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Jacopo Passavanti, Lo Specchio di vera penitenza/Book 1 · Lo Specchio di vera penitenza
Chapter 13SpecPenSup.1.13

Qui si dimostra come sono tre cose per le quali si può correggere la superbia

The Three Remedies for Pride

The author introduces three primary considerations—human frailty, divine majesty, and the vanity of worldly goods—as the foundational cures for the vice of pride.

Although, as we've seen, it's hard to cure the vice of pride, it's not impossible. St. Thomas teaches in the Summa three ways to cure and heal the vice of pride. The first is to consider our own frailty, about which the wise man in Ecclesiasticus says: Quid superbis, terra et cinis? Why do you rise up in pride, earth and ash? The wise man in Ecclesiasticus can't better show the baseness of human nature than by carefully considering how we enter this world and how we leave it through death. A human being comes into this world conceived and begotten, by being born; and that the seminal matter of both father and mother, from which a person is generated, is base and foul is no idle dream to say—it is plain.1 St. Bernard, in his Meditations, and Innocent, in the book On the Baseness of Human Misery, clearly show this.2 So holy Job, speaking to God, said to Him: Memento, quaeso, quod sicut lutum fecisti me, et in pulverem reduces me: Remember, I beg You, that You have made me as one makes clay and mud, and in the end You will unmake me and reduce me to dust.3 And in another place he said: 'I am likened to clay as to conception and birth; to a spark of fire as to life; and to ashes as to death.'4 That a human being is base and wretched in the course of life is shown by his vanity; of which the Psalmist says: 'Every living human being is nothing but vanity,' for there is nothing solid or stable in him. So Saint James, considering such vanity, said in his Epistle: 'What is our life?'5 Vapor est ad modicum parens, et deinceps exterminabitur: What is our life?6 And he himself answers: It is a shadow with a vapor of smoke that lasts only a little while and soon vanishes. And this is a great misery: that our life is so short that a person barely realizes he has lived before he dies. And, as Seneca says, a man dies before he has even begun to live—taking 'to live' to mean living virtuously. Saint Job recognized the shortness of human life when he said: 'Man born of woman, living only a short time, is full of many miseries.' And it continues: And he flees like a shadow, and never remains in the same state: And he flees like a shadow, and never stays in one state. And the prophet David says: Yet a little while, and the sinner will not be; you will seek his place, and you will not find it: Before long the sinful man will be no more, and you will look for his place, and you will not find him. Man is lowly and wretched in this world not only regarding his body and physical life, but also his soul, which contracts the stain of original sin the moment it is created in the body. From this follow all miseries of body and soul: toil, pain, sorrow, fear, hunger, thirst, illness, the failings of old age, ignorance, anger, and concupiscence—along with the sins and faults that soil the soul, corrupt the mind, stain the conscience, and disgrace one's name. So the Prophet said, grieving: Behold, I was conceived in iniquity, and in sin my mother conceived me: See, I was conceived by my mother in sin.7 And recognizing the sins he had later committed, he prayed that they might then be forgiven him; so he said: Wash me still more, Lord, from my iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin; for I know my iniquity, and my sin is always before me.8 He says: Against you alone have I sinned, and I have done evil before you. I need to be washed not only from the original sin with which my mother conceived me, but even more from my own iniquity and sin. And so, Lord, do it; because I know my iniquity, and my sin is always before me. Against you alone have I sinned, and I have done evil before you. Among other things, it is a great misery that in this life a person does not notice their own miseries. So, to make him notice this, He says to him in the Apocalypse: You say, I am rich and I lack nothing; and you do not realize that you are wretched, poor, blind, and naked. As for leaving this world by dying—into how much misery and baseness one goes: how much the sick suffer in their pains and torments, finding no rest, with anxiety, with torments, with anguish, with bitterness, tortured with irons and with fire, and at the end dying in pain and fear, and with doubts about whether the soul will end well.9 The wretched flesh is put underground to be food for foul-smelling worms—not to mention those who die a bad death, whose flesh is devoured by wolves, dogs, fish, and birds of prey. But even while he lives, how base is he? So Scripture says that our life is baser than mud—indeed, a sack of dung and filth. So the prophet Micah said: 'Within you is the cause of your humility.'10 And of this misery the wise man of Ecclesiasticus speaks, saying: 'When a man has died, his inheritance will be serpents, beasts, and worms.'11 The second thing St. Thomas says is useful for healing pride is to consider the excellence of His Majesty: whose wisdom sees all things; whose providence governs and rules all things; whose justice punishes and corrects all things; whose power conquers and subdues everything.

Submission to the Divine Hand

This section emphasizes the necessity of submitting to God's authority and recognizing the fleeting nature of all worldly glory.

