Marsilio Ficino spiega agli altercanti in che consista la vera felicitá.
The Teacher's Arrival
Marsilio Ficino appears to the shepherds like a divine musician, bringing wisdom and grace to their pastoral gathering.
They were listening intently to his words when a new voice drew them in, captivated and held by a sweeter harmony. I thought Orpheus had returned to the world, or the one who walled Thebes with his worthy music—so sweet a lyre seemed to me to be sounding.1 — Perhaps the lyre that stood among the fixed stars has fallen from the heavenly kingdom, — I said: — the sky will be without its sign; or perhaps, as that ancient one said, the soul of one of these, transformed into the player, set itself there by its destiny. — And while he peers from leaf to leaf, and his eye follows where his ear draws him, to see where such sweetness was born; Look: in a single moment the eye, the noble mind, and the ear sense, understand, and behold who is playing, his teaching, and his lyre.2 Marsilio, dweller of Monte Vecchio, in whom heaven poured every grace of its own, so that he might always be a mirror for mortals; always a lover of the holy Muses, and just as much a lover of true wisdom, so that he never shut one out from the other; Because he was worthy of every reverence, as the common father of us both, we rose, glad of his presence. He stopped just as gladly at the lovely spring; once he was seated on a stone, he quieted the beautiful sound and began to speak. I was already tired and worn out from walking, and some kindly deity guided my steps so I could reach the place where I now find such refreshment. But first: Hail, Lauro, and hail, Alfeo—surely the wisest of the prudent shepherds, and, given your many years, my good father. I feel no wonder at you, shepherd, for we often meet at the spring, and sometimes under some shady beech. But seeing you, Lauro, up on the wooded mountain creates great wonder in me—not that I don't see you with a glad face.
The Burden of Civic Life
The shepherds express their weariness with civic burdens and ask Ficino to resolve their dispute regarding the nature of true happiness.
Who's advising you to leave your homeland? You know the weight that public affairs and family put on your shoulders.3 — I said to him, "The distress caused by the things you speak of is so heavy that just thinking about it pains me and makes me feel listless."4 Lift me a little from the burdens of civic life, so that here, by contemplating, my soul may refresh itself on the pastoral life, which I envy. Our burden is far too heavy; compared to the pastoral life, even if he denies it, I would give her the palm.5 We were arguing this when your lyre was heard, and at that sweet sound the dispute was suddenly over. Now, since God has given you to us as a gift, tell us which of us is wrong about the true path, and whether our lives hold any real good. even if our destiny forbids it to us, what that life is which adorns itself with it, whether the world gives it, or whether it is divine. Every art, every teaching, and all our days, every act, every choice, seems to return to this good, just as every water returns to the sea's bed. But there's no need to tell you what this is, because you already know it: now have that knot untied that keeps the heart locked tight in deep distress. —
The Vanity of Worldly Goods
Ficino begins his instruction by explaining that true happiness cannot be found in the fleeting, external goods of Fortune.
