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Chapter 51JulianShowings.1.51

The answere to the doute afor by a mervelous example of a lord and a servant; and God will be abidyn, for it was nere twenty yeres after ere she fully understode this example; and how it is understod that Crist syttith on the ryth hand of the Fader. Fifty-first chapter.

The Lord and the Servant: The Fall

Julian sees a lord and a servant; the servant eagerly runs to do the lord's will but falls into a ditch, suffering seven great pains.

And then our courteous Lord answered by showing, in a fully mystical way, a wonderful example of a lord who has a servant, and gave my understanding sight of both of them—a sight that was shown double in the lord, and the sight was shown double in the servant.1 Then one part was shown spiritually in bodily likeness, and the other part was shown more spiritually, without bodily likeness. For the first, it went like this: I saw two persons in bodily likeness—that is to say, a lord and a servant—and with that God gave me spiritual understanding. The lord sits solemnly in rest and in peace; the servant stands by, before his lord reverently, ready to do his lord's will. The lord looks on his servant very lovingly, and sweetly and meekly he sends him to a certain place to do his will.2 The servant not only goes, but suddenly he springs up and runs in great haste for love to do his lord's will, and at once he falls into a ditch and takes a very great hurt.3 And then he groans and moans and wails and writhes, but he cannot rise or help himself in any way. And of all this, the greatest harm I saw in him was the lack of comfort.4 For he couldn't turn his face to look at his loving lord, who was very close to him, and in whom there is full comfort; but like a man who was weak and unwise at that time, he focused on his feeling and endured in woe, and in that woe he suffered seven great pains.5 The first was the severe bruising he took in his fall, which was a pain he could feel. The second was the heaviness of his body. The third was the feebleness that followed from these two. The fourth was that he was blinded in his reason and stunned in his mind so thoroughly that he had almost forgotten his own love. The fifth was that he could not rise. The sixth was most marvelous to me, and that was that he lay alone. I looked all around and took it in, and neither far nor near, high nor low, did I see any help for him. The seventh was that the place he lay on was long, hard, and grievous.

The Lord's Compassionate Gaze

Julian marvels at the servant's meekness and sees the lord's double expression of pity and joy, promising a reward greater than if the servant had not fallen.

I marveled that this servant could meekly endure all this woe there. And I looked carefully to see if I could perceive any fault in him, or if the lord would assign any blame to him. And truly, none was seen. For only his good will and his great desire were the cause of his falling. And inwardly he was as willing and as good as when he stood before his lord, ready to do his will.6 And just so, continually, his loving lord looks on him with full tenderness—and now with a double expression: one outward, very meekly and mildly, with great compassion and pity, and this belonged to the first; another inward, more spiritual, and this was shown by a leading of my understanding into the lord, in whom I saw him greatly rejoicing for the honorable rest and nobility that he will and shall bring his servant to by his abundant grace; and this belonged to that other showing.7 And now my understanding was led back into the first, keeping both in mind. Then this courteous lord says in his meaning: See, see, my beloved servant—what harm and hardship he has taken in my service for my love, yes, and for his good will. Isn't it right that I reward him for his fright and his dread, his hurt and his maiming, and all his woe?8 And not only this, but isn't it fitting for me to give a gift that is better for him and more honorable than his own wholeness would have been?9 Otherwise, it seems to me, I'd be doing him no favor.10 And in this, an inward spiritual showing of the Lord's meaning descended into my soul, in which I saw that it must necessarily be—given his great and own honor—that his precious servant, whom he loved so much, should be truly and blissfully rewarded without end, beyond what he would have been if he had not fallen; yes, and so far that his falling and the woe he has taken from it shall be turned into high and surpassing honor and endless bliss.1112

The Mystery of the Example

The vision fades, but Julian continues to ponder the example, realizing it contains hidden properties and that the full understanding came only after twenty years.

And at this point the showing of the example vanished, and our good Lord led my understanding forward, in sight and in the showing of the Revelation, through to the end. But despite all this leading forward, my wonder at the example never left me, for I thought it was given to me as an answer to my desire. And yet I could not take full understanding in it to my ease at that time. For in the servant who was shown for Adam, as I shall say, I saw many diverse properties that could in no way be attributed to Adam alone.13 And so at that time I stood much in unknowing. For the full understanding of this marvelous example was not given to me at that time; in this mysterious example, three properties of the revelation are still largely hidden.14 And despite this, I saw and understood that every showing is full of secrets.15 And therefore I must now describe three properties by which I am somewhat eased. The first is the beginning of the teaching that I understood in it at that same time.16 The second is the inward learning that I have understood in it since then. The third is the whole revelation from beginning to end—that is to say, of this book—which our Lord God, out of His goodness, often freely brings to the sight of my understanding. And these three are so united in my understanding that I cannot separate them, nor am I able to.17 And these three being as one, I have teaching by which I ought to believe and trust in our Lord God: that by the same goodness with which He showed it, and for the same end—just so, by the same goodness and for the same end—He will declare it to us when it is His will.18

The Lord's Appearance and Meaning

Julian describes the lord's appearance—his sitting on barren earth, blue clothing, and merciful countenance—and interprets these details as signs of God's nature and his dwelling in the human soul.