How, then, will a man be so bold as to rise up against God in pride, and not rather submit to his will and serve him with fear and reverence? So Saint Job says to the proud man: Quid tumet contra Deum spiritus tuus? Why does your spirit swell with pride against God? And in another place he says: Quis restitit ei, et pacem habuit? Who has ever contended with God and still had peace?12 It is as if to say: No one comes out of it without a broken head; for whoever throws a stone against God has it fall back on his own head. And so Saint Peter said well: Humiliamini sub potenti manu Dei: Humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God. O mortal people, consider your lowliness and the condition of your wretched, unstable life; put aside your haughty spirit, blunt your insolent pride, and live humbly, subject to the will of almighty God. The third thing Saint Thomas says that brings pride down is to consider the imperfection and vanity of those things people swell with pride over—which are the goods of nature, of the body or of the soul. Regarding the body: beauty, strength, health, agility, nobility, and freedom.13 The natural goods of the soul are intellect, memory, sound judgment, skill, and learning.14 People also swell with pride over the goods of fortune—things outside themselves that are beyond their control, and which they can lose whether they want to or not: specifically, riches, high offices, rank, honors, wisdom, power, glory, and fame.15 Furthermore, a person grows proud over the goods of grace—such as the virtues—because they use them poorly.16 All these things are, in this life, thoroughly imperfect, and no one should swell with pride over them; they have little stability, and no one should count them as great things. The prophet Isaiah speaks of them, saying: Omnis caro faenum, et omnis gloria eius quasi flos foeni: All flesh is like grass, and all its glory like the flower of the grass. Saint Gregory explains this saying and says: The power of worldly men is flesh, and its glory is rightly likened to grass and to the flower; for even while it stands, it falls, and when it is most showy, then it vanishes and fails.17

The Lessons of Adversity and Example

The author explores how God uses adversity and public shame as medicinal tools to humble the proud, citing the example of King David.

Cicero writes of Alcibiades, who went from great glory and wealth to deep misery. He says it was as if two opposing fortunes had split him between them: one gave him high birth, unmatched beauty, prowess, glory, a celebrated name, the love of his fellow citizens, favor among the people, abundant riches, a sharp mind, eloquence, and public goodwill; the other followed close behind and gave him poverty and his country's hatred—he was driven from power, condemned, banished, and ultimately died a wretched death. The same could be said of many others you read about in holy Scripture and in worldly histories: their glory and prosperity lasted only a little while and ended in deep misery. And that is how it usually goes. Even so, many still grow proud of these defective and imperfect things, count them as great, believe the highest and perfect good is found in them, and set their final happiness there—just as the wise Boethius shows in his book, The Consolation of Philosophy. So the prophet David said: Beatum dixerunt populum, cui haec sunt—"They have called the people blessed who have these things." There are many who say that whoever abounds in these things of the world is blessed; but it is not so, he says. Rather, blessed is the one who has God for his Lord, and who, in order to have him, leaves all these things behind.18 And that all the things named above—and each of those that usually make people proud—are imperfect, unstable, vain, and full of many defects is shown clearly in many places in holy Scripture, both by teaching and by examples; and Boethius in the book already named, and Seneca in his Epistles and Tragedies, set it out clearly and in good order.19 So anyone who wants to know more about this—either to lift the soul away from the things of the world and not prize them, or to know how to speak well about them—should read the books of those wise writers, or else this book of ours written in Latin, in the treatise on pride, where the matter is carefully treated, and more will be said about it further on in the treatise on vainglory. There is another thing that helps correct pride: the tribulation or adversity God sends to people to take away the occasions of pride, such as poverty, sickness, a fall in rank, shame, disgrace, temptations, and similar things. It is written of Severus that he was a great man who cured all the possessed—and not only when he was present, but even when he was away, by sending his hairshirt or something written in his own hand; and when the possessed touched those things, they were made well by them. So the fame of his power spread through distant countries, and the possessed were brought to him from many ranks and conditions of life.20 Seeing himself work such power and stand in such good repute, he began to feel he was worthy of honor, and that by his own goodness he must have earned the grace he had. And pride, which so often is born of the good, was touching his mind; and the devil, hounding him, set him fiercely on fire—so that the man who cured others and freed them from the devil’s power was attacked by the devil and overcome. Feeling the vice of that pestilent pride overpowering his mind, he turned to God, praying Him devoutly to provide a remedy for his infirmity and free him from that vice—and to permit that, just as the vice of pride had come upon him through casting demons out of human bodies, so the demon might take power over his own body, so that his soul might be saved. He was heard; the demon entered into him, and for five months he remained possessed so fiercely that he had to be bound and put in irons, so that he wouldn't harm himself or anyone else.21 After the five months, his body was freed from the demon, and his mind from pride. As Saint Augustine and Saint Gregory say, God lets the proud fall into some public and open sin, by which a man is shamed and confounded, so that he doesn't dare show his face among people and grows disgusted with himself—he who before, wrongly pleased with himself, had grown proud. So Saint Augustine expounds that word of the Psalmist: Imple facies eorum ignominia, et quoerent nomen tuum, Domine.22 The Prophet says to God, speaking of proud men: Fill their faces with shame and confusion, and then they will seek your name, Lord, to magnify and honor it—those who before were magnifying their own name. Of such men the Prophet says: Vocaverunt nomina sua in terris suis: Proud men work hard to make a name for themselves in their own lands. And as for what God does in humbling proud sinners—as the prophet David says: Humilians autem peccatores usque ad terram: God humbles sinners down to the ground—God does all of this mercifully, chastising and correcting sinners so that they may not perish. Holy King David recognized this—he who grew proud in great prosperity, and God humbled him with many adversities and by allowing him to fall into adultery and murder; and so he said: Bonum mihi quia humiliasti me, ut discam iustificationes tuas: It was good and useful for me that you, Lord, humbled me, so that I might learn your justifications—that is, how you make people just by obedience to your commandments, or how you yourself are just in all your works.23 And in another place he said: Priusquam humiliarer, ego deliqui; propterea eloquium tuum custodivi: Before I was humbled, I went wrong by sinning, and so afterward I kept your commandments, which I had first broken.