Marsilio said to us: — My heart must turn there where yours is wholly fixed and turned, though it is a very hard province that takes me there.6 It's easier for someone who has truly grasped the truth to see where it isn't, than to have understood what it is when it's wrapped in so much darkness.7 Love will make such a weight far less heavy: nothing should be refused to true love, because those whom true love has taken hold of are one. And before I say anything else, let no one think of finding a good that is perfect and true while the soul is bound in these senses. The One who holds the highest authority has done this so that mortals, who are completely lost and blind, won't fix their thoughts on this world alone. If they're already warped and crooked off the true path in how they picture the good, what would they do if they believed this life brings the good? The true good is one, neither more nor less—the good God seems to keep close to himself as a palm of victory for those who will have lived well. So it goes for mortals who are too high and proud, if they want to seek it before their time—just as it does for someone who picks fruit while it's still unripe. Even if they do eat the ones they pick unripe, they're so sour that their teeth go numb—so they usually abandon the attempt.✦ Nor do they know how sweet those fruits turn out later; but, frightened by that first attempt, they grow from one error into another all day long. But dragging this out weighs on you and on me, and I don't want what happens to those who have the sky like a stretched skin to happen to me.8 I say that this good, this treasure, long sought and already described by so many tongues, God keeps for himself in his heavenly choir:9 where every ardor and passion is extinguished; and because many goods are only apparent, this is how you first tell them apart. There are three kinds of present human goods — so begins the one who unties this knot — that can fall into our minds: Fortune gives the first and takes them away; the second are the goods that nature gives the body; our soul gathers the third within itself. The first have a fourfold measure: dominion, wealth, honor, and favor; and these last two share one concern.10 The first, the more widely it spreads, has more suspicions; and the more lords it involves, the more it must live in defiance.11 Caesar seems to call this the true good—and yet, while he was still alive, he finally came to see that whoever rules more serves more men. The other is possessing many riches; and because that desire never finds an end, it ought not to have any rest either. Beyond this, people mistake evil for good, and some foolishly put their trust in things that often do far more harm than good. Gold isn't desired or cried after for its own sake, but for some other purpose: so it isn't that complete good, as it once seemed to Midas. Honor, which seems so precious and beautiful that many fools fix the good in it, is not that true good I'm speaking of. The good is not something that rests in others' power: all of this is placed entirely in whoever honors you—someone who often praises without knowing what or whom. Rather, the larger the crowd—which is more ignorant than the wise—the less is he recognized who deserves full and honorable praise. People are often praised or blamed unfairly, and it frequently happens that someone is praised without even knowing it—and that kind of praise is dead to them.12 So this isn't true and complete sweetness, as some blind man once claimed, whose mind was wrapped up in this error. Anyone who took favor as the first flower was mistaken; and the person who gathered the world in peace under himself used to place the good in this.13 Because this goodwill runs the very same risk as honor: others give it, and others can still take it away. So we see that it's vain to set your heart where Fortune rules without reason, since every one of these both fails and dies. These seeming goods, from morning to evening, that blind and relentless Fortune takes from us and gives us; nor does any wise person settle their thought on them or hope in them, where cruel fortune holds sway. —
Read the original Latin
Eran gli orecchi a sue parole intesi, quando una nuova voce a sé gli trasse, da piú dolce armonia legati e presi.
Pensai che Orfeo al mondo ritornasse o quel che chiuse Tebe col suon degno, sí dolce lira mi parea sonasse.
— Forse caduta è dal superno regno la lira ch’era tra le stelle fisse, — diss’io: — il ciel sará sanza il suo segno;
o forse, come quello antico disse, l’alma d’alcun di questi trasmutata nel sonator per suo destin si misse. —
E mentre che tra fronde e fronde guata, e segue l’occhio ove l’orecchio tira per veder tal dolcezza d’onde è nata;
ecco in un punto sente, intende e mira l’occhio, la mente nobile e l’orecchio chi suona, sua dottrina e la sua lira.
Marsilio abitator del monte vecchio, nel quale il cielo ogni sua grazia infuse, perch’ei fusse ai mortal sempre uno specchio;
amator sempre delle sante Muse, né manco della vera sapienzia, talché l’una giamai dall’altra escluse;
perché degno era d’ogni reverenzia, come padre comun d’ambo noi fosse, surgemmo lieti della sua presenzia.
Lui non men lieto al bel fonte fermosse; e poi che assiso fu sopra d’un sasso, fermò il bel suono, e le parole mosse.
Io ero dell’andar giá stanco e lasso, e per venir dove or sí mi ricreo, guidò qualche felice nume il passo.
Ma prima: — Lauro, salve, e salve, Alfeo, de’ prudenti pastor certo il piú saggio, e per la lunga etá buon padre meo.
Maraviglia di te, pastor, non aggio, ché spesso insieme ci troviamo al fonte, e talor sotto qualche ombroso faggio.
Ma veder te sopra il silvestro monte crea, Lauro, in me gran maraviglia, non ch’io non vegga te con lieta fronte.
