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Chapter 32CanticoEsp.1.32

Canción XXXI

The Bond That Makes Us One

The opening annotation and introduction describe how the soul's love becomes a strong cord that binds God and the soul in such a transforming union that the soul seems God and God the soul.

Annotation of the following song I believe it reveals how, through the interweaving of these garlands and their settling in the soul, the Bride is making clear in this previous song the divine union of love between God and her in this state, since the Bridegroom, among the flowers, is the flower of the field and the lily of the valleys, as he says: Ego flos campi, et lillium convallium. And the hair of the soul's love is, as we have said, what grips and unites this flower of flowers to her; for, as the Apostle says, love is to be held above all things, because it is the bond of perfection, which is union with God, and the soul is the little bundle where these garlands settle; for she is the subject of this glory, the soul no longer appearing as she once was, but as that same perfect flower with the perfection and beauty of all the flowers, because this thread of love grips God and the soul and joins them with such force that it transforms them and makes them one.1 So although they are different in substance, in glory and appearance the soul seems to be God, and God seems to be the soul. Such is this remarkable joining, beyond anything that can be said; and something of it is shown by what Scripture says in the first book of Kings about the love Jonathan had for David, which was so close that it bound the soul of the one to the other: Anima Jonatae conglutinata est animae David.2 So if one man's love for another was so strong that it could bind their souls together, what will be the binding that the soul's love for God himself will create between the soul and her Bridegroom, God — God being here the principal lover, who with the omnipotence of his abyssal love absorbs the soul into himself with more effectiveness and force than a torrent of fire does a drop of morning dew, which tends to fly straight up into the air?3 From this it follows that the hair that does such a work of joining must undoubtedly be very strong and fine, since with such force it penetrates the parts it grips; and that is why the soul declares in the following song the properties of this beautiful hair, saying:

The Song of the Wounding Look

The bride sings that a single strand of hair flying on her neck captures the Bridegroom, and one eye wounds him; the explanation then announces that the soul means to declare strong love, God's delight in it, and the purity of faith.

In that one strand of hair alone, which you watched fluttering on my neck, you looked at it on my neck, and in it you were taken captive, and by one of my eyes you were wounded.✦4 Explanation The soul is trying to say three things in this song. The first is to make clear that the love that binds the virtues is nothing other than strong love alone; because, in truth, it has to be that kind of love if they are to be kept. The second says that God was deeply captivated by this hair of hers—this hair of love—seeing it alone and strong.5 The third says that God fell closely in love with her, seeing the purity and integrity of her faith.6

Strong Love Flying on the Neck

The soul's love is the hair flying on the neck of strength; God looks on it only when it is strong, detached from every other love, and moved by the Holy Spirit, and then he binds the virtues securely in it.

In that one lock alone that you watched flying on my neck. The neck means strength, and she says that in that strength the hair of love was flying—the hair in which the virtues are interwoven, which is love in strength. For it isn't enough that love merely preserve the virtues; it must also be strong, so that no contrary vice can break it on any side of the garland's perfection. The virtues are fastened in this hair of the soul's love in such an order that if it broke in any one of them, then, as we've said, all would fail—because with the virtues, just as where one is present all are present, so too where one is missing, all are missing. She says it was flying on the neck because, in the soul's strength, this love of God flies with great strength and lightness, without stopping at anything. And just as on the neck the air stirs the hair and makes it fly, so too the air of the Holy Spirit moves and stirs strong love so that it takes flight toward God—because without this divine wind, which moves the faculties to the exercise of divine love, the virtues neither work nor produce their effects, even if they are present in the soul. And when the Beloved says he watched this hair flying on the neck, he makes known how much God loves strong love; for to consider something is to look at it with particular attention and esteem, and strong love does much to make God turn his eyes to look at it.✦7 You looked at it on my neck. She says this so the soul may understand that God didn't just prize and esteem this love when He saw it alone, but also loved it when He saw it strong. For God to look is to love, just as for God to consider is, as we have said, to esteem what He considers. She returns again in this verse to the neck, saying of the hair: "You looked at it on my neck." This is the reason why He loved it so much—namely, seeing it in strength. It's as if she said: You loved it, seeing it strong, without faintheartedness or fear, and alone, without any other love, and flying with lightness and fervor.8 Until now, God hadn't looked at this hair in a way that would catch Him in it, because He hadn't seen it alone and detached from the other hairs—that is, from other loves, affections, and pleasures—with which it wasn't flying solely on the neck of strength. But after it came to detach itself and grow strong through mortifications, hardships, temptations, and penance, so that it doesn't break under any force or occasion, then God looks at it and catches and fastens in it the flowers of these garlands; for it has the strength to hold them fastened in the soul.9 But what these temptations and trials are, what kind they are, and how far they reach the soul so that it can come to this strength of love in which God unites Himself with the soul, has been treated in the Dark Night and in the exposition of the four songs that begin: "O living flame of love!"10 Something is said of it there; for this reason, this soul, having passed through that, has reached such a degree of love of God that it has already merited the divine union; and so she says next:

Captive in a Single Hair

The soul marvels that God remains captive in a single hair of love, and the commentary explains that this precious captivity comes from God's gracious look and condescension rather than from any power of her lowly love.

