SR
Jacopo Passavanti, Lo Specchio di vera penitenza/Book 1 · Lo Specchio di vera penitenza
Chapter 9SpecPenSup.1.9

Qui si dimostra come la superbia offende gli angioli e gli uomini

The Universal Odium of Pride

Pride is inherently hateful to the holy angels and even to the demons themselves because it represents a rebellion against God.

Pride also offends the holy angels and is hateful to them; for through pride the first angel fell and crashed from heaven with all his followers, and from angels they became demons. They also hate it because they see that pride makes a person rise up against God and set himself above God, which displeases them beyond measure. And if among the demons of hell there could be sound judgment of reason, they would hate pride; for, as Saint Augustine says, through pride the devil was made miserable.

The Threefold Offense Against the Neighbor

The proud man harms his neighbor through contemptuous thoughts, boastful and insulting speech, and oppressive, unjust actions.

Pride offends one's neighbor in many ways. First, the proud person offends his neighbor in his heart, by holding him cheap and despising him.1 So the wise man in Ecclesiasticus says: As humility is an abomination to the proud, so the poor man is held in contempt by the rich.2 He also offends his neighbor with his mouth in many ways: either by boasting or praising himself—a thing most unpleasant and hard to hear, as Solomon says in Proverbs: Whoever boasts and expands in words of self-praise provokes his hearers to wearisome displeasure and brings blame on himself. He may also offend by contending and quarreling, stubbornly defending and affirming his own words whether they are true or not, hunting for proofs and wanting his own side to win; or by speaking base, insulting, outrageous, and overbearing words, with threats and reproaches, treating others with contempt.3 So Solomon says in Proverbs: Where pride is, there will be insulting and base words.4 Proud people also offend others by their deeds—injuring, outraging, persecuting, and harassing them, and weighing them down in their persons, their goods, their standing, and their reputation—not letting others rest or live in peace. Of these the Prophet says: The proud always did unjust and wicked works in every place.

The Destructive Nature of the Proud

The proud are characterized by their unjust works, violence, and public scandal, leading the righteous to avoid their company.

And so, speaking for all who were wronged and oppressed, the Psalmist said: Confundantur superbi, quia iniuste iniquitatem fecerunt in me—Let the proud be put to shame, for they have unjustly done wrong against me. Solomon writes in Proverbs that proud men work iniquity: Arma et gladius in via superbi; and the wise man in Ecclesiasticus says: Effusio sanguinis in via superborum—Weapons and blades and the shedding of blood are on the path of proud men. Proud men also injure their neighbors by setting a bad example. While other sinners—adulterers, thieves, and many more—hide their evil deeds (of whom the Gospel says: Qui male agit, odit lucem—Whoever does evil hates the light), the proud make theirs open and plain, as people who aren't ashamed of them but boast and glory in them.5 That is why the Prophet avoided their company when he said: Superbo oculo et insatiabili corde, cum hoc non edebam—I would not eat or keep company with the one who had a proud eye and a heart that was never satisfied.

The Solitude of the Proud

Unlike other vices that foster camaraderie, pride is so divisive that even the proud cannot endure the company of one another.

Pride is therefore reasonably hateful and odious to God and to men—and not only to the gentle and the humble, as something contrary to them, but even to the proud themselves. One proud person hates another, even though they are brothers in the same vice and children of one father—to whom Christ said in the Gospel: Vos ex patre diabolo estis—You are children of the devil, who is your father. So among the proud, that general rule seems to fail which the wise man in Ecclesiasticus mentions: every man keeps company with his like. But the proud man keeps company with no other proud man. On the contrary, as Solomon says: Inter superbos semper iurgia sunt—Among proud men there are always quarrels and strife. That is why Saint Augustine says: Pride always hates peace and the company of others. And Innocent says: Pride is unbearable and hateful to every man; every other vice loves its like, but the proud man hates the other proud man.6

