Speculum caritatis (The Mirror of Charity)
Speculum caritatis
Amor ipse ordo est, et sine ordine amor esse non potest.
Our renderingLove itself is order, and love cannot exist without order.
What it is
Written at the insistence of Bernard of Clairvaux, Aelred's first major treatise describes the three degrees of charity — charity toward God, toward neighbour, and toward oneself — as the heart of Cistercian formation. Aelred had spent his formative years in the Scottish royal household as steward to King David I before entering Rievaulx; his fluency in the psychology of court life and friendship gave this work an unusual ability to address the inner lives of the wellborn. The text was composed within a court-monastery nexus unique in 12th-century England and Scotland, and Aelred's subsequent career included repeated diplomatic missions from the court. Its meditative passages on Christ's humanity anticipate the full affective piety tradition.
Why it still matters
The Mirror of Charity offers a thoughtful map for examining the quality and order of one's loves; it is available in a Cistercian Publications critical translation and rewards slow, meditative reading one section at a time.
Kept alongside
Orationes sive Meditationes (Prayers and Meditations)
Orationes sive Meditationes
A collection of nineteen prayers and three meditations composed by Anselm of Bec between c. 1070 and 1085, representing the founding documents of western affective devotion. Anselm sent a personalised copy to Princess Adelaide of Normandy (daughter of William the Conqueror) in 1081 in response to her request for psalms, adding long intimate prayers addressed to individual saints. He later sent a 'Matildan recension' of twenty-two prayers and meditations to Countess Matilda of Tuscany during his second exile (1103–6), composing at least one prayer (Oratio 1) expressly for her use. The prayers are cast in a new mode of intense psychological self-examination, designed to arouse compunction, love, and fear of God in private reading.
De diligendo Deo (On Loving God)
De diligendo Deo
Bernard of Clairvaux's treatise setting out four ascending degrees of love for God, dedicated to Haimeric, Cardinal Chancellor of the Roman Church and among the most powerful ecclesiastical figures of the 12th century. Composed between approximately 1132 and 1135, it was the first work in the Latin West to make the love of God its single explicit subject. Bernard's connections to the French royal court were direct — Louis VII, Queen Eleanor, and the princes of France prostrated themselves before him during Crusade preaching — and the text's elegant theological structure made it a model for lay noble reading. An anonymous French vernacular translation existed already by the late 12th century.
Sermones super Cantica Canticorum (Sermons on the Song of Songs)
Sermones super Cantica Canticorum
Bernard's eighty-six sermons on the Song of Songs, begun c. 1135 and left unfinished at his death in 1153, represent the summit of 12th-century mystical exegesis and became one of the most widely copied Latin texts of the medieval period. While addressed formally to his monks at Clairvaux, the sermons were circulated and read far beyond the cloister: Bernard was the central spiritual authority for royal and aristocratic Europe alike, and the courts of France, England, and the Empire received and debated his writings. The sermons teach the soul's ascent to union with the divine Bridegroom through humility, self-knowledge, and love, using the language of bridal mysticism in a way that resonated as much with court culture as with monastic life.