And in it you were held captive. Oh, what a thing, worthy of all esteem and joy: that God would remain captive in a single hair! The reason for this so precious captivity is that God was willing to stop and look at the flight of the hair on the neck, as the preceding verses say; for, as we've said, God's looking is loving; for if by his grace and mercy he did not first look upon us and love us, as Saint John says, and lower himself, the flight of the hair of our lowly love would not catch him, because its flight was too low to fasten our love to this divine bird of the heights, move her to look at us, and stir and raise the flight of our love, giving it courage and strength for that if he did not look; but he himself was captivated by the flight of the hair—that is, he himself took pleasure and delight in it; and so he was captivated; and that is what "you looked at it on my neck, and in it you remained captive" means.111213 For it's very believable that the low-flying bird can catch the royal eagle soaring high, if she comes down to the low place, wanting to be caught. And it continues:

Wounded by One Eye of Faith

The final line is explained as the wounding of God through the soul's single, pure faith, which unites the understanding and will, and the soul glories in this merciful captivity with joyful gratitude.

And you were wounded by one of my eyes. Here, “the eye” is understood to mean faith, and the verse says it was only one eye and that he was wounded in it. If the soul’s faith and fidelity toward God were not single—if it were mixed with some other regard or courtesy—then it wouldn’t succeed in wounding God with love. So the eye in which he is wounded must be only one, just as there is only one hair by which the Beloved is caught. And so close is the love with which the Bridegroom is caught by the bride in this unique fidelity he sees in her, that if he is caught by the hair of her love, in the eye of faith he tightens the captivity with a tight knot, which makes a wound of love in him through the great tenderness of the affection with which he is attached to her; and this is to draw her further into his love. The Bridegroom says this same thing about the hair and the eye to his bride in the Song of Songs: Vulnerasti cor meum, soror mea sponsa, vulnerasti cor meum in uno oculorum tuorum, et in uno crine colli tui; “You have wounded my heart, my sister and my bride; you have wounded my heart with one of your eyes and with one hair of your neck.” In this he twice repeats that she has wounded his heart—namely, with the eye and with the hair—and that is why the soul speaks of the eye and the hair in this song: because in it she points to the union she has with God according to the understanding and according to the will; for the understanding is subject to faith, signified by the eye, and the will is subject through love.14 Of this union the soul glories here, and she thanks her Bridegroom for this mercy as received from his hand, highly esteeming that he has been willing to take satisfaction in her love and be captivated by it; in which one might consider the joy, gladness, and delight the soul will have with such a prisoner, since for so long she herself had been his, going about in love with him.15

Read the original Spanish

Anotación de la canción siguiente

Creo que está dando a entender cómo, por el entretejimiento de estas guirnaldas y asiento de ellas en el alma, quiere dar a entender en esta canción pasada la Esposa la divina unión de amor que hay entre Dios y ella en este estado, pues el Esposo, en las flores, es la flor del campo y el lirio de los valles, como él dice: Ego flos campi, et lillium convallium. Y el cabello del amor del alma es, como habemos dicho, el que ase y une con ella esta flor de las flores; pues, como dice el Apóstol, el amor se ha de tener sobre todas las cosas, porque es la atadura de la perfección, la cual es la unión con Dios, y el alma el hacecico donde se asientan estas guirnaldas; pues ella es el sujeto de esta gloria, no pareciendo el alma ya lo que antes era, sino la misma flor perfecta con la perfección y hermosura de todas las flores, porque, con tanta fuerza los ase a Dios y al alma este hilo de amor, y los junta, que los transforma y hace uno por uno. De manera que, aunque en sustancia son diferentes, en gloria y parecer el alma parece Dios, y Dios el alma. Tal es esta junta admirable sobre todo lo que se puede decir; y de ella se da algo a entender por lo que dice en la Escritura, en el primer libro de los Reyes, del amor que Jonatás tenía a David, que era tan estrecho, que conglutinó el alma del uno con el otro: Anima Jonatae conglutinata est animae David. Pues si el amor de un hombre para con otro fue tan fuerte que pudo conglutinar las almas, ¿que será la conglutinación que hará del alma con su Esposo, Dios, el amor que el alma tiene al mismo Dios, siendo Dios aquí el principal amante, que con la omnipotencia de su abismal amor absorbe al alma en sí con más eficacia y fuerza que un torrente de fuego a una gota del rocío de la mañana, que suele volar resueltamente en el aire? De donde, en el cabello que tal obra de juntura hace, sin duda conviene que sea muy fuerte y sutil, pues con la tanta fuerza penetra las partes que se ase; y por eso el alma declara en la canción siguiente las propiedades de este hermoso cabello, diciendo:

En sólo aquel cabello, Que en mi cuello volar consideraste, Mirástele en mi cuello, Y en él preso quedaste, Y en uno de mis ojos te llagaste.