Read the original Latin

Anche offende la superbia gli angioli santi, ed è loro odiosa; però che per la superbia cadde il primo angiolo, e rovinò di cielo con tutti i suoi seguaci, e fatti sono d’angioli demonii; e ancora perché veggiono che la superbia fa levare l’uomo contro a Dio e sopra a Dio, che sommamente dispiace loro. E se ne’ dimonii dello ’nferno potesse essere diritto giudicio della ragione, averebbono in odio la superbia; imperò che, come dice santo Agostino, per la superbia il diavolo fu fatto misero. Offende la superbia il prossimo in molti modi. In prima, l’uomo superbo offende il prossimo col quore, avendolo a vile e spregiandolo. Onde dice il savio Ecclesiastico: Sicut abominatio est superbo humilitas, ita exeratio diviti pauper: Come al superbo è in abbominazione l’umilità, così all’uomo ricco è in dispregio il povero. Anche l’offende colla bocca in molti modi, o vantandosi o lodando sé medesimo: ch'è cosa molto spiacevole e a udire grave, come dice Salamone ne’ Proverbi: Qui se iactat, et dilatat iurgia, concidit: Chi si vanta, e dilatasi in parole di sua loda, provoca gli uditori a rincrescevoli spiaceri, e a farsi biasimare, o contendendo o litigando, e pertinacemente le sue parole, o vere o non vere ch’elle sieno, difendendo e affermando; cogliendo pruova, e vogliendo che la sua stia di sopra; o dicendo parole villane o ingiuriose o oltraggiose e soperchievoli, con minacce e con rimproveri, dispettando altrui. Onde Salamone dice ne’ Proverbi: Ubi fuerit superbia, ibi et contuemeliae: Dove sarà la superbia, ivi saranno parole oltraggiose e villane. Ancora offendono altrui gli uomini superbi co’ fatti, ingiuriando, oltraggiando, perseguitando, molestando, gravando nelle persone, nell’avere, nello stato, nella fama; non lasciando altrui stare né vivere in pace: de’ quali dice il Profeta: Superbi inique agebant usquequaque: I superbi faceano sempre in ogni luogo opere ingiuste e inique.

E però, in persona di tutti coloro ch’erano ingiuriati e oppressati, dicea il Salmista: Confundantur superbi, quia iniuste iniquitatem fecerunt in me: Sieno confusi i superbi; imperò che ingiustamente hanno fatto iniquitade contro a me. Che iniquitade adoperino gli uomini superbi, Salamone lo dice ne’ Proverbi: Arma et gladius in via superbi: e ’l savio Ecclesiastico dice: Effusio sanguinis in via superborum: Arme e coltella e spargimento di sangue è nella via de’ superbi uomini. Fanno ancora un’altra offesa al prossimo gli uomini superbi, dando il male essemplo; chè, con ciò sia cosa che gli altri peccatori, come sono gli adúlteri, e’ ladri e più altri, nascondono le loro male opere (de’ quali dice il Vangelo: Qui male agit, odit lucem: Colui che fa male, ha in odio la luce), ma i superbi le fanno manifeste e palese, come coloro che non se ne vergognano, ma che se ne vantano e gloriano. Onde la loro conversazione fuggiva il Profeta quando dicea: Superbo oculo et insatiabili corde, cum hoc non edebam: Io non mangiava e non usava con colui che avea l’occhio superbo e ’l quore che mai non si saziava. È, adunque, ragionevolmente ispiacevole e odiosa a Dio e agli uomini la superbia; e non solamente a’ mansueti e agli umili, come cosa loro contraria, ma eziandio a’ superbi; chè l’uno superbo ha in odio l’altro, con ciò sia cosa che sieno fratelli in uno medesimo vizio, e figliuoli d’uno padre: a’ quali diceva Cristo nel Vangelo: Vos ex patre diabolo estis: Voi siete figliuoli del diavolo, il quale è vostro padre. Onde ne’ superbi pare che falli quella regola generale, della quale dice il savio Ecclesiastico: Ogni uomo s’accompagna col suo simile; ma l’uomo superbo non s’accompagna con veruno superbo; anzi, come dice Salamone: Inter superbos semper iurgia sunt: Tra gli uomini superbi sempre sono discordie e lite. Onde dice santo Agostino: La superbia ha sempre in odio la pace e la compagnia altrui. E Innocenzio dice: La superbia a ogni uomo è importabile e odiosa: ogni altro vizio sì ama il suo simile; ma l’uomo superbo ha in odio l’altro superbo.

Scripture echoes

  1. Prov.28.25A greedy person stirs up conflict, but whoever trusts in the LORD will prosper.
  2. Prov.11.2When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with the humble is wisdom.
  3. Ps.119.78Let the arrogant be put to shame, for they have dealt falsely with me; but I will meditate on your precepts.

Notes

  1. 1Source spelling quore = cuore (heart).
  2. 2Latin witness reads exeratio, almost certainly for execratio/exsecratio; English follows the author's Italian gloss in dispregio (held in contempt).
  3. 3Latin Qui se iactat, et dilatat iurgia, concidit looks compressed or corrupt (cf. Proverbs wording with iactat/dilatat and iurgia); English follows the author's Italian gloss rather than repairing the Latin independently.
  4. 4Latin contuemeliae for contumeliae; sense matches the Italian parole oltraggiose e villane.
  5. 5Medieval Italian 'chè, con ciò sia cosa che ... ma' is concessive: although other sinners hide their works, the proud display them.
  6. 6'importabile' rendered as 'unbearable' (intolerable to bear), matching medieval Italian/Latin importabilis.

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