For twenty years after the vision, with the exception of three months, I received inward teaching, as I will explain. It is your responsibility to pay attention to all the qualities and conditions shown in the example, even if you think they are obscure and lack clear significance to your eyes.1920 I willingly agreed with great desire, and I looked inward with careful attention at all the points and qualities shown at that time, as far as my wit and understanding allowed. I began my contemplation with the lord and the servant: the way the lord sat and the place where he sat, the color of his clothing, the manner of his appearance and his outward expression, and his nobility and goodness within; the way the servant stood, and the place where and how; his style of clothing, the color and the shape; his outward bearing; and his inward goodness and his ready willingness.2122 The lord who sat solemnly in rest and in peace — I understand that he is God. The servant who stood before the lord — I understood that this was shown for Adam; that is to say, one man was shown at that time, and his falling, so that by this it might be understood how God looks on a person and that person's falling.23 For in God's sight, all humankind is one person, and one person is all humankind.24 This man was hurt in his strength and made utterly feeble, and he was stunned in his understanding, because he turned away from looking at his lord. But his will was kept whole in God's sight, for I saw our Lord commend and approve his will. But he himself was hindered and blinded from knowing this will, and this is great sorrow and grievous distress to him.25 For he neither sees clearly his loving Lord, who is to him utterly meek and mild, nor does he see truly what he himself is in the sight of his loving Lord. And I know well that when these two are wisely and truly seen, we shall receive rest and peace here in part, and the fullness of the bliss of heaven by His plentiful grace.26 And this was a beginning of teaching that I saw at the same time, through which I could come to know how He looks on us in our sin. And then I saw that only the pains blame and punish, and our courteous Lord comforts and sorrows, and He is always toward the soul with a glad countenance, loving and longing to bring us to bliss.2728 The place our Lord sat on was simple: the earth, barren and deserted, alone in the wilderness. His clothing was wide and long, and entirely fitting for a lord.29 The color of His clothing was blue as azure, most deep and beautiful.30 His countenance was merciful. The color of His face was a beautiful brown, with richly handsome features; His eyes were black, very beautiful and seemly, showing full of lovely pity; and within Him was a high realm, long and broad, all full of endless heavens.3132 And the lovely gaze with which He looked on His servant continually—and especially in his falling—it seemed to me it might melt our hearts with love and burst them open with joy.33 The beautiful gaze showed a fitting mixture that was marvelous to behold.34 The one was compassion and pity; the other was joy and bliss.35 The joy and bliss surpass compassion and pity as far as Heaven is above the earth.✦ The pity was earthly, and the bliss was heavenly. The compassion in the Father's pity was for the falling of Adam, who is His most loved creature. The joy and the bliss were of His dearly loved Son, who is equal with the Father.36 The merciful gaze of His lovely countenance filled all the earth and went down with Adam into Hell, and by that continual pity Adam was kept from endless death. And this mercy and pity dwell with mankind until the time we come up into Heaven. But humankind is blinded in this life, and therefore we cannot see our Father, God, as He is. And whenever in His goodness He wills to show Himself to humankind, He shows Himself familiarly, as a human being.37 Nonetheless I saw truly that we ought to know and believe that the Father is not man.38 But His sitting on the earth, barren and deserted, means this: He made the human soul to be His own city and His dwelling place, which is most pleasing to Him of all His works. And when humankind had fallen into sorrow and pain, he was not altogether fitting to serve in that noble office.39 And therefore our kind Father would appoint Himself no other place but to sit upon the earth, awaiting humankind, which is mixed with earth, until by His grace His dearly loved Son had bought His city back again into its noble fairness by His hard travail.40 The blueness of the clothing betokens His steadfastness; the brownness of His fair face, with the seemly blackness of the eyes, was most fitting to show His holy soberness. The largeness of His clothing, which was fair and flaming about Him, betokens that He has enclosed in Himself all heavens and all joy and bliss.41

The Servant's Clothing and Labor

Julian examines the servant's outward appearance—his simple, stained tunic—and his task as a gardener, while wondering about the treasure in the earth and the servant's origin.

And this was shown in a touch, where, I say, my understanding was led into the Lord, where I saw Him rejoicing greatly over the glorious restoration that He will and shall bring His servant to by His abundant grace.4243 And yet I was amazed as I looked at the lord and the servant I've already described. I saw the lord sitting solemnly and the servant standing reverently before the lord; and this servant has a twofold understanding: one outward, another inward.✦44 Outwardly he was dressed simply, like a laborer ready for hard work, and he stood very near the lord—not directly in front of him, but a little to the side, that is, on the left.4546 His clothing was a white tunic, single-layered, old and stained all over, soaked with the sweat of his body, fitting tightly and short—about a hand's breadth below the knee—threadbare, looking as if it would soon wear out, ready to become ragged and torn.47 And at this I was greatly amazed, thinking: This is now unseemly clothing for the servant who is so highly loved, to stand before so revered a lord.48 And inwardly, in him, a ground of love was shown: the love he had for the lord was exactly like the love the lord had for him. The wisdom of the servant saw inwardly that there was one thing to do that would be for the honor of the lord.49 And the servant, for love—having no regard for himself or for anything that might befall him—hastily sprang up and ran at his lord’s sending to do that thing which was his will and his honor.50 For by his outward clothing it seemed as if he had been a continual laborer for a long time. And from the inward sight I had of both the lord and the servant, it seemed that he was new—that is to say, newly beginning to labor—this servant who had never been sent out before.51 There was a treasure in the earth that the lord loved. I marveled and wondered what it might be. And I was answered in my understanding: It is a food that is lovely and pleasing to the lord.52 For I saw the lord sitting as a man, and I saw neither food nor drink with which to serve him. This was one marvel. Another marvel was that this solemn lord had only one servant, and that servant he sent out. I looked on, thinking what kind of labor it might be that the servant should do, and then I understood that he should do the greatest labor and hardest toil there is.53 He should be a gardener, digging and ditching, working hard and sweating, and turn the earth upside down, and seek the depths, and water the plants in due season; and in this he should continue his toil and make sweet floods run, and noble and plentiful fruits spring up, which he should bring before the lord and serve him with them to his liking.54 And he should never turn back until he had this food all ready, as he knew it pleased the lord; and then he should take this food with the drink that belongs with it, and carry it with full honor before the lord.55 All this time, the lord remained in the same place, waiting for the servant he had sent out. Still, I wondered where the servant had come from. For I saw in the lord that he has within himself endless life and every kind of goodness, except that treasure that was in the earth—and that was grounded in the lord in the marvelous depth of endless love. But it wasn't fully to his honor until this servant had prepared it so nobly and brought it before him, present in himself.56 And apart from the lord, there was nothing but wilderness.57 I didn't fully understand what this example meant, and so I wondered where the servant had come from.

Christ and Adam: One in the Servant

Julian reveals that the servant represents both Christ and Adam, showing that Christ's incarnation and passion unite all humanity with him in longing and desire.