Chi di lasciar tua patria ti consiglia? Tu sai che peso alle tue spalle dánno le publiche faccende e la famiglia. —
E io a lui: — Tanto è grieve l’affanno, che sol pensando addoloro ed accidio, che le cose, che di’, drieto a sé hanno.
Leva’mi alquanto dal civil fastidio, per ricrear, col contemplar, qui l’alma la vita pastoral, la quale invidio.
La nostra è troppo intollerabil salma, qual comparando alla pastoral vita, bench’egli il nieghi, a lei darei la palma.
Questo disputavam, quando sentita fu la tua lira, ed a quel dolce suono súbito la dispúta fu finita.
Or poiché Dio di te n’ha fatto dono, dicci chi di noi erra il ver cammino, e se le nostre vite han vero buono;
se pur lo vieta a noi nostro destino, qual vita quella sia che se n’adorni, o se ’l mondo la dá, o s’è divino.
Ogni arte, ogni dottrina, e tutti i giorni, ogni atto, ogni elezione a questo bene, par, com’ogni acqua, all’alveo marin torni.
Ma qual sia questo a te dir ne conviene, perché tu ’l sai: or fa tal nodo sciolga, che ’l cor serrato in molta angustia tiene. —
Marsilio a noi: — Convien che ’l mio cor volga lá dove il vostro è tutto inteso e vòlto, benché provincia assai difficil tolga.
Piú facil è, chi ’l vero ha ben raccolto, veder dov’ei non è, che aver compreso qual sia in tanta oscuritate involto.
L’amor fará men grieve assai tal peso: nulla disdire al vero amor conviensi, perch’un son quei, che ’l vero amore ha preso.
E prima ch’io dic’altro, alcun non pensi di trovar ben che sia perfetto e vero, mentre l’alma è legata in questi sensi.
Questo ha fatto colui che ha ’l sommo impero, perché i mortali al tutto erranti e ciechi non fermin per di qua solo il pensiero.
Se son dal ver cammin distorti e biechi nell’imagin del bene, or che farièno credendo questa vita il bene arrechi?
Il vero bene è un, né piú né meno, il quale Iddio appresso a sé par serbi per palma a quei che ben vivuti fieno.
Onde a’ mortal troppo elati e superbi avvien, se innanzi tempo cercar vogliono, come a chi coglie i frutti ancora acerbi.
Se pur mangian di quei che acerbi cogliono, tanto acri son che’ lor denti ostupescono, onde levar dall’impresa si sogliono.
Né sanno come dolci poi riescono, ma impauriti nella prima impresa, da uno in altro error tutto dí crescono.
Ma il prolungare a voi ed a me pesa, né voglio avvenga a me come a coloro, che hanno il ciel come una pelle estesa.
Dico che questo ben, questo tesoro cerco e descritto giá da tante lingue, sel serba Iddio nel suo superno coro:
ove ogni ardore e passion s’estingue, e perché molti ben sono apparenti, in questo modo prima si distingue.
Tre spezie son de’ beni uman presenti, — cosí comincia chi tal nodo scioglie, — che cader posson nelle nostre menti:
i primi la Fortuna dá e toglie, gli altri que’ ben che al corpo dá natura, i terzi l’alma nostra in sé raccoglie.
Quadripartita i primi han lor misura, dominazion, ricchezza, onore e grazia, e questi ultimi due hanno una cura.
La prima, quanto piú ampla si spazia, ha piú sospetti; ed a quanti piú dòmini, con piú convien che stia in contumazia.
Cesare il vero ben par questa nomini, e pur vivendo alfin poté vedere, che quel che impera piú, serve a piú uomini.
L’altra è molte ricchezze possedere; e perché tal disir mai fin non trova, non debbe ancor quiete alcuna avere.
Ed oltra questo mal per ben s’approva, e stoltamente alcuno in quel s’affida, che spesso nuoce assai piú che non giova.
Per sé giá l’òr non si disia o grida, ma ad altro effetto: adunque non è quello intero ben, come giá parve a Mida.
L’onor che par sí spezioso e bello, che molti sciocchi il ben fermano in lui, non è quel vero ben, di ch’io favello.
