Que los malos príncipes tambien se sirven de la religion para mejor engañar, como enseñan los políticos.
True Faith vs. Political Expediency
The author contrasts the chameleon-like hypocrisy of Ecebolius with the steadfast integrity of Caesarius to expose the dangers of instrumentalizing religion.
To make clearer this difference between us and the politicians — between those who are Christians in name and in works, and those who, having only the name, make a show of religion and use it as a net to catch whatever their greed and mad ambition are after — I want to set down here two examples of two men who lived at the same time and who show us very vividly what we have been saying.1 Ecebolius, a sophist, was the teacher of the Emperor Julian the Apostate and was highly favored and esteemed by him.2 This man, like a consummate politician, in the time of the emperor Constantius pretended to be a Christian in order to conform to the Emperor, and had to present himself as an Arian heretic, because the Emperor was one as well.3 When Constantius died, he became a pagan because Julian was one, all to win more of his favor.4 renouncing the faith that Julian had renounced.5 When Julian died and was succeeded by Jovian—a Catholic and devout prince—Ecebolius, like a chameleon, immediately adopted the new emperor's religion and threw himself at the church door, begging for the Christians' pardon, as Socrates records in his history. He is a living portrait of the politicians of our own time, of whom Emperor Jovian used to say: Non Deum, sed purpuram colunt—they don't worship or believe in God, but in the purple, adopting the prince's religion only to flatter them and win their favor.67 The other example is Caesarius, who, as his brother St. Gregory of Nazianzus says, though he was honored by that same Julian with offices of great authority, invited with affectionate words and promises to serve him, pressed with threats, and tempted and assailed by every craft in the world, never let himself be overcome; rather, he set the purple and majesty of the empire below his own disgrace and the glorious reproach of Christ's cross, because he knew the treasures of glory locked up in it, and he was a Christian in truth, not in appearance.✦✦8 The example of Caesarius is that of a true Catholic; that of Ecebolius is of a consummate politician and disciple of Machiavelli, who wrote in his Discourses: "The princes of a republic or of a kingdom should preserve the foundations of the religion they hold, and by this they will easily keep their state religious, and therefore good and united."9
The Mask of the Machiavellian Prince
By citing Machiavelli and historical examples like Maxentius, Licinius, and Julian, the author demonstrates how wicked rulers manipulate religious appearances to secure power.
And they should favor everything that works in favor of their religion (even if they hold it to be false), and build it up; and they ought to do this all the more, the more prudent and wise they are in natural affairs.»10 So he wants the prince to favor religion, even if he considers it false, in order to keep his subjects under control through that outward appearance.11 What prince is so impious, wicked, and hostile to every religion that he wouldn't follow this teaching and use religion whenever he sees it's necessary for the preservation of his state—pretending to be what he isn't? That is what Maxentius did: though a pagan, he saw that the Christians were numerous, so to avoid having them oppose his bid for the empire, he initially acted favorable and friendly toward them; once he felt more secure and was in control, he persecuted them with remarkable cruelty.12 And Licinius, who was married to Constantia, sister of the great Constantine, seeing that his brother-in-law was a Christian, at first showed himself very kind and a friend to Christians in order to win Constantine's favor all the more, and by that means to be named by Constantine as his partner in the empire; and once he was, he took off the mask, and the fox showed himself a lion, making a slaughter of the Christians.13 So what should I say of the other fox, Julian the Apostate?14 .15 With how much pretense did he favor the Christians, honor the bishops, and give a free hand to...16 Did he give a free hand to the Arian heretics, visit the temples, reverence the relics of the saints, build a church to Saint Mamea the martyr, and put on so many deceptive shows of being a Christian, all so he could enter the empire without resistance and more easily destroy the Christian religion?17
Read the original Latin
Para declarar mejor esta diferencia que hay entre posotros y los políticos, entre los que de nombre y obrag sou cristianos, y los que teniendo solamente el nombre hacen ostentacion de la religion, y se sirven della como de red para pescar lo que pretende su codicia y loca ambicion, quiero poner aquí dos ejemplos de dos hombres que vivieron en un mismo tiempo, y que nos representan muy al yivo lo que vamos diciendo. Ecebolio, sofista, fué maestro del emperador J uliano, Apóstata, y del muy, favorecido y estimado. Éste, como fino político, en tiempo del emperador Constancio se fingió cristiano por conformarse con el Emperador, y deber mostrarse hereje arriano, porque tambien lo era el Emperador. Muerto Constancio, se hizo gentil, porque Juliano lo era, para ganarle más la A. renegando la fe que Juliano babia renegado. Murió Juliano, y sucedióle Joviniano, príncipe, católico y piadoso, y Ecebolio, como camaleon, luégo se transformó en la religion del nuevo emperador, y se echó á la, puerta de la Iglesia pidiendo perdon á los cristianos, como lo dice Sócrates en su historia; que es un vivo retrato de los políticos de nuestro tiempo, loa cuales, como decia Joviniano, emperador, de los del suyo: Non Deum, sed purpuram colunt; que no adoran ni creen en Dios, sino en la púrpura, tomando la religion de los principes para lisonjcarlos y ganar su gracia. El otro ejemplo es de Cesario, el cual, como dice su hermano san Gregorio Nacianceno, siendo honrado con cargos de grande autoridad del mismo Juliano, y con palabras amorosas y promesas convidado para que le sirviese, y apretado con amenazas, y tentado y combatido con todo el artificio del mundo, nunca se dejó vencer, ántes á la púrpura y majestad del imperio antepuso su ignominia y glorioso oprobrio de la cruz de Cristo, porque conocia los tesoros de gloria que en ella están encerrados, y era de véras, y ho en apariencia, cristiano. Este ejemplo de Cesario es de un fino católico; el de Eccbolio de un fino politico y discípulo de Maquiavelo, el cual en sus discursos dice estas palabras: «Los príncipes de una república ó de un reino deben conservar los fundamentos de la religion que tienen, y con esto fácilmente conservarán su república religiosa, y por consiguiente buena y unida.
