be celebrated and dedicated with blood—not only with Christ's, but also with their own, that is, with patience and the endurance of hardships. He drank first from the cup at that last Supper he shared with his disciples; but after he had drunk, he gave what was left to the guests and commanded that they share it among themselves, and that each of them also take his drink.15 So everyone must receive their share of this cup, and all must, as members of Christ, be conformed to Christ in suffering. But here is the difference: for ordinary, imperfect people, it's enough to be sprinkled with blood. Those who are closer to God, however—those who already deserve to be called his altars—must not only be sprinkled with blood, but dyed and bathed in it, because the toughest battles and the greatest prizes and crowns are reserved for the strong.16 The two people most loved by God in this world were Jesus Christ and his Mother, and the lead they held over every creature in virtue, they also held in suffering. There have never been two better people in the world, or two more afflicted, than these two. So take comfort, all of you who are afflicted, for the more afflicted you are, the more like Jesus Christ and his Mother you'll be. Take comfort, you who are afflicted: that doesn't mean you're more abandoned by God; on the contrary, if you have patience, you're more cherished and more loved. Take comfort again and again, you who are afflicted, because there is no sacrifice more pleasing to God than an afflicted heart, nor any surer sign of his friendship than patience in tribulation. Let no one speak ill of tribulations, because that is to speak ill of Christ and his Mother, and of God himself, who always sends tribulations to his friends. What is tribulation if not a cross? So what does it mean to speak ill of tribulation if not to speak ill of the cross? And what is fleeing tribulation if not fleeing the cross? So if we adore the dead cross, which is the figure of the cross, why do we flee from the living one, which is suffering for the cross?17 That is to be like the Jews of whom the Savior says that, after persecuting the prophets, they would afterward build them huge and splendid tombs, honoring them once they were dead and persecuting them while they were alive. In their own way, bad Christians seem to imitate them: on one hand, they adore the dead cross, and on the other, they spit on and renounce the living one, which is suffering for the cross. No one should lose heart by saying they suffer for their sins or without sin; because, however you suffer, it is all, in the end, suffering on the cross. If you suffer for your sins, you suffer on the cross of the good thief; but if you suffer without sin and without guilt, you should take all the more comfort for that very reason, because that is suffering on the cross of the Savior.
Read the original Latin
Este día se ha de contemplar la lanzada que se dio al Salvador y el descendimiento de la cruz, con el llanto de nuestra Señora, y oficio de la sepultura.
El texto de los evangelistas dice así: En aquel tiempo, los judíos, porque era Pascua, no queriendo que los cuerpos se quedasen en la cruz.
Meditación sobre estos pasos del texto.
I. La lanzada
Hasta aquí has celebrado, ánima mía, la muerte y los dolores del Hijo: tiempo es ya que comiences a celebrar y lamentar los de la Madre. Pues, para esto, asiéntate ahora un poco a los pies del profeta Jeremías, y, tomándole las palabras de la boca, con amargo y doloroso corazón, suspirando, dí así: «¿Cómo quedas ahora sola, inocentísima Virgen? ¿Cómo quedas viuda, la Señora del mundo, y sin tener ninguna culpa te han hecho tributaria de tanta pena? ¡Oh, Virgen Santísima! , querría consolarte, y no sé cómo; querría aliviar un poco la grandeza de tus dolores, y no sé por qué camino. Reina del cielo, si la causa de tus dolores eran los de tu Hijo bendito, y no los tuyos, porque más amabas a él que a ti, ya han cesado sus dolores, pues el cuerpo no padece, y toda su ánima es ya gloriosa. Cese, pues, la muchedumbre de tus gemidos, pues cesó la causa de tu dolor. Lloraste con el que lloraba; justo es que goces ahora con el que ya se goza.
Ciérrense las fuentes de esos purísimos ojos, más claras que las aguas de Esebón, y ahora turbios y escurecidos con la lluvia de tantas lágrimas. Aplacada es ya la ira del Señor con el sacrificio del verdadero Noé; cese, pues, el diluvio de tus sacratísimos ojos, y esclarézcase la tierra con nueva serenidad. Salida es ya la paloma del arca; señales traerá, cuando vuelva, de la clemencia divina. Alégrate con esta esperanza, y cesen ya tus gemidos. El mesmo Hijo tuyo pone silencio a tus clamores, y te convida a nueva alegría en sus Cantares, diciendo: El invierno es ya pasado, las lluvias y los torbellinos han cesado, las flores han parecido en nuestra tierra. Levántate, querida mía, hermosa mía, y paloma mía, que moras en los agujeros de la piedra y en las aberturas de la cerca, que es en las heridas y llagas de mi cuerpo; deja ahora esa morada, y ven conmigo».