The Perfect Humility of Christ and His Saints

The final section presents the humility of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints as the ultimate model for the soul, concluding with a reflection on the medicinal nature of virtue.

Another remedy, most effective against outrageous pride, is the example of Jesus Christ's humility, of whom St. Paul says: Humiliavit semetipsum, factus obediens usque ad mortem: Jesus Christ humbled himself, making himself obedient even to death. St. Augustine expounds that saying and says: So that the cause of all evils might be cured, Christ the Son of God came down and became man. How, then, do you grow proud, O man, when God has been humbled for your sake? If you're ashamed to follow the humility of a man, you shouldn't be ashamed to follow the humility of God. And Saint Gregory says: Because the only-begotten Son of God took the form of our weakness so that he might teach man not to be proud, since he who is God had made himself humble—how great is the virtue of humility, for to teach which alone God, of immeasurable greatness and infinite majesty, made himself small, even to the Passion and to death on the cross!24 So, just as pride is the devil's instrument for our ruin, so God's humility was an effective remedy for our salvation.25 Our teacher Christ taught this virtue of humility in his school, saying: Discite a me, quia mitis sum et humilis corde: Learn from me, for I am gentle and humble of heart. Saint Augustine explains that saying and says: The true Master did not say, Learn from me how to create heaven and earth, or how to raise the dead; but he said they should learn humility from him—without which, as Saint Gregory says: Whoever gathers all the other virtues without humility is like someone carrying dust in the wind. His blessed Mother, the Virgin Mary, learned this most excellent virtue from Christ—or rather, even before she saw Jesus Christ incarnate and humbled, the Holy Spirit infused in her, most excellently, the virtue of perfect humility; which she showed when the angel Gabriel told her that she was full of grace and blessed by God above all other women, and that she was chosen to be the mother of the Son of God, and she, humbling herself, said: Ecce ancilla Domini, fiat mihi secundum verbum tuum: Behold the handmaid of the Lord; let it be done according to what you say.26 Of this humility she then, in the presence of Saint Elizabeth, in that joyful canticle which, full of the Holy Spirit, thanking God and prophesying, she made as a stanza, said: Quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae, ecce enim ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes: Because God looked upon the humility of his handmaid, all the generations of the peoples will call me blessed.2728 Saint John the Baptist followed this most high virtue of humility; who, being of such perfection that Christ said of him: Inter natos mulierum non surrexit maior Ioanne Baptista: Among all those born of women, no one has arisen greater than he (and so many, because of his holiness, believed he was Christ); humbling himself, said that he was not Christ, and that he was not worthy to untie the strap of his sandal. The holy Apostles followed it too, and so did those who succeeded them, as Holy Scripture and their legends show—examples that ought to move us strongly toward humility. Saint Gregory says: If holy people, through the virtue of humility within them, still consider themselves small and hold themselves lowly even when they perform marvelous things, what excuse will those people have who, having no good works or virtue in them at all, rise up in pride, consider themselves worthy and great, and want to be seen that way? And because the virtues are the remedy for the vices, which are diseases of the soul—so that one stands opposed to the other, and that opposition is necessary, since according to the rule of medicine illnesses are cured by their contraries—it is fitting that in this treatise, where the aim is to correct and heal the vices, we should write of the virtues as medicinal remedies. And so, once the treatment of each principal vice is finished, we will next write of the contrary virtues—so that when one contrary is set beside the other, each is better known through the other; and so that the medicine, brought close to the disease, may work its power more effectively.29

Read the original Latin

Avvegna che, come è provato, malagevole sia curare il vizio della superbia, tuttavia non è impossibile. Onde san Tommaso, nella Somma, insegna tre cose, per le quali si cura e sana il vizio della superbia. La prima cosa è la considerazione della propria fragilità; della quale il savio Ecclesiastico dice: Quid superbis, terra et cinis? perché ti levi in superbia, terra e cenere? Non puote meglio il savio Ecclesiastico mostrare la viltà dell’umana natura, che considerare bene come noi vegnamo in questo mondo, e come noi ce ne partiamo morendo. Viene l’uomo in questo mondo conceputo e generato, nascendo; e come sia vile e brutta la materia seminale, e del padre e della madre, di che l’uomo si genera, non è sogno di dire, ch’egli è manifesto. E san Bernardo, nelle sue Meditazioni, e Innocenzio nel libro della Viltà dell’umana miseria, chiaramente il dimostra. Onde santo Iob, parlando a Dio, li dicea: Memento, quoeso, quod sicut lutum fecisti me, et in pulverem reduces me: Ricorditi, priégoti, che tu m’hai fatto come si fa il loto e il fango, e finalmente mi disfarai, e riducerâmi in polvere.