Y deben favorecer todas las cosas que son en favor de su religlon (aunque las tengan por falsas), y acrecentarlas; y tanto más lo deben hacer, cuanto fueren más prudentes y más sabios de las cosas naturales.» Do manera que quiere que el príncipe favorezca la religion aunque la tenga por falsa, para tener sujetos á sus súbditos con aquella apariencia exterior. ¿Qué principe hay tan impio y malvado, y enemigo de toda religion, que no siga esta doctrina y se sirva de la misma religion cuando para la conservacion de su estado ve que es menester, fingiendo ser lo que no es? Como lo hizo Magencio, el cual, siendo gentil, y viendo que los cristianos eran muchos, por no tenerlos contrarios en su pretension del imperio, se les mostró al principio favorable y amigo, y hallándose más seguro y señior, los persiguió con extraña crueza. Y Licinio, que estaba casado con Constancia, hermana del gran Constantino, viendo que su cufñiado era cristiano, se mostró á los principios muy benévolo y amigo de cristianos para ganarle más la voluntad, y por este medio ser nombrado de Constantino por su compafñiero en el imperio; y cuando lo fuy se quitó la máscara, y la vulpeja se mostró leon, haciendo carnicería de los cristianos. Pues ¿qué diré de la otra, raposa, Juliano, apóstata? . ¿Con cuánta simulacion favoreció á los cristianos, honró á los obispos, dió de.
mano á los herejes arrianos, visitó los templos, reverenció las reliquias de los santos, edificó una iglesia á santa Mamea, mártir, é hizo tantas demostraciones de cristiano con engaño, para entrar en el imperio sin resistencia, y poder más fácilmente destruir la religion cristiana?
Scripture echoes
- ↩Gal.5.11;Heb.13.13;1Cor.1.18 — But if I, brothers, still preach circumcision, why am I still being persecuted? In that case the scandal of the cross has been abolished. Heb.13.13 — So then, let us go out to him outside the camp, bearing his reproach. 1Cor.1.18 — For the word of the cross is folly to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God.
- ↩Col.2.3;Heb.11.26 — in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. Heb.11.26 — He considered the reproach of Christ greater wealth than the treasures of Egypt, for he was looking ahead to the reward.
Notes
- 1 ↩Normalized OCR corruptions: posotros→nosotros, obrag→obras, sou→son, al yivo→al vivo.
- 2 ↩Source reads 'J uliano' and 'y del muy, favorecido y estimado' — taken as Juliano and 'de él muy favorecido y estimado' (much favored and esteemed by him).
- 3 ↩Source 'y deber mostrarse' read as 'y debió mostrarse' (and he had to / did present himself).
- 4 ↩Sentence ends mid-phrase: 'para ganarle más la A.' — completed from sense and parallel idioms in this work (ganarle la voluntad/gracia); likely afición, amistad, or gracia.
- 5 ↩babia→había. This clause continues the prior sentence grammatically.
- 6 ↩Corrected OCR: luégo→luego; loa cuales→los cuales; lisonjcarlos→lisonjearlos; punctuation noise around 'á la, puerta'.
- 7 ↩Latin tag Non Deum, sed purpuram colunt retained; Spanish gloss immediately explains it.
- 8 ↩ho en apariencia→no en apariencia; de véras→de veras.
- 9 ↩Name spelled Eccbolio here vs Ecebolio above — same figure. Quotation is open-ended and continues in the next section.
- 10 ↩Source prints «religlon»; read as «religión» (religion).
- 11 ↩Source prints «Do manera»; read as «De manera» (so / in such a way).
- 12 ↩Source prints «señior» and «crueza»; read as «señor» (master/lord) and «crueldad»/«crueza» as cruelty.
- 13 ↩Source prints «cufñiado», «compafñiero», and «fuy»; read as «cuñado» (brother-in-law), «compañero» (partner/colleague), and «fue» (he was).
- 14 ↩Source has «la otra, raposa, Juliano, apóstata» with commas; read as «la otra raposa» (the other fox), continuing the animal metaphor from the previous sentence's «vulpeja».
- 15 ↩Source sentence is only a bare period («.»); no recoverable Spanish content.
- 16 ↩Sentence is truncated mid-phrase at «dió de.» Neighboring next section begins «mano á los herejes arrianos...», so the intended idiom is almost certainly «dió de mano a...» (gave free rein / a free hand to...). Translation supplies that idiom's opening sense without completing content belonging to the next section.
- 17 ↩This sentence continues the incomplete rhetorical question begun in the previous section (dió de… → dió de mano). Rendered as 'gave a free hand / free rein' for Golden Age dar de mano in a list of simulated favors.
Tratado de la Religión y Virtudes que debe tener el Príncipe Cristiano (The Religion and Virtues of the Christian Prince) companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit