Dove si dimostra la punizione e la pena della superbia
The Divine Judgment of Pride
The author introduces the severity of God's judgment against pride, citing numerous biblical examples of fallen figures.
Sixth, we must address the punishment and penalty of pride. Here it should be known that, as was said above, God hates this vice above all; and so, though he is called merciful and compassionate toward sinners—as all of holy Scripture shows both by deeds and by words—only against the proud is he harsh and severe.1 Therefore, He punishes and condemns this vice severely, just as we read of the first angel, Lucifer, who was cast out of heaven because of his pride. Adam, too, the first father of human nature, was driven out of the paradise of delights because of this vice.2 The tower of Babel was destroyed, tongues were confused, and languages were divided. Goliath was killed because of it; Haman was hanged; Nicanor was slain; Antiochus was humbled; Pharaoh was drowned; Sennacherib was killed by his own sons; Saul was defeated and killed by his enemies; Rehoboam was stripped of his kingdom; Nebuchadnezzar was cast out of his rule and set among the beasts; Herod came to a bad end and was rejected by God. Indeed, we read in holy Scripture of many other kings and princes who were struck down and judged by God for their pride.3 Of whom holy Scripture says: Sedes ducum superborum destruxit Deus: God has destroyed the thrones of proud leaders and rulers. And in another place, the wise man in Ecclesiasticus says: Perdidit Deus memoriam superborum: God has lost—that is, destroyed—the memory of proud men.4
The Law and the Penalty
Beyond scripture, secular history and the law of Moses confirm that pride is a capital offense against God.
We find the proud destroyed and judged by God not only in Holy Scripture, but also in the writings of secular authors—as we read in the histories of the Greeks, Romans, Chaldeans, Syrians, Indians, and many others, whose stories would take too long to tell. Poets write of many who were struck down and blasted by God for the vice of pride—especially the giants who, swollen with pride, wanted to drive the gods from heaven. Ovid writes of one named Typhon in his Metamorphoses, and he tells fine things in verse about his pride and his punishment; these are written out at length in our book composed in Latin.5 Let what has been said briefly here be enough to make clear how God hates the sin of pride, and how severely he punishes it. This is shown clearly in the book of Numbers, where it is written: Anima quoe per superbiam aliquid commiserit, sive civis sive peregrinus, quoniam adversus Deum rebellis fuit, peribit de populo suo: The soul—that is, the person—who commits any fault through pride, whether citizen or foreigner, because that person rebelled against God, shall perish from the people; that is, shall be put to death.6 From this we grasp how serious the sin of pride is: even though God commanded that other sins be purged with sacrifices and certain offerings, for pride he commanded that it be punished with the death penalty. This is shown by a clear miracle that once took place.
A Warning from Experience
A miraculous account of a blasphemous cleric serves as a final warning, followed by a prayer for the confounding of the proud.
Saint Peter Damian writes of a cleric in Burgundy who had secured a major benefice at the church of Saint Maurice. A long legal battle had been fought over it between him and a powerful local cleric, but he had won and taken possession—not necessarily because he had the stronger case, but because he had received significant support from local barons.7 One morning, while he was in church at Mass and that Gospel was being sung in which Jesus Christ said at the end, Qui se humiliat exaltabitur — Whoever humbles himself will be exalted — this man turned to his companions and said: "The other words of the Gospel may be true, but this one is simply false; for if I had humbled myself before my adversary, I would not possess this benefice with so much wealth." As soon as he spoke, a massive clap of thunder struck, and a lightning bolt entered his mouth—the very mouth that had spoken that abominable word—leaving him dead on the spot, his tongue and throat completely burned to charcoal. Reflecting on the grave offense of the proud, Saint Job said to God: "Scatter the proud in your fury," and later, "Look upon all the proud and confound them." Look upon all proud men, and confound them and scatter them in your fury, so that one is not found where the other is.
Read the original Latin
Nel sesto luogo si dee dire della punizione e della pena della superbia. Dove è da sapere che, come è detto di sopra, Iddio ha sommamente in odio questo vizio; e imperò, dov’egli è è detto misericordioso e pietoso a’ peccatori, come tutta la santa Scrittura e coll’opere e colle parole suona, solo contro a’ superbi è aspro e duro. Onde il detto vizio gravemente punisce e danna; sì come si legge del primo Angiolo chiamato Lucifero, che per la superbia fu cacciato di cielo. Anche Adamo, il primo padre dell’umana natura, per questo vizio fu cacciato del paradiso delitiarum. La torre di Babello fu distrutta, le lingue confuse, e’ linguaggi divisi. Golia ne fu morto, Aman impiccato, Nicanore ucciso, Antioco umiliato, Faraone annegato, Sennacherib da’ figliuoli suoi ne fu morto, Saul isconfitto e da’ nemici suoi morto, Roboam del reame privato, Nabucodonosor gittato fuori della signoria e tra le bestie deputato, Erode mal finì e da Dio fu reprobato; e così di molti altri re e principi si legge nella santa Scrittura, che per la loro superbia furono da Dio abbattuti e giudicati. De’ quali dice la santa Scrittura: Sedes ducum superborum destruxit Deus: Iddio ha distrutte le sedie de’ duci e de’ rettori superbi. E in un altro luogo dice il savio Ecclesiastico: Perdidit Deus memoriam superborum: Iddio ha perduta, cioè distrutta, la memoria de’ superbi uomini.