E in altro luogo dicea: Comparatus sum luto, et assimilatus sum favilloe et cineri: Io sono assimigliato al loto, quanto alla concezione e al nascimento; e alla favilla del fuoco, quanto alla vita; e alla cenere, quanto che alla morte. E che nel processo della vita l’uomo sia vile e misero, dimostrasi per la sua vanità; della quale dice il Salmista: Universa vanitas omnis homo vivens: Ogni uomo che vive in questo modo, è tutta vanità, chè non ci è niente del saldo o di stabilità. Onde santo Iacopo, considerando tale vanità, diceva nella Pistola sua: Quoe est vita nostra? Vapor est ad modicum parens, et deinceps exterminabitur: Ch’è la vita nostra? E egli medesimo risponde: È un’ombra con vapore di fumo, che poco dura e tosto sparisce. E questa è grande miseria, che la nostra vita sia così brieve, che a pena s’avvede l’uomo essere vivuto, che muore. E, come dice Seneca: Innanzi muore l’uomo, ch’egli abbia cominciato a vivere; intendendo per lo vivere, il vivere virtuoso. Della brieve vita dell’uomo s’avvedea santo Iob, quando dicea: Homo natus de muliere, brevi vivens tempore, repletur multis miseriis: L’uomo nato di femmina, brieve tempo vivendo, è pieno di molte miserie.

E séguita: Et fugit velut umbra, et numquam in eodem statu permanet: E fugge come l’ombra, e mai non istà in istato. E David profeta dice: Adhuc pusillum, et non erit peccator, et quoeres locum eius, et non invenies: Di qui a poco non ci sarà più l’uomo peccatore, e cercherai del luogo suo, e non lo troverai. Non solamente quanto al corpo e alla vita corporale è l’uomo vile e misero in questo mondo; ma ancora quanto all’anima, la quale immantenente ch’è creata nel corpo, contrae la macola del peccato originale, al quale séguitano poi tutte le miserie nel corpo e nell’anima; come sono fatiche, dolore e tristizia, paura, fame e sete, infermità, vecchiezza co’ suoi difetti, ignoranza, ira e concupiscenza; e’ peccati e le colpe che l’anima lordano, viziano la mente, maculano la coscienza e vituperano la fama. Onde dicea il Profeta rammaricandosi: Ecce enim in iniquitatibus conceptus sum, et in peccatis concepit me mater mea: Ecco ch’io fu’ conceputo dalla mia madre in peccato. E quegli ch’egli avea poscia commessi riconoscendo, pregava che gli fosson poi perdonati; onde dicea: Amplius lava me, Domine, ab iniquitate mea, et a peccato meo munda me; quoniam iniquitatem meam ego cognosco, et peccatum meum contra me est semper. Tibi soli peccavi, et malum coram te feci: Non solamente, dice, io ho bisogno d’essere lavato dal peccato originale col quale mi concepette la mia madre, ma più d’esser lavato dalla mia iniquitade, e mondato dal mio peccato. E però, Signore, fàllo; però ch’io conosco la mia iniquitade, e ’l peccato mio è sempre dinanzi a me. A te solo ho peccato, e ho fatto il male dinanzi da te.

È una grande miseria, tra l’altre, che l’uomo in questa vita non s’avvede delle sue miserie. Onde, per farnelo avvedere, gli dice nell’Apocalissi: Tu dicis: quia dives sum, et nullius egeo; et nescis quia miser es et miserabilis, papuer, coecus et nudus: Tu dici: io sono ricco e non mi manca nulla; e non t’avvedi che tu sei misero, povero, cieco e nudo: Quanto all’uscire da questo mondo, morendo, a quanta miseria e viltà si va, quanto stento fanno gl’infermi ne’ dolori, nelle pene, non trovando riposo, coll’ansietà, con tormenti, coll’angosce, coll’amaritudini, co’ ferri, col fuoco martoriati, e alla fine con dolori, con paura morendo, e con dubi di bene capitare coll’anima. La misera carne è messa sotterra a essere pasto de’ puzzolenti vermini; sanza coloro che muoiono di mala morte, le cui carni sono divorate da’ lupi e da’ cani e da’ pesci e dagli uccelli rapaci. Ma pure mentre ch’egli vive, quanto è egli vile? Onde la Scrittura dice, che la vita nostra è più vile che ’l fango; anzi, un sacco di sterco e di sozzurra. Onde il profeta Michea dicea: Nel mezzo di te è la cagione della tua umiltà. E di questa miseria parla il savio Ecclesiastico e dice: Cum mortuus fuerit homo, hoereditabit serpentes, bestias et vermes: Quando l’uomo sarà morto, il suo ereditaggio saranno i serpenti e le bestie e’ vermini. La seconda cosa che dice san Tommaso ch’è utile a sanare la superbia, è considerare l’eccellenzia della Sua Maestade; la cui sapienzia tutte le cose vede; al cui provvidenza tutte le cose governa e regge; la cui giustizia tutte le cose punisce e corregge; al cui potenza ogni cosa vince e doma.

Come, adunque, sarà l’uomo tanto ardito che si levi contro a Dio per superbia; e non più tosto sarà suggetto alla sua volontà, e con timore e reverenzia il servirà? Onde dice santo Iob all’uomo superbo: Quid tumet contra Deum spiritus tuus? perché enfia per superbia contra Dio lo spirito tuo? E in un altro luogo dice: Quis restitit ei, et pacem habuit? Chi è colui che abbia contastato a Dio, e abbia pace? quasi dica: Non è niuno che non ne rimanga col capo rotto; però che chi contra Dio pietra gietta, in capo gli ritorna. E però dicea bene messer san Piero: Humiliamini sub potenti manu Dei: Umiliatevi sotto la potente mano di Dio. O gente mortale, considerate la vostra viltade, e la condizione della vostra misera e instabile vita; e ponendo giù l’animo altero, e rintuzzando l’oltraggioso orgoglio, vivete umili suggetti alla volontà di Dio onnipotente.

La terza cosa che dice san Tommaso che fa pôr giù la superbia, è considerare la imperfezione e la vanità di quelle cose di che altri si leva in superbia; le quali sono i beni della natura, o del corpo, o dell’anima. Del corpo, la bellezza, la fortezza, la santà, leggerezza, nobiltà e libertà. Beni naturali dell’anima sono, lo ’ngegno, la memoria, il senno, l’arte, la scienza. Anche si leva l’uomo in superbia de’ beni della fortuna, come sono le cose di fuori dell’uomo, che non sono in sua podestà, e però le puote egli perdere, o voglia egli o no: cioe sono le ricchezze, le degnità, lo stato, gli onori, la sapienza, la potenza, la gloria, la fama. Ancora de’ beni della grazia insuperbisce l’uomo, come sono le virtù, chè l’usa male. E tutte queste cose sono in questa vita imperfettissime, e da non doversene levare in superbia; e con poca stabilità, e da non doverle stimare gran cose: delle quali parla Isaia profeta, e dice: Omnis caro faenum, et omnis gloria eius quasi flos foeni: Ogni carne è come il fieno, e ogni sua gloria come il fiore del fieno. La qual parola espone san Gregorio e dice: La potenza degli uomeni del mondo si è la carne, e la gloria d’essa dirittamente al fieno e al fiore s’assomiglia; però che stando, cade, e quando è più appariscente, allora sparisce e viene meno.

Recita Tullio di quello Alcibiade, il quale dopo la grande gloria e dopo le grandi ricchezze venne in grande miseria; e dice che parve che due fortune contrarie si dividessono insieme: l’una gli diede grande nobiltade e smisurata bellezza, prodezza e molta gloria, fama di grande loda, l’amore de’ cittadini, grazia nelle genti, abundantissime ricchezze, sottile ingegno, eloquenza, il favore del popolo: l’altra a mano a mano seguitò; che gli diede povertà e l’odio della patria; fu cacciato della signoria, condannato e messo in bando, e alla fine morì di mala morte. E così si potrebbe dire di molti altri, de’ quali si legge nella divina Scrittura e nelle storie mondane, che la loro gloria e la loro prosperità poco durò, e finì in grande miseria. E comunemente così interviene. E con tutto ciò, si truovano molti che di queste cose così difettuose e imperfette insuperbiscono, e réputanle grandi cose, stimando che in loro sia sommo e perfetto bene, e pongono in loro la sua finale beatitudine: come dimostra quello savio Boezio nel libro suo della Consolazione della filosofia. Onde il profeta David diceva: Beatum dixerunt popolum, cui hoec sunt: Molti si truovano che dicono che chi abbonda in queste cose del mondo, è beato: ma non è così, dice egli; anzi è beato colui che ha Iddio per suo Signore, e che per avere lui, lascia tutte queste cose. E come tutte le predette cose, e ciascuna di quelle le quali sogliono insuperbire gli uomini, sono imperfette, inistabili, vane e con molti difetti, mostrasi chiaramente in molti luoghi della santa Scrittura e per dottrina e per essempli; e Boezio nel libro detto, e Seneca nelle Pistole sue e nelle Tragedie il manifestano chiaramente e ordinatamente. Onde chi di ciò volesse sapere più cose, o per levare l’animo dalle cose del mondo e non pregiarle, o per saperne bene parlare, legga ne’ libri de’ detti savi, o vero in questo nostro libro fatto in latino, nel trattato della superbia, dove istesamente se ne scrive, e più innanzi se ne scriverà nel trattato della vanagloria. È un’altra cosa che aiuta correggere la superbia, e questo è alcuna tribulazione o avversità che Dio manda alle persone, per tôrre loro le cagioni della superbia: come è povertà, infermità, abbassamento di stato, vergogna, infamia, tentazioni e simili cose.

Iscrive Severo, ch’e’ fu uno grande uomo il quale tutti gl’indemoniati curava; e non solamente essendo egli presente, ma eziandio essendo assente, mandando egli il ciliccio suo, o alcuna scritta di sua mano; le quali cose toccando gl’invasati, con esse erano fatti sani: onde la fama della virtù sua sparta per lontani paesi, erano menati gl’indemoniati a lui di diversi stati e condizioni. Vedendosi costui adoperare tanta virtù e essere in tanta buona fama, cominciò a parergli essere degno d’onore, e che per sua bontà dovesse avere la grazia ch’egli avea. E la superbia, che del bene spesse volte nasce, toccava la sua mente; e ’l diavolo perseguitandolo, lo ’nfiammava forte; sì che colui che curava gli altri e dalla podestà del diavolo gli liberava, dal diavolo era combattuto e vinto. Sentendosi costui soperchiare dal vizio della pestilente superbia la sua mente, ricorse a Dio, devotamente pregandolo che dovesse ponere rimedio alla sua infirmità, e liberarlo di tale vizio; e che permettesse che, come per cacciare i demonii de’ corpi umani era pervenuto in lui il vizio della superbia, così il demonio prendesse podestà sopra il corpo suo, acciò che l’anima fosse salva. Fu esaldito; e entrò in lui il demonio, e stette cinque mesi indemoniato sì fieramente, che convenia che fosse legato e inferriato, acciò che non nocesse a sé né altrui. Dopo i cinque mesi, il corpo fu liberato dal demonio, e la mente dalla superbia. E, come dice santo Agostino e san Gregorio, lascia Iddio cadere il superbo in alcuno peccato pubblico e manifesto, per lo quale l’uomo è vituperato e confuso, sì che non ardisca d’apparire tra le genti e dispiaccia a sé medesimo, il quale in prima male piacendosi insuperbiva. Così spone santo Agostino quella parola del Salmista: Imple facies eorum ignominia, et quoerent nomen tuum, Domine.

Dice il Profeta a Dio, degli uomini superbi parlando: Empi le facce loro di vergogna e di confusione, e allora cercheranno il nome tuo, Signore, a magnificarlo e onorarlo, i quali prima magnificavano il nome loro. De’ quali dice il Profeta: Vocaverunt nomina sua in terris suis: Gli uomini superbi si studiano di farsi nominare nelle terre loro. E di ciò che Dio fa d’umiliare i superbi peccatori, secondo che dice David profeta: Humilians autem peccatores usque ad terram: Iddio umilia i peccatori infino alla terra; tutto lo fa Iddio misericordiosamente, gastigando e correggendo i peccatori, acciò che non periscano. Questo riconosceva il santo re David, il quale insuperbì nella prosperità grande, e Iddio l’umiliò con molte avversità, e permettendolo cadere nell’adulterio e nell’omicidio; e però dicea: Bonum mihi quia humiliasti me, ut discam iustificationes tuas: Buona cosa e utile mi fu, che tu, Signore, m’aumiliasti, acciò ch’io apparassi le tue iustificazioni; cioè come tu fai gli uomini giusti obbediendo a’ tuoi comandamenti, o vero come tu se’giusto in tutte le tue operazioni. E in un altro luogo dicea: Priusquam humiliarer, ego deliqui; propterea eloquium tuum custodivi: In prima ch’io fussi umiliato, peccando fallai, e però servai poi i tuoi comandamenti, i quali prima trapassai. Un altro rimedio si trova efficacissimo contro all’oltraggiosa superbia; e questo è l’essemplo dell’umiltà di Iesu Cristo, del quale dice san Paolo: Humiliavit semetipsum, factus obediens usque ad mortem: Iesu Cristo umiliò sé medesimo, faccendosi obbidiente infino alla morte. La qual parola spone santo Agostino e dice: Acciò che la cagione di tutti i mali si curasse, discese Cristo figliuolo di Dio, e fecesi uomo. Come, adunque, insuperbisci tu, uomo, con ciò sia cosa che Dio è umiliato per te?