Bien veo, Señora, que no basta nada desto para consolaros, porque no se ha quitado, sino trocado vuestro dolor. Acabose un martirio, y comienza otro. Renuévanse los verdugos de vuestro corazón, e idos unos, suceden otros con nuevos géneros de tormentos: para que con tales mudanzas se os doble el tormento de la pasión. Hasta aquí llorábades sus dolores, ahora su muerte; hasta aquí su pasión, ahora vuestra soledad; hasta aquí sus trabajos, ahora su ausencia; una ola pasó, y otra viene a dar de lleno en lleno sobre vos; de manera que el fin de su pena es comienzo de la vuestra.
Y, como si esta pena fuera pequeña, veo que os aparejan otra no menor. Cerrad, Señora mía, cerrad los ojos, y no miréis aquella lanza que va enristrada por el aire dónde va a parar. Llega, pues, el ministro con la lanza en la mano y atraviésala con gran fuerza por los pechos desnudos del Salvador. Estremeciose la cruz en el aire con la fuerza del golpe, y salió de allí agua y sangre, con que se lavan los pecados del mundo. ¡Oh río que sales del paraíso y riegas con tus corrientes toda la haz de la tierra! ¡Oh llaga del costado precioso, hecha más con el amor de los hombres, que con el hierro de la lanza cruel! ¡Oh puerta del cielo, ventana del paraíso, lugar de refugio, torre de fortaleza, santuario de los justos, sepultura de peregrinos, nido de las palomas sencillas y lecho florido de la esposa de Salomón! Dios te salve, llaga del costado precioso, que llagas los devotos corazones; herida que hieres las ánimas de los justos, rosa de inestimable hermosura, rubí de precio inestimable, entrada para el corazón de Cristo, testimonio de su amor y prenda de la vida perdurable.
Por ti entran los animales a guarecerse del diluvio en el arca del verdadero Noé; a ti se acogen los tentados, en ti se consuelan los tristes, contigo se curan los enfermos, por ti entran al cielo los pecadores y en ti duermen y reposan dulcemente los desterrados y peregrinos. ¡Oh fragua de amor, casa de paz, tesoro de la Iglesia y vena de agua viva que salta hasta la vida eterna! Ábreme, Señor, esa puerta, recibe mi corazón en esa tan deleitable morada, dame por ella paso a las entrañas de tu amor, beba yo desta dulce fuente, sea yo lavado con esta santa agua y embriagado con este tan precioso licuor. Adormézcase mi ánima en ese pecho sagrado, olvide aquí todos los cuidados del mundo, aquí duerma, aquí coma, aquí cante dulcemente con el Profeta, diciendo: Esta es mi morada en los siglos de los siglos; aquí moraré, porque esta morada escogí.
II. Del descendimiento de la cruz, y llanto de la Virgen
Aquí se declara por qué la sagrada Virgen y por qué todos los justos son afligidos en esta vida con diversas tribulaciones
Oh Padre eterno, ya que por tu infinita bondad y misericordia quisiste que así padeciese tu bendito Hijo por nuestros pecados, ¿por qué quieres que padezca también esta sagrada Virgen, que ni por los pecados ajenos merece muerte, pues basta la del Hijo, ni tampoco por los suyos, pues no los tiene? Cuán fácilmente se pudiera templar este trabajo, si en aquella sazón se hallara fuera de Jerusalén, donde no viera con sus ojos al Hijo morir, ni creciera tanto su dolor con la vista del objeto presente. ¡Oh maravillosa dispensación y consejo de Dios! Quieres, Señor, que padezca, no por la redención del mundo, sino porque no hay en el mundo cosa que más te agrade, que el padecer por tu amor. No hay en todo lo criado cosa más preciosa, que, en el cielo, el amor glorioso de los bienaventurados, y en la tierra, el amor atribulado de los justos. En la casa de Dios no hay otra mayor honra, que padecer por su amor. Entre todas las buenas obras y servicios que el Salvador te hizo en este mundo, esta fue la que principalmente señalaste y aceptaste para que fuese el medio de nuestra reparación. Esta fue la joya y la piedra preciosa que, entre todas las riquezas de virtudes que aquel tan rico mercader te puso delante, más te agradó: para darle por ella todo lo que pedía, que era el remedio del mundo.
Pues, si tan rica es esta joya, no es razón que faltase tal pieza como esta a la más perfecta de las perfectas, y aquella que tanto agradó a los ojos de Dios.