The servant includes the Second Person of the Trinity, and the servant includes Adam—that is, all humankind. And therefore when I say the Son, I mean the Godhead, which is equal to the Father; and when I say the servant, I mean Christ's manhood, which is rightful Adam.58 By the nearness of the servant we understand the Son, and by the standing on the left side we understand Adam. The lord is the Father, God; the servant is the Son, Christ Jesus; the Holy Spirit is the equal love that is in them both.59 When Adam fell, God's Son fell. For, because of the rightful union that was made in Heaven, God's Son could not be parted from Adam—for by Adam I understand all humankind.60 Adam fell from life to death into the valley of this wretched world, and after that into Hell.61 God's Son fell with Adam into the valley of the Maiden's womb, who was the fairest daughter of Adam; this was to excuse Adam from blame in Heaven and on earth; and He mightily fetched him out of Hell. God's Son is understood through the wisdom and goodness found in the servant. The poor clothing, like that of a laborer standing to the left, represents humanity and Adam, along with all the harm and weakness that follow.62 In all of this, our good Lord showed His own Son and Adam as one single person. The virtue and goodness we possess come from Jesus Christ, while the weakness and blindness we have come from Adam—both of which were shown in the servant. And so, our good Lord Jesus has taken all our blame upon Himself; therefore, our Father neither can nor will assign any more blame to us than He does to His own dearly beloved Son, Christ.63 He was the servant even before coming to earth, standing ready before the Father in purpose until the time He would be sent to perform that worshipful deed by which humankind was brought back into Heaven—even though, as God, He is equal to the Father in His Godhead.64 But in His foreseeing purpose to become man and save humankind by fulfilling His Father's will, He stood before His Father as a servant, willingly taking all our burdens upon Himself.65 Then He sprang forward, fully ready at the Father's will, and at once He fell low into the Maiden's womb, having no regard for Himself or for His own intense suffering.66 That garment is the flesh; the unique thing is that there was nothing at all between the Godhead and the manhood.67 The scarcity is poverty.68 The worn look comes from Adam's wearing; the sweat stains come from Adam's toil.69 The shortness indicates the servant's labor. And so I saw the Son standing, saying in effect: Look, my dear Father, I stand before You in Adam's garment, ready to spring up and run.70 I would go to earth to honor You when it is Your will to send me.71 How long shall I desire? The Son knew precisely when it was the Father's will, and how long He would have to desire. That is, regarding the Godhead, for He is the wisdom of the Father. That is why this meaning was shown in the understanding of Christ's manhood. For all humanity that will be saved by the sweet incarnation and blissful passion of Christ — all of this is the manhood of Christ.72 For He is the head, and we are His members; and for those members the day and time are unknown when every passing woe and sorrow will come to an end and everlasting joy and bliss will be fulfilled — the day and time all the company of Heaven longs to see. And for all who will be under heaven and who will come there, their path is through longing and desire — the same desire and longing that was shown in the servant standing before the Lord, or, put another way, in the Son standing before the Father in Adam's tunic.73 For the longing and desire of all humanity that will be saved appeared in Jesus, for Jesus is all who will be saved, and all who will be saved are Jesus — and all of this is of the love of God, with obedience, meekness, and patience, and the virtues that belong to us.74

The ABC of the Example

Julian interprets the details of the example as an ABC of understanding, explaining the father's sitting, the servant's standing, springing, and falling as symbols of the incarnation and passion.

Also, in this marvelous example, I have a teaching with me, as if it were the beginning of an ABC, by which I can gain some understanding of our Lord's meaning. For the secrets of the Revelation are hidden in it, even though all the showing is full of secrets.75 The Father's sitting signifies His Godhead—that is, it shows rest and peace—for in the Godhead there can be no toil.76 And His showing Himself as Lord is a sign meant for our humanity.77 The servant's standing signifies toil; standing aside and to the left signifies that he wasn't completely worthy to stand always upright before the Lord.78 His springing forth was the Godhead, and the running was the manhood.79 For the Godhead sprang from the Father into the Maiden's womb, falling into the taking on of our nature. And in this falling He took on great hurt.80 The pain He took on was our flesh, in which He also had a very keen feeling of mortal pains. That He stood in dread before the Lord, and not straight on, signifies that His clothing was not seemly enough to stand squarely before the Lord.81 Nor could that, nor should it, be His office while He was a laborer.82 Nor could He sit in rest and peace with the Lord either, until He had won His peace rightfully by His hard labor.83 And by the left side is meant that the Father willingly left His own Son in the manhood to suffer all human pains without sparing Him.✦ By his tunic being about to become ragged and torn, we understand the strokes and the scourges, the thorns and the nails, the pulling and the dragging, his tender flesh tearing—as I saw in part: the flesh was torn from the skull, falling in pieces until the bleeding stopped, and then it began to dry, clinging again to the bone.84 And by the wallowing and writhing, groaning and moaning, we understand that He could never rise in His full power from the time He fell into the Virgin's womb until His body was slain and dead, yielding His soul into the Father's hands, along with all humankind for whom He was sent.

From Suffering to Glory

Julian describes Christ's descent into hell, resurrection, and glorification, culminating in the Son sitting at the Father's right hand in endless rest, with humanity as his crown.

And at this point He first began to show His might, because He went into Hell, and when He was there He raised up the great root out of the deep depths, which was rightfully knit to Him in high Heaven.✦85 The body was in the grave until Easter morning, and from that time He never lay there again. For then the wallowing and the writhing, the groaning and the moaning, were rightfully ended. And our foul, mortal flesh that God's Son took upon Himself — which was Adam's old tunic, tight, bare, and short — was then made fair by our Savior, now white and bright and endlessly pure, wide and ample, fairer and richer than the clothing I then saw on the Father.✦8687 For that clothing was blue, and Christ's clothing is now a fair, seemly medley so marvelous that I cannot describe it, because it is all of true glory.88 Now the Lord doesn't sit on earth in the wilderness, but He sits in His noblest seat, which He made in Heaven to be most pleasing to Him. Now the Son does not stand before the Father as a servant before the Lord—fearfully, plainly dressed, partly naked—but He stands before the Father forever, properly and richly dressed in blissful abundance, with a crown of precious riches upon His head.89 For it was shown that we are His crown, which crown is the Father's joy, the Son's glory, the Holy Spirit's delight, and endless, marvelous bliss to all who are in Heaven. Now the Son does not stand before the Father on the left side as a laborer, but He sits at His Father's right hand in endless rest and peace. But it is not meant that the Son sits at the right hand side by side, as one person sits beside another in this life, for there is no such sitting, as I see it, in the Trinity. But He sits at His Father's right hand—that is to say, in the highest nobility of the Father's joys.90 Now the spouse, God's Son, is in peace with His beloved wife, who is the beautiful maiden of endless joy. Now the Son, true God and man, sits in His city in rest and peace, which His Father has prepared for Him from His endless purpose; and the Father is in the Son, and the Holy Spirit is in the Father and in the Son.91

Read the original Middle English

And than our curtes Lord answerd in shewing full mystily a wondirful example of a lord that hath a servant, and gave me syte to my understondyng of botyrn, which syght was shewid double in the lord, and the syte was shewid dowble in the servant. Than on partie was shewid gostly in bodily lyknes, and the other partie was shewid more gostly without bodyly lyknes. For the first, thus: I saw two persons in bodyly likenes, that is to sey, a lord and a servant, and therewith God gave me gostly understondyng. The lord sittith solemnly in rest and in peace; the servant standyth by, aforn his lord reverently, redy to don his lords will. The lord lookyth upon his servant ful lovely, and swetely and mekely he sendyth hym to a certain place to don his will. The servant, not only he goeth, but suddenly he stirtith and rynnith in grete haste for love to don his lords will, and anon he fallith in a slade and takith ful grete sore. And than he gronith and monith and waylith and writhith, but he ne may rysen ne helpyn hymself be no manner wey.

And of all this the most myscheif that I saw him in was faylyng of comforte. For he cowde not turne his face to loke upon his lovyng lord which was to hym ful nere, in whom is ful comfort; but as a man that was febil and onwise for the tyme, he entended to his felyng, and induryd in wo, in which wo he suffrid seven grete peynes.

The first was the sore brosyng that he toke in hys fallyng, which was to hym felable peyne. The second was the hevynes of his body. The third was febilnes folowyng of these two. The fourth, that he was blinded in his reason and stonyed in his mend so ferforth that almost he had forgotten his owne luf. The fifth was that he myte not rysen. The sixth was most mervelous to me, and that was that he lay alone. I lokid al aboute and beheld, and fer ne nere, hey ne low, I saw to him no helpe. The seventh was that the place which he lay on was a lang, herd, and grevous.

I merveled how this servant myte mekely suffren there al this wo.

And I beheld with avisement to wetyn if I cowth perceyve in hym any defaute, or if the lord shuld assigne in hym any blame. And sothly ther was none seen. For only his good will and his grete desire was cause of his fallyng. And he was as unlothful and as good inwardly as whan he stode afor his lord redy to don his wille. And ryth thus continualy his lovand lord ful tenderly beholdyth him, and now with a double cher - on outward, ful mekely and myldely with grete ruth and pety, and this was of the first; another inward, more gostly, and this was shewid with a ledyng of my understondyng into the lord which I saw hym heyly enjoyen for the worshipful resting and nobleth that he will and shall bryng his servant to be his plenteuous grace; and this was of that other shewyng. And now my understondyng led agen into the first, both kepand in mynd. Than seith this curtes lord in his menyng: Lo, lo my lovid servant, what harme and disese he hath takeyn in my service for my love, ya, and for his good will; is it not skyl that I reward hym his afray and his drede, his hurt and his mayme, and al his wo? And not only this, but fallith it not to me to gevyn a geft that be better to hym and more worshipfull than his own hole shuld have ben?

And ell me thynkyth I dede hym no grace. And in this an inward gostly shewing of the lords menyng descendid into my soule, in which I saw that it behovith neds to ben, stondyng his grete and his own worship, that his dereworthy servant which he lovid so mech shuld ben verily and blisfully rewardid without end aboven that he shuld a ben if he had not fallen; ya, and so ferforth that his fallyng and his wo that he hath taken therby shall be turnyd into hey and overpassing worship and endles bliss.

And at this poynte the shewing of the example vanishid, and our good Lord led forth myn understondyng in syte and in shewing of the Revelation to the end. But notwithstondyng al this forthledyng, the mervelyng of the example cam never from me for methowth it was goven me for an answere to my desir. And yet cowth I not taken therin ful understondyng to myn ese at that tyme. For in the servant that was shewid for Adam, as I shal seyn, I saw many dyvers properties that myten be no manner way ben aret to single Adam. And thus in that tyme I stode mekyl in onknowyng. For the full understondyng of this mervelous example was not goven me in that tyme, in which mystye example three propertes of the revelation be yet mekyl hidde. And notwithstondyng this, I saw and understode that every shewing is full of privities. And therfore me behovith now to tellen three propertes in which I am sumdele esyd.

The frest is the begynnyng of techyng that I understod therein in the same tyme. The second is the inward lernyng that I have understodyn therein sithen. The third, al the hole revelation from the begynnyng to the end, that is to sey, of this boke, which our Lord God of His goodnes bryngyth oftentymes frely to the syte of myn understondyng. And these three arn so onyd as to my understondyng that I cannot, ner may, depart them. And be these three as on, I have techyng wherby I owe to leyvyn and trostyn in our Lord God, that of the same godenes that He shewid it, and for the same end, ryth so, of the same goodnes and for the same end, He shal declaryn it to us whan it is His wille.

For twenty yeres after the tyme of the shewing, save three monethis, I had techyng inwardly, as I shal seyen. It longyth to the to taken hede to all the propertes and condition that weryn shewd in the example thow thou thynke that they ben mysty and indifferent to thy syte. I assend wilfully with grete desire, and seeing inwardly with avisement al the poynts and propertes that wer shewid in the same tyme as ferforth as my witt and understondyng wold servyn, begynning myn beholding at the lord and at the servant, and the manner of sytting of the lord and the place that he sate on and tho color of his clothyng, and the manner of shapp and his cher withouten and his nobleth and his godeness within; at the manner of stondyng of the servant, and the place wher and how, at his manner of clothyng, the color and the shappe, at his outward havyng, and at his inward goodnes and his onlothfulhede.

The lord that sate solemnly in rest and in peace, I understond that he is God. The servant that stode aforn the lord, I understode that it was shewid for Adam, that is to seyen, on man was shewid that tyme, and his fallyng, to maken therby understonden how God beholdith a man and his fallyng. For in the syte of God, al man is on man, and on man is all man. This man was hurte in hys myte and made ful febil, and he was stonyed in his understondyng, for he turnyd from the beholdyng of his lord. But his will was kept hole in God sygte, for his will I saw our lord commenden and approven. But hymselfe was lettid and blyndyd of the knowing of this will, and this is to him grete sorow and grevous disese. For neither he seith clerly his lovyng lord, which is to him ful meke and mylde, ne he seith trewly what himself is in the sygte of his lovyng lord. And wel I wote whan these two are wysely and treuly seyn, we shall gettyn rest and peas her in parte, and the fulhede of the bliss of Hevyn be His plentiuous grace.

And this was a begynnyng of techyng which I saw in the same tyme wherby I myte com to knowyng in what manner He beholdyth us in our synne. And than I saw that only paynys blamith and punishith, and our curtis Lord comfortith and sorowith, and ever He is to the soule in glad cher, lovand and longand to bryngen us to bliss.

The place that our Lord sat on was symple, on the erth, barren and desert, alone in wildernes. His clothyng was wide and syde, and ful semely as fallyth to a lord. The color of His cloth was blew as asure, most sad and fair. His cher was merciful. The color of His face was faire browne with fulsomely featours; His eyen were blak, most faire and semely, shewand ful of lovely pety; and within Him, an hey ward, longe and brode, all full of endles hevyns. And the lovely lokeing that He loked upon His servant continuly, and namely in his fallyng, methowte it myte molten our herts for love and bresten hem on to for joy. The fair lokyng shewid of a semely medlur which was mervelous to beholden. That on was ruth and pety, that other was joye and bliss.

The joy and bliss passith as fer reuth and pite as Hevyn is aboven erth. The pite was erthly, and the blis was hevenly. The ruth in the pite of the Fadir was of the falling of Adam, which is His most lovid creatur. The joy and the bliss was of His dereworthy Son, which is evyn with the Fadir. The merciful beholdyng of His lofly cher fulfilled al erth and descendid downe with Adam into Helle, with which continuant pite Adam was kept from endles deth. And this mercy and pite dwellyth with mankind into the tyme we com up into Hevyn.

But man is blindid in this life, and therfore we may not sen our Fader, God, as He is. And what tyme that He of His goodnes will shewin Hym to man, He shewith Him homley as man. Notwithstonding I saw sothly we owen to knowen and levyn that the Fader is not man. But His sitting on the erth barreyn and desert is this to menyn: He made mans soule to ben His owen cyte, and His dwellyng place, which is most plesyng to Hym of al His werks. And what tyme that man was fallen into sorow and peyne, he was not al semly to servyn of that noble office. And therfore our kind Fader wold adyten him no other place, but sitten upon the erth abeydand mankynd which is medlid with erth till what time be His grace His derworthy Son had bowte ageyn His cyte into the noble fayrhede with His herd travel. The blewhede of the clothing betokinith His stedfastnes; the brownhede of His fair face with the semely blakhede of the eyen was most accordyng to shew His holy sobirnes. The larghede of His clothyng which were fair, flamand abowten, betokenith that He hath beclesid in hym all hevyns and al joy and blis.

And this was shewid in a touch, wher I sey, myn understondyng was led into the Lord, in which I saw Him heyly enjoyen for the worshipful restoring that He wil and shal bring His servant to be His plenteous grace.

And yet I mervellyd, beholdyng the lord and the servant afornseid. I saw the lord sitten solemnly and the servant stondand reverently aforn his lord, in which servant is double understondyng, on withouten, another within. Outward, he was clad simply as a labourer which wer disposid to travel, and he stode ful nere the lord, not even fornempts hym, but in partie asyd, that on the lift. His clothyng was a white kirtle, sengil, old and al defacid, died with swete of his body, streyte fittyng to hym and short, as it were an handful benethe the knee, bar, semand as it shuld sone be weryd up redy to be raggid and rent. And in this I mervelid gretly, thynkand: This is now an onsemely clothyng for the servant that is so heyly lovid, to stondyn afor so worship lord.

And inward, in him was shewid a ground of love, which love he had to the lord was even like to the love that the lord had to hym. The wisdam of the servant saw inwardly that ther was on thing to don which shuld be to the worshipp of the lord. And the servant, for love, haveing no reward to hymselfe ne to nothing that might fallen on him, hastely he stirt and ran at the sendyng of his lord to don that thing which was his will and his worship. For it semyd be his outward clothyng as he had ben a continuant labourer of leng tyme. And be the inward syte that I had both in the lord and in the servant, it semyd that he was anew, that is to sey, new begynnyng to travellyn, which servant was never sent out aforn.

Ther was a tresor in the erth which the lord lovid. I mervelid and thowte what it myte ben. And I was answered in myn understondyng: It is a mete which is lovesome and plesant to the lord. For I saw the lord sitten as a man, and I saw neither mete ner drynke wherwith to servyn hym. This was on mervel. Another mervel was that this solemn lord had no servant but on, and hym he sent owte. I beheld, thynkyng what manner labour it myte ben that the servant shud don, and than I understode that he shuld don the gretest labor and herdest travel that is. He shuld ben a gardiner, delvyn and dykyn, swinkin and swetyn, and turne the earth upsodowne, and sekyn the depnes, and wattir the plants in tyme, and in this he shuld continu his travel and make swete flods to rennen, and noble and plenteous fruits to springen which he shuld bryng aforn the lord and servyn hym therwith to his lykyng.

And he shuld never turne agen till he had dygte this mete al redye as he knew that it lekyd the lord, and than he shuld take this mete with the drinke in the mete, and beryn it ful worshipfully aforn the lord.

And al this tyme the lord shuld sytten on the same place abydand his servant whome he sent out. And yet I merveylid from whens the servant came. For I saw in the lord that he hath wythyn hymselfe endles lif and al manner of goodnes, save that tresor that was in the erth, and that was groundyd in the lord in mervelous depenes of endles love. But it was not all to the worship till this servant had dygte thus nobly it, and browte it aforn him, in hymself present. And without the lord was nothing but wildernes. And I understod not all what this example ment, and therfore I merveylid whens the servant cam.

In the servant is comprehendid the Second Person in the Trinite, and in the servant is comprehendid Adam, that is to sey, al man. And therfore whan I sey the Son, it menyth the Godhede which is even with the Fadir; and whan I sey the servant, it menyth Christs manhood which is rythful Adam. Be the nerehede of the servant is understode the Son, and be the stondyng on the left syde is understod Adam. The lord is the Fadir, God; the servant is the Son, Christ Jesus; the Holy Gost is even love which is in them both. Whan Adam fell, God Son fell. For the rythfull onyng which was made in Hevyn, God Son myte not fro Adam, for by Adam I understond all man. Adam fell fro lif to deth into the slade of this wretchid world, and after that into Hell. Gods Son fell with Adam into the slade of the Mayden wombe which was the fairest dawter of Adam, and therfor to excuse Adam from blame in Hevyn and in erth, and mytyly He fetchid him out of Hell.

Be the wisdam and goodnes that was in the servant is understode Godds Son. Be the por clothyng as a laborer standand nere the left syde is understode the manhood and Adam, with al the mischef and febilnes that folowith. For in al this, our good Lord shewid His owne Son and Adam but one man. The vertue and the goodnes that we have is of Jesus Criste, the febilnes and the blindnes that we have is of Adam; which two wer shewid in the servant. And thus hath our good Lord Jesus taken upon Him al our blame, and therfore our Fadir may, ne will, no more blame assigne to us than to His owen Son, derworthy Criste. Thus was He the servant aforne His comeing into erth, stondand redy aforne the Fader in purposs till what tyme He would send hym to don that worshipfull dede be which mankynde was browte ageyn into Hevyn, that is to seyn, notwithstondyng that He is God, evyn with the Fadir as anempts the Godhede. But in1995 His forseeing purpose that He wold be man to saven man in fulfilling of His Faders will, so He stode afore His Fader as a servant wilfully takyng upon Hym al our charge. And than He stirt full redily at the Faders will, and anon He fell full low in the Maydens womb, haveing no reward to Himselfe ne to His herd peyns.

The which kirtle is the flesh; the syngulhede is that there was ryte now atwix the godhod and manhede. The steytehede is povertye. The eld is of Adams waring; the defaceing of swete, of Adams travel. The shorthede shewith the servant labour. And thus I saw the Son stonding, sayeing in His menyng: Lo, my der Fader, I stond befor The in Adams kirtle alredy to sterten and to rennen. I wold ben in the erth to don Thy worship whan it is Thy will to send me. How long shal I desiren?

Ful sothfastly wist the Son whan it was the Fader will, and how long He shal desiren. That is to sey, anempt the Godhede, for He is the wisdam of the Fader. Wherfor this mening was shewid in understondyng of the manhode of Criste. For all mankynd that shal be savid be the swete incarnation and blisful passion of Criste, al is the manhood of Criste. For He is the hede, and we be His members, to which members the day and the tyme is onknown whan every passand wo and sorow shal have an end and the everlestyng joy and bliss shall be fulfylid, which day and time for to se al the company of Hevyn longyth. And al that shall ben under Hevyn that shal come thider, ther wey is be longyng and desire, which desir and longing was shewid in the servant stondyng aforen the Lord, or ell thus, in the Sons stondyng aforn the Fadir in Adams kirtle. For the langor and desire of al mankynd that shal be savid aperid in Jesus, for Jesus is al that shal be savid, and al that shal be savid is Jesus - and al of the charite of God, with obediens, mekeness, and patience, and vertues that longyn to us.

Also in this mervelous example I have techyng with me as it were the begynnyng of an ABC, wherby I may have sum understondyng of our Lordis menyng. For the privities of the Revelation ben hidd therin, notwithstondyng that al the shewing arn ful of privityes. The syttyng of the Fadir betokynyth His Godhede, that is to sey, for shewyng of rest and peas, for in the Godhede may be no travel. And that He shewid Hymselfe as Lord, betokynith to our manhode. The stondyng of the servant betokynyth travel; on syde and on the left betokynyth that he was not al worthy to stonden ever ryth aforn the Lord. His stertyng was the Godhede, and the rennyng was the manhede. For the Godhede sterte from the Fadir into the Maydens wombe, falling into the taking of our kynde. And in this falling He toke gret sore.

The sore that He toke was our flesh in which He had also swithe felyng of dedly peynis. Be that He stod dredfully aforn the Lord, and not even ryth, betokynith that His clothyng was not honest to stond in even ryth aforn the Lord. Ne that myte not, ne shuld not, ben His office whil He was a laborer. Ne also He myte not sitten in rest and peace with the Lord till He had woon His peace rythfully with His herd travel. And be the left syde, that the Fadir left His owne Son wilfully in the manhode to suffre all mannys paynys without sparing of Him.

Be that His kirtle was in poynte to be raggid and rent is understonden the sweppys and the scorgis, the thornys and the naylys, the drawyng and the draggyng, His tendir flesh rendyng - as I saw in sum partie the flesh was rent from the hedepanne, falland in pecys into the tyme the bledyng failyd, and than it began to dryand, agen clyngand to the bone. And be the wallowyng and wrythyng, gronyng and monyng, is understonden that He myte never rysen al mytyly from the tyme that He was fallen into the Maydens wombe till His body was slaine and ded, He yeldyng the soule in the Fadirs hands with al mankynd for whom He was sent.

And at this poynte He began first to shewen His myte, for He went into Helle, and whan He was there He reysid up the gret rote out of the depe depenes, which rythfully was knit to Hym in hey Hevyn. The body was in the grave till Estern morow, and from that tyme He lay never more. For then was rythfully endid the walowyng and the wrythyng, the groning and the monyng. And our foule dedly flesh that Gods Son toke on Hym, which was Adams old kirtle, streyte, bare and short, than be our Savior was made fair, now white and bryte, and of endles cleness, wyde and syde, fairer and richer than was than the clothyng which I saw on the Fadir. For that clothyng was blew, and Christs clothyng is now of a fair semely medlur which is so mervelous that I can it not discrien, for it is al of very worshipps.

Now sittith not the Lord on erth in wilderness, but He sittith in His noblest sete which He made in Hevyn most to His lekyng. Now stondith not the Son aforn the Fadir as a servant aforn the Lord, dredfully, unornely clad, in party nakid, but He stondith aforn the Fadir ever rythe rechely clad in blissfull largess with a corone upon His hede of pretious richess. For it was shewid that we be His corone, which corone is the Fadirs joye, tho Sonys worshippe, the Holy Gost lekyng, and endless mervelous bliss to all that be in Hevyn. Now stondith not the Son aforn the Fadir on the left syde as a laborer, but He sittith on His Fadirs ryte hond in endles rest and peace. But it is not ment that the Son syttith on the ryte hond, syde be syde, as on man sittith be another in this lif, for ther is no such syttyng, as to my syte, in the Trinite. But He sittith on His Fadirs ryte hand, that is to sey, in the heyest noblyth of the Fadirs joyes. Now is the spouse, Gods Son, in peace with His lowvid wife which is the fair mayden of endles joye. Now sittith the Son, very God and man, in His cety in rest and peace which His Fadir hath adyte to Him of His endles purpose, and the Fadir in the Son, and tho Holy Gost in the Fadir and in the Son.