DECLARACIÓN

Tres cosas quiere decir el alma en esta canción. La primera es dar a entender que aquel amor en que están asidas las virtudes no es otro sino sólo el amor fuerte; porque a la verdad él ha de ser tal para conservarlas. La segunda dice que Dios se prendó mucho de este su cabello de amor, viéndolo solo y fuerte. La tercera dice que estrechamente se enamoró de Dios ella, viendo la pureza y entereza de su fe.

En solo aquel cabello, Que en mi cuello volar consideraste.

El cuello significa la fortaleza, en la cual dice que volaba el cabello del amor, en que están entretejidas las virtudes, que es amor en fortaleza; porque no basta que sea solo para conservar las virtudes, sino que también sea fuerte, para que ningún vicio contrario le pueda quebrar por ningún lado de la perfección de la guirnalda, porque por tal orden están asidas en este cabello del amor del alma las virtudes, que si en alguna quebrase, luego, como habemos dicho, faltarían todas; porque las virtudes, así como donde está una están todas, también donde una falta, faltan todas. Dice que volaba en el cuello, porque en la fortaleza del alma vuela este amor de Dios con gran fortaleza y ligereza, sin detenerse en cosa alguna; y así como en el cuello el aire menea y hace volar el cabello, así también el aire del Espíritu Santo mueve y altera el amor fuerte, para que haga vuelos a Dios, porque sin este divino viento, que mueve las potencias a ejercicio de amor divino, no obran ni hacen sus efectos las virtudes, aunque las haya en el alma; y en lo que dice el Amado consideró en el cuello volar este cabello, da a entender cuánto ama Dios al amor fuerte; porque considerar, es mirar muy particularmente con atención y estimación de aquello que se mira, y el amor fuerte hace mucho a Dios volver los ojos a mirarle.

Mirástele en mi cuello.

Lo cual dice, para dar a entender el alma que, no sólo preció y estimó Dios este amor viéndolo solo, sino que también le amó viéndolo fuerte; porque mirar Dios es amar, así como el considerar Dios es, como habemos dicho, estimar lo que considera; y vuelve a repetir en este verso el cuello, diciendo del cabello: «Mirástele en mi cuello»; porque, como está dicho, es esta la causa por qué le amó mucho, es a saber, verle en fortaleza; y así, es como si dijera: Amástele, viéndole fuerte, sin pusilanimidad ni temor, y solo, sin otro amor, y volar con ligereza y fervor. Hasta aquí no había Dios mirado este cabello para prenderse en él, porque no le había visto solo y desasido de los demás cabellos, esto es, de otros amores, aficiones y gustos, con los cuales no volaba sólo en el cuello de la fortaleza; mas, después que por las mortificaciones y trabajos y tentaciones y penitencia se vino a desasir y a hacer fuerte, de manera que ni por cualquier fuerza ni ocasión quiebra, entonces ya le mira Dios, y prende y ase en él las flores de estas guirnaldas; pues tiene fortaleza para tenerlas asidas en el alma. Mas cuáles y cómo sean tentaciones éstas y trabajos, y hasta dónde llegan al alma para poder venir a esta fortaleza de amor, en que Dios se une con el alma, se ha hecho en la noche escura, y en la declaración de las cuatro canciones que comienzan: «¡Oh llama de amor viva!» se dice algo de ello; por lo cual, habiendo pasado esta alma, ha llegado a tal grado de amor de Dios, que ha merecido ya la divina unión; y así, dice luego:

Y en él preso quedaste.

¡Oh cosa digna de toda estimación y gozo, quedar Dios preso en un cabello! La causa de esta prisión tan preciosa es el haber Dios querido pararse a mirar el vuelo del cabello en el cuello, como dicen los versos precedentes; porque, como habemos dicho, el mirar de Dios es amar; porque si él por su gracia y misericordia no nos mirara y amara primero, como dice San Juan, y se abajara, ninguna presa hiciera en él el vuelo del cabello de nuestro bajo amor, porque no tenía él tan bajo vuelo que llegase a prender nuestro amor a esta divina ave de las alturas, y provocarla a mirarnos, y provocar y levantar el vuelo de nuestro amor, dándole valor y fuerza para ella si él no mirara; pero él mismo se prendó en el vuelo del cabello, esto es, él mismo se pagó y se agradó; por lo cual se prendó; y eso quiere decir «mirástele en mi cuello, y en él preso quedaste». Porque cosa muy creíble es que el ave de bajo vuelo pueda prender al águila real muy subida, si ella se viene a lo bajo, queriendo ser presa. Y sigue:

Y en uno de mis ojos te llagaste.