Ben non è quel, ch’è in potestá d’altrui: riposto è questo tutto in chi t’onora, che lauda spesso, e non sa che o cui.
Anzi quanto è la turba, che piú ignora, che i sapienti, tanto manco è scorto colui che laude merta ampla e decora.
Spesso si lauda o biasma alcuno a torto, e spesso avvien che sanza sua saputa si lauda, e tal laudare a lui è morto.
Questa dunque non è vera e compiuta dolcezza, come alcun cieco giá volse, che in questo error la mente ebbe involuta.
E chi pel primo fior la grazia tolse, errò; ed in questa il bene usava porre chi ’l mondo in pace sotto sé raccolse.
Però che quel pericol proprio corre, questa benivolenzia, che l’onore: altri la dá, altri la può ancor tôrre.
Onde veggiam che invan si pone il core dove sanza ragion Fortuna impera, poi che ognuna di queste e manca e muore.
Questi apparenti ben da mane a sera ci toglie e dá lei cieca ed importuna, né saggio alcuno il pensier ferma o spera,
dove ha potenzia la crudel Fortuna. —
Scripture echoes
- ↩Jer.31.29-Jer.31.30;Ezek.18.2 — In those days they shall no longer say, 'The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge.' Jer.31.30 — but each person shall die for his own iniquity; every person who eats the sour grapes, his teeth shall be set on edge. Ezek.18.2 — What do you mean by repeating this proverb concerning the land of Israel, saying, 'The fathers eat sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge'?
Notes
- 1 ↩quel che chiuse Tebe col suon degno: classical allusion to Amphion, who raised Thebes’s walls by the sound of his lyre; not named in the Italian.
- 2 ↩Italian uses a dense triple parallel (sente/intende/mira; occhio/mente/orecchio; chi suona/dottrina/lira). The line likely implies simultaneous cross-matching of faculties and objects (ear to lyre, mind to teaching, eye to the player), but the surface order presents all three faculties acting at once on all three objects; the English keeps that simultaneous force rather than forcing an explicit one-to-one mapping.
- 3 ↩publiche faccende: rendered as 'public affairs' (civic/political business); could also be 'public business' or 'public duties'.
- 4 ↩Italian 'accidio' (from accidia/acedia) is rendered as growing listless/idle under the weight of civic cares; it can also carry the older sense of spiritual sluggishness.
- 5 ↩salma = burden/load (body of weight); palma = the victor’s palm, i.e. preference/superiority. lei refers to pastoral life (vita).
- 6 ↩Italian 'provincia' here is the sphere or field of the inquiry (true happiness), not a geographic province; 'tolga' (from togliere) is read as that hard field claiming / drawing the heart, after benché.
- 7 ↩Il vero is the philosophical absolute ('the true' / true good), not the connective 'however' or mere propositional truth; in Ficino's discourse on true happiness it names the true object sought.
- 8 ↩‘hanno il ciel come una pelle estesa’ echoes the biblical image of the heavens stretched like a skin/tent (cf. Ps 103:2 Vulgate / 104:2); here it likely marks those left with only the material firmament, in contrast to the true good God keeps in heaven (next section).
- 9 ↩Italian 'cerco' is read as poetic apocope of 'cercato' (sought), not present-tense 'I seek'; 'sel serba' = se lo serba (keeps it for himself); 'superno coro' may mean the heavenly choir/host of the blessed or, more loosely, God's celestial court.
- 10 ↩In this Fortune-goods list, grazia is worldly favor (rank, esteem, patronage), not theological grace; rendered as favor.
- 11 ↩La prima points back to the first of the four measures named just above (dominion). Contumazia can mean legal contumacy, stubborn obstinacy, or open defiance; here the political sense is of power forced to live amid resistance and hostility.
- 12 ↩In context, morto means null/of no effect to the person praised (praise he never hears), not literal death.
- 13 ↩Here grazia is worldly favor (esteem/good graces others give), not theological grace; the next section pairs this with benevolence and honor that others can give or take away.
Lorenzo de' Medici, Altercazione companion
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