Y, demás desto, no hay obra en el mundo que más declare la verdadera virtud, que el padecer trabajos por amor de Dios. Porque la prueba del verdadero amor es la verdadera paciencia por el amado, y ninguna otra probanza es tan sin sospecha como esa. Así como el mismo Dios nunca descubrió a los hombres tan claramente la grandeza de su amor (por muchos otros beneficios que les hizo), hasta que vino a padecer por ellos, así nunca ellos descubrirán el suyo enteramente (por muchos servicios que le hagan), hasta que venga a padecer por él. La tribulación, dice san Pablo, es ocasión y materia de paciencia; y la paciencia es la prueba de la verdadera virtud; y esta prueba nos da la esperanza de la gloria. Pues por esta causa siempre debe el hombre tener por sospechosa toda virtud y santidad que en sí conozca, hasta que sea probada con el testimonio de la tribulación.
Porque, como dice el Sabio, los vasos de barro se prueban en el horno; mas los corazones de los justos en la fragua de la tribulación.
No hizo Dios en todas las obras de la naturaleza cosa que estuviese ociosa; mucho menos querrá que en la de gracia estén sus dones ociosos. Y por esto él se tiene cargo de repartir a cada uno de los escogidos la carga que ha de llevar, conforme a las fuerzas y al talento de la gracia recibida. De manera que no se tiene aquí respeto a la mayor privanza para mayor regalo, sino para mayor trabajo. Darnos has, Señor —dice el Profeta—, a beber lágrimas por medida; y la medida será esta: que el más privado comúnmente sea más afligido y atribulado. Cuando Moisés hizo aquellas amistades y conciertos de paz entre Dios y su pueblo, dice la Escritura divina que roció a todo el pueblo con un hisopo de sangre, y, esto hecho, el resto de la sangre que quedaba derramó sobre el altar. Pues por aquí entiendan todos los que determinan ser amigos de Dios que sus amistades han de ser celebradas y dedicadas con sangre; no sólo con la de Cristo, sino también con la propia de cada uno, que es con la paciencia y sufrimiento de los trabajos. Él bebió primero del cáliz en aquella postrera Cena que cenó con los discípulos; mas, después de haber él bebido, dio las sobras a los convidados y mandó que las repartiesen entre sí y bebiese cada uno dellos también su trago. De manera que a todos ha de caber su parte deste cáliz, y todos es menester que como miembros de Cristo se conformen con Cristo en el padecer.
Sino que en esto está la diferencia: que a los hombres populares e imperfectos basta que sean rociados con sangre; mas los que están más allegados a Dios, y son tales que merecen ya ser llamados altares suyos, estos no sólo han de ser rociados con sangre, sino teñidos y bañados en sangre; porque para los fuertes se guardan las batallas más fuertes, y el premio y las coronas mayores. Las dos personas que en este mundo hubo más amadas de Dios fueron Jesucristo y su Madre, y la ventaja que hicieron a todas las criaturas en la virtud, esa les hicieron en el padecer. No ha habido en el mundo dos personas mejores ni más atribuladas, que estas dos.
Consolaos, pues, todos los atribulados, pues mientras más lo fuéredes, más semejantes seréis a Jesucristo y a su Madre. Consolaos, atribulados, que no por eso sois más desamparados de Dios; antes, si paciencia tenéis, más queridos y más amados. Consolaos otra y otra vez, atribulados, porque no hay sacrificio más agradable a Dios, que el corazón atribulado; ni señal más cierta de su amistad, que la paciencia en la tribulación. No infame nadie las tribulaciones, porque eso es infamar a Cristo y a su Madre, y al mismo Dios, que siempre envía tribulaciones a sus amigos.
¿Qué cosa es la tribulación, sino cruz? Pues ¿qué será infamar la tribulación, sino infamar la cruz? ¿Y qué huir de la tribulación, sino huir de la cruz? Pues, si adoramos la cruz muerta, que es la figura de la cruz, ¿por qué huimos de la viva, que es el padecer por la cruz? Esto es ser como los judíos, de quien dice el Salvador que, habiendo perseguido a los profetas, venían después a edificarles muy grandes y suntuosos sepulcros, honrándolos después de muertos, y persiguiéndolos cuando eran vivos. Pues a estos en su manera parece que imitan los malos cristianos, los cuales, adorando por una parte la cruz muerta, por otra escupen y reniegan de la viva, que es el padecer por la cruz.
Y no se debe nadie desconsolar diciendo que padece por sus pecados o sin pecados; porque, como quiera que padezcas, todo eso es finalmente padecer en cruz. Si padeces por tus pecados, padeces en la cruz del buen ladrón; mas si padeces sin pecados y sin culpa, por eso te deberías más consolar, porque eso es padecer en la cruz del Salvador.