Non solamente nella santa Scrittura si truova gli superbi da Dio essere distrutti e giudicati, ma eziandio nelle scritture de’ secolari; come si legge nelle storie de’ Greci e de’ Romani, de’ Caldei, de’ Soriani e Indiani, e di molti altri, de’ quali raccontare sarebbe troppo lungo. I poeti scrivono di molti, che per lo vizio della superbia furono da Dio percossi e fulminati; come dicono spezialmente di certi giganti che, levati in superbia, vollono cacciare gl’iddii del cielo: dell’uno de’ quali, ch’ebbe nome Tifeo, iscrive Ovidio nel libro suo Metamorfoseos, e della sua superbia e della sua punizione, belle cose, poetando; le quali si scrivono stesamente nel nostro libro fatto in latino. Qui basti quello ch’è detto brevemente, a dare ad intendere come Iddio abbia in odio il peccato della superbia, e come gravemente lo punisce. La qual cosa si mostra chiaramente nel libro della Bibbia che si chiama Numeri, dove si scrive così: Anima quoe per superbiam aliquid commiserit, sive civis sive peregrinus, quoniam adversus Deum rebellis fuit, peribit de populo suo: L’anima, cioè l’uomo, che commetterà alcuno fallo per superbia, o cittadino o che sia forestiere, però che fu ribello contro a Dio, perirà del popolo suo; cioè sarà morto. Onde si dà a intendere la gravezza del peccato della superbia; che con ciò sia cosa che Dio comandasse che gli altri peccati si purgassono con sagrifici e con certe offerte, la superbia comandò che si punisse con pena di morte. E ciò si dimostra per uno miracolo espresso che una volta intervenne.
Leggesi scritto da san Piero Damiano, che fu in Borgogna un cherico, il quale aveva acquistato uno grande benificio nella chiesa di san Maurizio, del quale era stato lungo piato tra lui e uno possente cherico del paese: ma costui, non forse perché avesse più ragione, ma perché avea avuto grande favore da ceti baroni della contrada, l’avea vinto, ed erane in possessione. Una mattina, essendo egli in chiesa alla messa, e cantandosi quello vangelo dove nella fine disse Iesu Cristo: Qui se humiliat exaltabitur: Chi s’aumilia sarà esaltato; volsesi costui a’ compagni, e disse: – L’altre parole del Vangelo possono essere vere, ma questa pure è falsa; chè se io mi fossi umiliato al mio avversario, non possedere’ io questo beneficio con tante ricchezze. – Detta questa parola, venne subitamente un tuono grandissimo, e una saetta gli entrò per la bocca, colla quale avea detta quella abominevole parola e lasciòllo in quello medesimo luogo morto, la lingua e la strozza tutta arsa e fattone carbone. Onde santo Iob, considerando la grave offesa de’ superbi, diceva a Dio: Disperge superbos in furore tuo; e più oltre: Respice cunctos superbos, et confunde eos. Ragguarda tutti gli uomini superbi, e confóndigli e spérgigli nel tuo furore, sì che non si trovi l’uno dove l’altro.
Notes
- 1 ↩Source has the doubled reading "dov'egli è è detto"; translated as the natural intended sense "dov'egli è detto" (though / where he is said to be).
- 2 ↩"paradiso delitiarum" keeps the traditional biblical phrasing (paradise of delights / Eden); the source retains the Latin genitive delitiarum.
- 3 ↩"ne fu morto" taken as "was killed by it" (by pride / on account of this vice), continuing the section's causal chain.
- 4 ↩Source glosses "ha perduta" as "cioè distrutta" (that is, destroyed); both senses retained to keep the author's clarification.
- 5 ↩Tifeo = Typhon/Typhoeus of classical myth. gl’iddii are the pagan gods of the poets’ story, not the Christian God named earlier in the sentence as the one who strikes the proud.
- 6 ↩Source Latin has quoe for standard Vulgate quae (Num 15:30); sense is unambiguous.
- 7 ↩Source 'ceti baroni' is read as 'certi baroni' (certain barons), a common medieval spelling/form; less likely as social-rank 'ceti'.
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