Se tu ti vergogni di seguitare l’umilità dell’uomo, non ti dei vergognare di seguitare l’umilità di Dio. E santo Gregorio dice: Imperò che l’unigenito figliuolo di Dio prese forma della nostra infermità, acciò ch’egli insegnasse all’uomo non essere superbo, da che egli era fatto umile Iddio; quanta è la virtù della umilitade, per la quale sola insegnare, Iddio, di smisurata grandezza e infinita maestà, diventò piccolo in fino alla passione e alla morte della croce! Onde, come la superbia è strumento del diavolo alla nostra perdizione, così l’umilità di Dio fu efficace rimedio alla nostra salute. Questa virtù della umilità il nostro maestro Cristo la ’nsegnò nella squola sua, dicendo: Discite a me, quia mitis sum et humilis corde: Imparate da me, ch’io sono mansueto e umile di quore. La qual parola espone santo Agostino, e dice: Non disse il Maestro verace, apparate da me di creare il cielo e la terra, né suscitare i morti; ma disse ch’apparassono da lui umilità, sanza la quale, come dice san Gregorio: Chi raguna tutte l’altre virtù sanza l'umiltà, è come colui che porta la polvere al vento. Questa eccellentissima virtù imprese da Cristo la sua benedetta Madre, Vergina Maria: anzi in prima ch’ella vedesse Iesu Cristo incarnato e umiliato, le fu infusa dallo Spirito Santo eccellentissimamente la virtù di perfetta umilità; la quale dimostrò quando dicendole l’angelo Gabriello ch’ella era piena di grazia e benedetta da Dio sopra tutte l’altre donne, e come era eletta a essere madre del Figliuolo di Dio, et ella, umiliandosi, disse: Ecce ancilla Domini, fiat mihi secundum verbum tuum: Ecco l’ancilla del Signore; sia fatto secondo che tu di’. Della quale umilità ella poi nella presenza di santa Lisabet, in quello gaudioso cantico, il quale, piena di Spirito Santo, ringraziando Iddio e profetando, fece una stanza, e disse: Quia respexit l’humilitatem ancilloe suoe, ecce enim ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes: Imperò che Iddio ragguardò l’umiltà dell’ancilla sua, tutte le generazioni delle genti mi chiameranno beata. Seguitò questa altissima virtù dell’umilità san Giovanni Batista; il quale essendo di tanta perfezione, che Cristo disse in lui: Inter natos mulierum non surrexit maior Ioanne Baptista: Tra tutti i figliuoli delle femmine nati, niuno s’è levato maggiore di lui (onde molti, per la santità sua, credevano ch’e’ fosse Cristo); umiliandosi, disse che non era Cristo, e non era degno di sciogliere la correggia del suo calzare.

Seguitoronla gli Apostoli santi che a loro succedettono, come mostra la Scrittura santa e le loro leggende, li cui essempli molto debbono muovere noi a umilità. Onde dice san Gregorio: Se gli uomini santi, per la virtù della umilità ch’è in loro, quando fanno cose maravigliose, si reputano piccoli e tengonsi vili; che diranno coloro in loro iscusa, che, non avendo in loro niuna opera di bene o di virtù, elevandosi in superbia, si reputano e vogliono essere reputati degni e grandi? E imperò che le virtù sono rimedio de’ vizi, i quali sono infermità dell’anima, onde l’uno ha verso all’altro contrarietà, la qual’è di bisogno, però che, secondo la regola della medicina, le ’nfermitadi si curano per gli loro contrari; convenevolmente in questo trattato, dove s’intende di correggere e di sanare i vizi, si dee iscrivere delle virtù come di medicinali rimedi. E però, terminato il trattato di ciascun vizio principale, appresso iscriverremo delle virtù contrarie; acciò che l’uno contrario posto allato all’altro, si cognosca l’uno meglio per l’altro; e acciò che la medicina approssimata all’nfermitade, più efficacemente adoperi la sua virtude.

Scripture echoes

  1. Job.30.19He has cast me into the mud, and I have become like dust and ashes.
  2. Ps.38.6My wounds are foul and festering because of my folly.
  3. Jas.4.14You who do not know what tomorrow will bring — what your life will be! For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then vanishes.
  4. Jas.4.14You who do not know what tomorrow will bring — what your life will be! For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then vanishes.
  5. Jas.4.14You who do not know what tomorrow will bring — what your life will be! For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then vanishes.
  6. Job.14.1Man, born of woman, is short of days and full of turmoil.
  7. Job.14.2Like a flower he comes forth and withers; he flees like a shadow and does not remain.
  8. Rev.3.17Because you say, 'I am rich and have become wealthy and have need of nothing, and you do not know that you are the wretched one, and pitiable, and poor, and blind, and naked—
  9. 1Pet.5.6Therefore humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, so that he may exalt you in due time.
  10. Isa.40.6;1Pet.1.24A voice says, "Cry out!" And I said, "What shall I cry?" All flesh is grass, and all its faithfulness is like the flower of the field. 1Pet.1.24 — For all flesh is like grass, and all its glory like the flower of grass. The grass withers, and the flower falls,
  11. Isa.40.6A voice says, "Cry out!" And I said, "What shall I cry?" All flesh is grass, and all its faithfulness is like the flower of the field.
  12. Phil.2.6-Phil.2.8who, existing in the form of God, did not regard equality with God as something to exploit, Phil.2.7 — but emptied himself, taking the form of a slave, being born in human likeness, and appearing as a human being. Phil.2.8 — And he humbled himself, becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross.
  13. Matt.11.29Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you will find rest for your souls.
  14. Luke.1.28;Luke.1.42And coming to her, he said, 'Greetings, favored one! The Lord is with you.' Luke.1.42 — And she cried out with a loud voice and said, "Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb."
  15. Luke.1.38And Mary said, 'Behold, the servant of the Lord; let it be to me according to your word.' And the angel departed from her.
  16. Luke.1.48For he has looked upon the lowliness of his servant. For behold, from now on all generations will call me blessed.
  17. Matt.11.11;Luke.7.28Truly I tell you, among those born of women no one has arisen greater than John the Baptist; yet the least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he. Luke.7.28 — I tell you, among those born of women there is no one greater than John; but the least in the kingdom of God is greater than he.
  18. John.1.20;John.1.27;Mark.1.7He confessed, and did not deny, but confessed, 'I am not the Christ.' John.1.27 — He who comes after me, the strap of whose sandal I am not worthy to untie. Mark.1.7 — And he was proclaiming, saying, 'The one who is mightier than I comes after me, and I am not worthy to stoop down and untie the strap of his sandals.'