Scripture echoes

  1. ↩Isa.55.9 — For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts.
  2. ↩Ps.110.1;Heb.1.3 — The LORD says to my Lord: "Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies your footstool." Heb.1.3 — He is the radiance of God's glory and the exact imprint of God's own being, and he upholds all things by his powerful word. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high.
  3. ↩Rom.8.32 — He who did not spare his own Son, but gave him up for us all—how will he not also, along with him, graciously give us all things?
  4. ↩Eph.4.9 — Now "he ascended"—what does it mean except that he also descended into the lower regions, the earth?
  5. ↩1Cor.15.22 — For just as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive.

Notes

  1. 1 ↩enm 'botyrn' rendered as 'both of them' (both lord and servant); ME bothen/bothern.
  2. 2 ↩enm 'ful lovely' rendered as 'very lovingly' (Julian's sense of loving regard, not modern 'pretty').
  3. 3 ↩enm 'slade' rendered as 'ditch' (ME dell/hollow/ditch); the fall causes 'ful grete sore,' a severe hurt.
  4. 4 ↩ME myscheif here means misfortune/harm/distress, not playful mischief; faylyng of comforte is the absence or failure of consolation.
  5. 5 ↩entended to his felyng: fixed his attention on his painful sensation rather than on the lord; onwise = unwise.
  6. 6 ↩ME unlothful = not loath/reluctant; rendered as willing to keep contemporary cadence without softening the servant's ready interior disposition.
  7. 7 ↩ME cher = countenance/expression. The clause to be his plenteuous grace is read as to, by his abundant grace (ME be = by), governing the destination of the servant's resting and nobility.
  8. 8 ↩ME skyl = reason/right/fitting; disese = distress/hardship more than modern disease; afray = fright/alarm; mayme = maiming/injury.
  9. 9 ↩ME hole = whole/wholeness (unfallen integrity), not hole as cavity; worshipfull = honorable/glorious rather than modern worshipful piety alone.
  10. 10 ↩ME 'dede hym no grace' is the idiom 'do someone grace' (show favor/kindness), continuing the lord's meaning from the prior section; rendered as 'favor' to keep the natural sense clear, though the divine-lord parable also carries the protected theological weight of grace.
  11. 11 ↩ME 'worship' here means honor/glory (worthship), not liturgical worship; rendered as 'honor' for clarity while keeping the lord's dignity and the servant's exaltation in view.
  12. 12 ↩'stondyng his grete and his own worship' taken as 'given / considering his great and own honor'—i.e., the reward is required by the Lord's own greatness and glory.
  13. 13 ↩"aret to single Adam": Middle English aretten = ascribe/attribute; "single Adam" means Adam alone, as distinct from the servant's fuller double identity Julian will unfold.
  14. 14 ↩"mystye" rendered as "mysterious" (misty/obscure); the relative clause ties the still-hidden three properties to that same example.
  15. 15 ↩"privities": Julian's term for divine secrets/mysteries concealed in a showing; rendered here as "secrets."
  16. 16 ↩Source spelling "frest" is taken as Middle English "first" (first / second / third sequence).
  17. 17 ↩"onyd" rendered as "united"; Julian's sense is that the three properties are made one / inseparable in understanding.
  18. 18 ↩"leyvyn" taken as "believe" (ME leven), paired with "trostyn" (trust); "owe" as moral ought.
  19. 19 ↩Middle English 'indifferent' here means indistinct or of no apparent importance to the eye, not modern emotional indifference.
  20. 20 ↩Second-person address is the inward teaching speaking to Julian, instructing her to attend to the example's details.
  21. 21 ↩Julian's 'onlothfulhede' (unloathfulness): the servant's lack of reluctance—eager, ready willingness to serve. Rendered here as 'ready willingness'.
  22. 22 ↩Careful, deliberate consideration rather than mere casual noticing.
  23. 23 ↩ME 'on man' is 'one man' (Adam as representative humanity), not the preposition 'on'.
  24. 24 ↩Julian's corporate anthropology: 'al man is on man, and on man is all man' — all humanity is one, and the one stands for all, in God's sight.
  25. 25 ↩ME 'lettid' means hindered/prevented, not 'allowed'. ME 'disese' means distress/trouble, not primarily medical disease.
  26. 26 ↩ME 'her' = 'here'; 'be His plentiuous grace' taken as instrumental 'by His plentiful grace'.
  27. 27 ↩Julian's claim is that blame and punishment come from the pains themselves, not from God; the courteous Lord comforts, shares the sorrow, and keeps a glad face toward the soul.
  28. 28 ↩curtis (courteous) is Julian's lordly courtesy: gracious, kindly regard, not mere politeness.
  29. 29 ↩ME 'syde' means long/flowing (not 'side'); 'wide and syde' is a stock phrase for ample garments.
  30. 30 ↩ME 'sad' of color means deep, rich, or sober, not mournful; rendered 'deep'.
  31. 31 ↩ME 'fulsomely' means plentiful/abundant (handsome and full), not the modern pejorative 'fulsome'.
  32. 32 ↩ME 'hey ward' is ambiguous: high realm/domain/expanse within Him. Rendered 'high realm'; sense is mystical interior space filled with endless heavens.
  33. 33 ↩ME 'bresten hem on to' = burst them asunder/open; rendered 'burst them open'.
  34. 34 ↩ME 'medlur' = medley/mixture; here the blended look of compassion and joy named in the next sentence.
  35. 35 ↩ME 'ruth' rendered 'compassion' (plain modern English); Julian pairs ruth/pity as tender sorrowing pity over the fall, set against joy/bliss.
  36. 36 ↩enm 'evyn with the Fadir' rendered as 'equal with the Father' (parity of the Son with the Father).
  37. 37 ↩homley (homely): Julian’s sense of intimate, familiar nearness, not rustic plainness.
  38. 38 ↩levyn rendered as believe (ME leven); live is also possible but know-and-believe is the stronger fit here.
  39. 39 ↩that noble office: the soul’s intended role as God’s city and dwelling place (from the prior sentence).
  40. 40 ↩adyten him: taken as the Father appointing/ordaining for Himself no other place; herd travel = hard travail (labor and suffering).
  41. 41 ↩beclesid: enclosed / clasped about / encompassed within Himself.
  42. 42 ↩Middle English be is read here as by: the Lord will bring His servant to that restoration by His abundant grace. Taking be as the infinitive to be is less coherent in context.