Entiéndese aquí por el ojo la fe; y dice uno solo, y que en él se llagó, porque si la fe y fidelidad del alma para con Dios no fuese sola, sino mezclada con otro algún respecto o cumplimiento, no llegaría a efecto de llagar a Dios de amor; y así, sólo un ojo ha de ser en que se llaga, así como un solo cabello en que se prenda el Amado. Y es tan estrecho el amor con que el Esposo se prenda de la esposa en esta fidelidad única, que ve en ella, que si en el cabello de su amor se prenda, en el ojo de la fe aprieta con estrecho nudo la prisión, que le hace llaga de amor por la gran ternura del afecto con que está aficionado a ella; lo cual es entrarla más en su amor. Esto mismo del cabello y del ojo dice el Esposo en los Cantares a su esposa: Vulnerasti cor meum soror mea sponsa, vulnerasti cor meum in uno oculorum tuorum, et in uno crine colli tui; «Llagaste mi corazón, hermana y esposa mía; llagaste mi corazón en uno de tus ojos y en un cabello de tu cuello». En lo cual dos veces repite haberle llagado el corazón, es a saber, en el ojo y en el cabello, y por eso el alma hace relación en esta canción del ojo y del cabello, porque en ella denota la unión que tiene con Dios, según el entendimiento y según la voluntad; porque a la fe, significada por el ojo, se sujeta el entendimiento y la voluntad por amor. De la cual unión se gloría aquí el alma, y regracia esta merced a su Esposo, como recibida de su mano, estimando en mucho haberse querido pagar y prendar de su amor; en lo cual se podría considerar el gozo, alegría y deleite que el alma tendrá con este tal prisionero, pues tanto tiempo había que lo era ella de él, andando de él enamorada.

Scripture echoes

  1. ↩Song.4.9 — You have captivated my heart, my sister, my bride; you have captivated my heart with one glance of your eyes, with one jewel of your neck.
  2. ↩John.3.8 — The Spirit blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it is going. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.

Notes

  1. 1 ↩'hace uno por uno' rendered as 'makes them one' (unity of God and the soul); the Spanish is elliptical and could be read more woodenly as 'makes one into one.'
  2. 2 ↩'Conglutinó' kept as strong binding rather than soft affection; the Latin citation is retained as quoted.
  3. 3 ↩'Abismal' rendered as 'abyssal' (of the abyss / fathomless depth), not moral 'abysmal'.
  4. 4 ↩llagaste: rendered as 'you were wounded' (Bridegroom wounded by the bride's loving glance), the usual mystical sense; not 'you wounded [someone else]'.
  5. 5 ↩Spanish prendarse de: to become captivated/enamored; cabello de amor keeps the song's metaphor of a single lock of love.
  6. 6 ↩Supplied word order is «se enamoró de Dios ella»; the parallel with sentence 3 and the usual Spiritual Canticle sense point to «se enamoró Dios de ella» (God fell in love with her). Translated that corrected reading.
  7. 7 ↩Spanish 'altera' here means stirs or agitates the strong love into motion, not moral corruption; rendered as 'stirs'.
  8. 8 ↩Spanish mirar Dios / considerar Dios treats God's looking and considering as themselves acts of loving and esteeming; rendered as "for God to look/consider is…" to keep that identity.
  9. 9 ↩prenderse / prende / ase keep the catching-and-fastening image continued in the next section (preso quedaste); aficiones rendered as affections in the attachment sense.
  10. 10 ↩noche escura kept as the recognizable title Dark Night; declaración rendered as exposition (commentary), not a bare "declaration."
  11. 11 ↩Spanish "no tenía él tan bajo vuelo que llegase a..." is rendered by sense as an insufficient (too low) flight to reach the bird of the heights, matching the low-bird / high-eagle analogy in the next sentence; a wooden "so low that it could" would invert the height logic.
  12. 12 ↩"se pagó y se agradó": Golden Age "pagarse de" / "agradarse" = take pleasure in / be pleased; rendered "took pleasure and delight in it."
  13. 13 ↩"prender nuestro amor a esta divina ave" taken as fastening/attaching our love to the divine bird (and so catching her), parallel with "provocarla."
  14. 14 ↩Final clause pairs faculties with symbols: understanding subjected to faith (the eye), will subjected through love (the hair, implied by the earlier pairing).
  15. 15 ↩"pagar y prendar de su amor" rendered as taking satisfaction in / being captivated by her love; both commercial-pledge and affective-captivity senses are live in the Spanish.

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