Scripture echoes
- ↩John.19.34;John.19.38-John.19.42 — But one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and immediately blood and water came out. John.19.38 — After these things, Joseph of Arimathea, who was a disciple of Jesus—but secretly, for fear of the Jews—asked Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus. And Pilate granted permission. So he came and took away his body. John.19.39 — Nicodemus also came—the one who had come to him by night at first—bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred litras in weight. John.19.40 — So they took the body of Jesus and bound it in linen cloths with the spices, as is the burial custom of the Jews. John.19.41 — Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden, and in the garden a new tomb in which no one had yet been laid. John.19.42 — There therefore, because of the Jewish day of preparation—since the tomb was nearby—they laid Jesus.
- ↩John.19.38-John.19.42 — After these things, Joseph of Arimathea, who was a disciple of Jesus—but secretly, for fear of the Jews—asked Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus. And Pilate granted permission. So he came and took away his body. John.19.39 — Nicodemus also came—the one who had come to him by night at first—bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred litras in weight. John.19.40 — So they took the body of Jesus and bound it in linen cloths with the spices, as is the burial custom of the Jews. John.19.41 — Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden, and in the garden a new tomb in which no one had yet been laid. John.19.42 — There therefore, because of the Jewish day of preparation—since the tomb was nearby—they laid Jesus.
- ↩John.19.34 — But one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and immediately blood and water came out.
- ↩Lam.1.1 — How sits the city solitary, that was full of people. She who was great among the nations, princess among the provinces — she has become like a widow.
- ↩Lam.1.1 — How sits the city solitary, that was full of people. She who was great among the nations, princess among the provinces — she has become like a widow.
- ↩Rom.12.15 — Rejoice with those who rejoice; weep with those who weep.
- ↩Gen.6.8;1Sam.16.22;Luke.1.30 — But Noah found favor in the eyes of the LORD. 1Sam.16.22 — And Saul sent to Jesse, saying, 'Let David stand before me, for he has found favor in my eyes.' Luke.1.30 — And the angel said to her, "Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.
- ↩Rom.5.8 — But God demonstrates his own love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us.
- ↩Rom.5.3-Rom.5.4 — And not only that, but we also boast in our tribulations, knowing that tribulation produces endurance. Rom.5.4 — and endurance produces character, and character produces hope,
Notes
- 1 ↩Spanish 'tributaria de tanta pena' keeps Lamentations' tribute language; rendered 'tributary to so much pain' to preserve that biblical register rather than flattening to generic suffering.
- 2 ↩"el verdadero Noé" (the true Noah) is Christ-typology: his sacrifice ends the flood of wrath, as Noah's sacrifice after the flood marks restored peace with God.
- 3 ↩The Song image of the dove in the rock's clefts is applied allegorically to Mary's dwelling in Christ's wounds ("heridas y llagas de mi cuerpo").
- 4 ↩verdugos can mean executioners or tormentors; rendered as tormentors to keep the interior-heart metaphor clear without losing the violent force of the figure.
- 5 ↩enristrada: a lance set in rest / leveled for the thrust; rendered as 'leveled'.
- 6 ↩ministro: agent carrying out the act; rendered 'soldier' from the Passion scene of the side-piercing (cf. John 19:34).
- 7 ↩amor de los hombres: read as Christ's love for human beings (objective genitive), the classical side-wound devotion reading.
- 8 ↩Dios te salve: traditional Spanish Ave formula; rendered 'Hail'.
- 9 ↩Spanish 'entrañas de tu amor' is visceral ('inmost depths/bowels of your love'); rendered as 'depths of your love' to keep natural modern English while preserving interior intensity.
- 10 ↩Source 'licuor' (liquor/drink) kept as 'liquor' for the traditional mystical-intoxication register; not ordinary beverage sense.
- 11 ↩trabajo rendered as hardship (trial/toil of suffering), not ordinary labor; templar as eased/tempered.
- 12 ↩amor atribulado kept as afflicted love—love that suffers trial—rather than flattened to mere distress.
- 13 ↩reparación rendered as restoration (repair of fallen humanity); reparation is also possible in a more technical sense.
- 14 ↩privanza = privileged favor/intimacy with God (courtly favorite sense); regalo here means comfort/ease, not 'gift'.
- 15 ↩Metaphorical extension of the Passion cup (and Supper imagery) to shared suffering; not reduced to a mere meal image.
- 16 ↩Continues the previous section’s covenant-blood image (sprinkling vs. full immersion). "hombres populares" = ordinary/common people, not "popular" in the modern sense; "altares suyos" keeps the altar metaphor for those nearest God.
- 17 ↩"cruz muerta" / "cruz viva": the material image or crucifix versus the living cross of actual suffering; "figura" is the outward likeness of the cross.
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