  43. 43 ↩Julian's technical term for a brief, grace-given insight or showing; kept as touch rather than flattened to a generic feeling.
  44. 44 ↩"double understondyng, on withouten, another within" names Julian's two ways of reading the servant: the outward appearance and the inward ground of love, taken up in the following sentences.
  45. 45 ↩ME "travel" here is taken as travail/labor (a laborer ready for hard work), fitting the servant's work-clothes; the word can also shade toward being sent out on a journey, as the next section develops.
  46. 46 ↩"fornempts" = fornenst/fornent, "directly opposite / straight in front of."
  47. 47 ↩"kirtle" rendered as "tunic": a close-fitting outer garment; "sengil" = single (unlined); "defacid" = defaced/soiled; "bar" = bare/threadbare.
  48. 48 ↩"so worship lord" taken as "so worshipful a lord" (so honorable / worthy of honor), the expected Middle English sense.
  49. 49 ↩ME worshipp here means honor/glory owed to the lord, not liturgical worship.
  50. 50 ↩ME reward here means regard/consideration, not payment: the servant looks neither to himself nor to any consequence that might fall on him.
  51. 51 ↩ME travellyn means toil/labor (travail), not journeying.
  52. 52 ↩ME 'mete' means food/fare in general (not only flesh); rendered 'food' to keep the modern sense clear.
  53. 53 ↩ME 'travel' here is travail (hard toil), not journeying; rendered 'toil'.
  54. 54 ↩'swinkin and swetyn' = hard labor and sweating; 'depnes' = the deep places of the soil; 'travel' again = travail/toil.
  55. 55 ↩ME "drinke in the mete" likely means the drink that belongs with / accompanies the prepared food (the meal as food-and-drink), not liquid literally inside the food.
  56. 56 ↩ME 'worship' here means honor/glory due the lord, not cultic worship in the narrow modern sense. 'in hymself present' is retained as the servant present in his own person before the lord with the prepared treasure.
  57. 57 ↩'without the lord' rendered as 'apart from the lord' (outside/away from him), which fits the visionary scene; an alternative reading 'without' as mere absence is weaker here.
  58. 58 ↩"Rightful Adam" renders ME rythful Adam: Christ as the true/proper Adam in his manhood, not Adam as merely righteous.
  59. 59 ↩"Equal love" renders ME even love: the Holy Spirit as the mutual love shared by Father and Son.
  60. 60 ↩ME "myte not fro Adam" is elliptical; rendered as "could not be parted from Adam," on account of the heavenly oneing/union.
  61. 61 ↩"Valley" renders ME slade (a hollow or low place), kept parallel with the Maiden's womb "slade" in the next sentence.
  62. 62 ↩ME mischef here means harm/adversity rather than playful mischief; rendered as harm.
  63. 63 ↩derworthy rendered as dearly beloved; ME sense is dear-worthy / precious.
  64. 64 ↩anempts rendered as as regards; ME anempts/anentes = concerning/with respect to.
  65. 65 ↩Normalized source reads 'But in1995 His forseeing purpose'; treated as corrupt intrusion of 1995 and translated as 'But in His foreseeing purpose'.
  66. 66 ↩reward rendered as regard; ME reward commonly means regard/consideration. herd peyns rendered as hard pains.
  67. 67 ↩Source reads "ryte now atwix"; most plausible intended sense is ME "right nought" (nothing at all) between Godhead and manhood, which fits "syngulhede" (singularity/oneness).
  68. 68 ↩"steytehede" = straitness/tightness/scantness of the servant's garment; rendered "scantness" to keep the clothing image concrete.
  69. 69 ↩"eld" = aged/worn look of the garment; "waring" = wearing; "swete" taken as sweat (not "sweet"); "travel" = travail/toil, not journey.
  70. 70 ↩"sayeing in His menyng" rendered as inward intent rather than audible speech: the Son's standing expresses this meaning before the Father.
  71. 71 ↩ME "worship" here means honor/glory owed to the Father, not liturgical worship alone; rendered "honor".
  72. 72 ↩Julian's compressed claim that the whole company of the saved 'is' Christ's manhood means their incorporation into His humanity, not a denial of distinct persons.
  73. 73 ↩Adams kirtle: earlier in the example the kirtle is identified as the flesh; rendered here as 'Adam's tunic'.
  74. 74 ↩Julian's double identification ('Jesus is all who will be saved' / 'all who will be saved are Jesus') is mystical incorporation into Christ, not a collapse of personal distinction.
  75. 75 ↩ME privities/privityes rendered as secrets (hidden mysteries of the revelation), not as private parts or mere privacy.
  76. 76 ↩ME travel here means travail/toil/labor, not journeying.
  77. 77 ↩Elliptical ME betokynith to our manhode: the Lord-showing is taken as a token addressed to / pertaining to human nature, so we can recognize Him as Lord.
  78. 78 ↩ME travel again as travail/toil; ever ryth as always upright/straight (not ever right in a moral sense only).
  79. 79 ↩ME stertyng = starting/springing into action; kept as springing forth to preserve the sudden initiative of the Godhead in the allegory.
  80. 80 ↩ME sore = hurt/affliction/wound; the following section identifies this sore with our flesh.
  81. 81 ↩ME 'honest' here means seemly, honorable, or fit for presence, not 'truthful'.
  82. 82 ↩'That' points back to standing squarely in seemly clothing before the Lord; 'office' is His proper standing or role.
  83. 83 ↩ME 'herd travel' = hard travail: severe toil or labor.
  84. 84 ↩enm sweppys rendered as strokes (blows of scourging); kirtle as tunic, matching the chapter's clothing allegory.
  85. 85 ↩ME 'rote' (root) continues the lord-and-servant allegory: the raised root is fallen humanity/Adam, bound by right to Christ in heaven.
  86. 86 ↩ME 'wyde and syde' is an idiom for spacious/ample on every side; rendered 'wide and ample'.
  87. 87 ↩ME 'than be' / 'than was than' parsed as 'then by' / 'than was then'; temporal 'then' twice, not comparative 'than' for the agent.
  88. 88 ↩ME 'worshipps' means honors/glories more than liturgical worship; rendered 'true glory' to keep Julian's sense without sounding like ritual worship alone.
  89. 89 ↩ME unornely: unadorned / meanly dressed; rendered as plainly clad to contrast with richly clad.
  90. 90 ↩ME noblyth: nobility / noble state; rendered as nobility.
  91. 91 ↩ME adyte / adighten: prepared, appointed, arranged; rendered as prepared.

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