Notes

  1. 1“non è sogno di dire” rendered as “no idle dream to say” (i.e., not a fancy or exaggeration); “brutta” kept as “foul” for moral-physical baseness, not mere ugliness.
  2. 2“Innocenzio... Viltà dell’umana miseria” almost certainly Innocent III’s De miseria humanae conditionis; title kept close to the Italian surface.
  3. 3Source has “quoeso” for Latin “quaeso”; translated from the intended form. “loto e il fango” expands lutum as clay and mud per the Italian gloss.
  4. 4Source reads favilloe; treated as favillae (spark), matching the Italian favilla del fuoco.
  5. 5Pistola is medieval Italian for epistle/letter, not a firearm.
  6. 6After the Latin of James 4:14b, the Italian restates the question rather than translating the vapor clause; the answer follows in the next sentence.
  7. 7Italian gloss compresses the two-clause Latin (iniquitatibus / peccatis) into a single 'in sin'; English keeps the Italian surface while the Latin quote retains the fuller parallel.
  8. 8The psalm petition is given only in Latin here, without an Italian gloss; rendered from the clear Vulgate sense of Amplius lava me...
  9. 9Embedded Latin has papuer (corrupt for pauper); the Italian gloss correctly has povero, which is followed here.
  10. 10Attributed to Micah without Latin lemma; exact verse mapping left for later resolution.
  11. 11Embedded Latin hoereditabit is a spelling variant/corruption of hereditabit; sense follows standard reading and the Italian gloss.
  12. 12contastato: older form of contrastare/contrastato, 'opposed/contended against'; rendered 'contended with' to match the Latin restitit sense.
  13. 13santà = sanità (health); leggerezza here is bodily lightness/agility, not frivolity; fortezza is bodily strength.
  14. 14senno rendered as sound judgment (sense/prudence of mind); arte as skill/craft; scienza as learning/knowledge rather than modern experimental science.
  15. 15sapienza is listed among goods of fortune as in the source; kept even though wisdom is often classed among goods of the soul.
  16. 16chè read as causal (because/for) introducing misuse of the virtues; could also be taken as relative ('which he uses badly') with little change of sense.
  17. 17stando, cade: even while it stands/endures, it is already falling—transience of worldly power mid-course, not only at the end.
  18. 18Source Latin quote prints "popolum" and "hoec"; rendered from the intended Vulgate reading populum / haec (Ps 143:15 Vg).
  19. 19Source "inistabili" read as instabili, "unstable."
  20. 20Opening 'Iscrive Severo' read as impersonal 'it is written of Severus' (Passavanti’s narrative formula), not as 'Severus writes'.
  21. 21Source 'esaldito' read as intended 'esaudito' (his prayer was granted/heard).
  22. 22Latin quotation retained as in the source; 'quoerent' is the witness’s form of Vulgate 'quaerent' (Ps 82:17 Vulgate / 83:16).
  23. 23Italian iustificazioni (from iustificationes tuas) is glossed both as God's making people just through obedience to the commandments and as God's own justice in all his works; both senses are preserved.
  24. 24"da che egli era fatto umile Iddio" rendered as "since he who is God had made himself humble," preserving the paradox that God became humble rather than merely that a humble God existed.
  25. 25"salute" rendered as "salvation" (spiritual rescue/health), the ordinary medieval sense here rather than bodily health.
  26. 26"imprese da Cristo... anzi in prima" keeps the corrective "or rather": she is said first to learn humility from Christ, then clarified that the Spirit infused perfect humility even before she saw the incarnate and humbled Christ.
  27. 27Source Latin orthography "ancilloe suoe" normalized in the retained quote to standard "ancillae suae"; sense is unambiguous.
  28. 28"fece una stanza" rendered as "made as a stanza," keeping the medieval sense of a verse-unit within the Magnificat rather than a room.
  29. 29Source reading all'nfermitade is treated as all'infermitade ('to the disease'); sense is clear from context.

Jacopo Passavanti, Lo Specchio di vera penitenza companion

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