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Catechism of the Orthodox Church (Longer Catechism)/Book 1 · Пространный христианский катихизис Православной Кафолической Восточной Церкви — Часть первая: О вере
Chapter 6PhilaretCreed.1.6

О четвертом члене Символа веры

The Historical Reality of the Passion

The Creed affirms the historical crucifixion and burial of Jesus Christ under Pontius Pilate to ground our faith in objective truth.

Why was the Lord Jesus Christ crucified? The Lord Jesus Christ was crucified, even though His teaching and works should have inspired everyone to revere Him. This happened because the Jewish elders and scribes hated Him for exposing their false teaching and lawless lives, and envied Him because the people respected Him more than them for His teaching and miracles. So they slandered Him and condemned Him to death. When was the Lord Jesus Christ crucified? It's said that Jesus Christ was crucified under Pontius Pilate to mark the historical date of His crucifixion. Pontius Pilate was the Roman governor of Judea, a region the Romans had conquered. This circumstance is worth mentioning because it points to the fulfillment of Jacob's prophecy: "The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the lawgiver from his loins, until the Reconciler comes, and to Him shall be the obedience of the peoples" (Gen.1 49:10). Why does the Creed say that Jesus Christ suffered? The Creed doesn't just say that Jesus Christ was crucified; it adds that He suffered to show that His crucifixion wasn't just an appearance of suffering and death, as some false teachers claimed, but was genuine suffering and death. Why is it said that Jesus Christ was buried? The mention that He was buried is given to strengthen faith that He truly died and rose again, since His enemies even posted a guard at His tomb and sealed the tomb.

The Mystery of the God-Man's Suffering

Christ suffered voluntarily in His human nature to fulfill divine justice and deliver humanity from the power of sin, death, and the curse.

How could Jesus Christ suffer and die, being God? Jesus Christ suffered and died, being God, not in His divine nature but in His human nature, and not because He could not avoid suffering, but because He Himself willed to suffer. He said, "I lay down My life, that I may take it again." No one takes it from Me; I lay it down of My own accord. I have the power to lay it down, and I have the power to take it again" (John 10:17–18). Why is it said that Jesus Christ was crucified for us? It is said that Jesus Christ was crucified for us because by His death on the cross He delivered us from sin, the curse, and death. Holy Scripture speaks of this as follows. On deliverance from sin: “In him we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace” (Eph. 1:7). On deliverance from the curse: “Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us” (Gal.2 3:13). On deliverance from death: “Since the children share in flesh and blood, he likewise took on the same, so that by death he might destroy the one who holds the power of death—that is, the devil—and free those who through fear of death were subject to slavery all their lives” (Heb. 2:14–15). How does the death of Jesus Christ on the cross deliver us from sin and death? To help us more readily believe the mystery that Jesus Christ's death on the cross delivers us from sin, the curse, and death, the word of God teaches us about it—as far as we can grasp it—by comparing Jesus Christ with Adam. Adam is the head of all humanity according to the flesh, and that humanity is one with him because it is descended from him. Jesus Christ, in whom the Godhead was united with humanity, has by grace become the new almighty Head of those whom He has united to Himself through faith. Therefore, having fallen through Adam under the power of sin, the curse, and death, we are delivered from that power through Jesus Christ. The voluntary sufferings for us of the sinless God-man, of infinite worth and dignity, and His death on the cross are the full fulfillment of God's justice, which for sin condemned us to death, and also the immeasurable merit of the Savior, which gave Him the right, without violating justice, to grant us sinners forgiveness of sins and grace for victory over sin and death.3 "The mystery hidden from ages and generations, but now revealed to His saints, to whom God was pleased to show what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory" (Col. 1:26–27). "For if by the trespass of one death reigned through that one, much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one Jesus Christ" (Rom. 5:17).4 5:17). “There is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus, who don't live according to the flesh but according to the Spirit. For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set me free from the law of sin and death. Since the law, weakened by the flesh, was powerless, God sent His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh as a sacrifice for sin, and condemned sin in the flesh, so that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us who don't live according to the flesh but according to the Spirit” (Rom.5 8:1–4).

Participation in the Cross

Believers are called to participate in Christ's death through faith, the sacraments, and the active mortification of their own passions.

Did the Savior suffer for everyone? For His part, the Lord Jesus Christ offered Himself as a sacrifice for everyone and obtained grace and salvation for them all. But those who benefit from this are the ones who, for their part, freely take part in His sufferings, "being conformed to His death" (Phil. 3:10). How do we share in the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ? We share in the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ through a living, heartfelt faith; through the sacraments, in which the power of Jesus Christ's saving sufferings and death is hidden and present; and finally, by crucifying our own flesh with its passions and desires. “Through the law I died to the law,” the Apostle says, “so that I might live for God. I have been crucified with Christ, and it’s no longer I who live, but Christ who lives in me. And the life I now live in the flesh, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself for me” (Gal. 2:19–20). “Don’t you know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into His death?” (Rom. 6:3). "Whenever you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord's death until He comes" (1 Cor. 11:26). "Those who belong to Christ have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires" (Gal. 5:24). How can we crucify our flesh with its passions and desires? By holding back from passions and desires, and by doing the opposite of what they urge. For example, if anger stirs us to curse our enemies and do them harm, but we resist that impulse, remembering how Jesus Christ on the cross prayed for His enemies, and we begin to pray for our own, then in this way we crucify the passion of anger.

Read the original Latin

Почему Господь Иисус Христос был распят? Господь Иисус Христос был распят, тогда как Его учение и дела должны были во всех возбуждать благоговение к Нему. Это произошло потому, что иудейские старейшины и книжники ненавидели Его за то, что Он обличал их ложное учение и беззаконную жизнь, и завидовали Ему, потому что народ уважал Его за учение и чудеса больше, чем их. Потому они оклеветали Его и осудили на смерть.

Когда был распят Господь Иисус Христос? Сказано, что Иисус Христос был распят при Понтии Пилате для того, чтобы обозначить историческую дату Его распятия.

Понтий Пилат был римским правителем Иудеи, покоренной римлянами.

Это обстоятельство достойно упоминания потому, что указывает на исполнение пророчества Иаковлева: «Не отойдет скипетр от Иуды и законодатель от чресл его, доколе не приидет Примиритель, и Ему покорность народов» (Быт. 49:10).

Почему в Символе веры сказано, что Иисус Христос страдал? В Символе веры не только сказано, что Иисус Христос распят, но ещё добавлено, что Он страдал, чтобы показать, что распятие Его было не одной видимостью страдания и смерти, как говорили некоторые лжеучителя, а являлось подлинными страданием и смертью.

Почему сказано, что Иисус Христос погребён? Упоминание, что Он был погребён приведено для укрепления веры в то, что Он действительно умер и воскрес, поскольку враги даже приставили стражу к Его гробу и гроб опечатали.

Как Иисус Христос мог страдать и умереть, будучи Богом? Иисус Христос страдал и умер, будучи Богом, не Божественной, а человеческой природой, и не потому, что не мог избежать страдания, а потому, что Сам желал пострадать. Он сказал: «Я отдаю жизнь Мою, чтобы опять принять ее. Никто не отнимает ее у Меня; но Я Сам отдаю ее. Имею власть отдать ее, имею власть опять принять ее» (Ин. 10:17–18).

Почему говорится, что Иисус Христос распят за нас? Сказано, что Иисус Христос распят за нас потому, что Своей крестной смертью Он избавил нас от греха, проклятия и смерти.

Об этом Священное Писание говорит так. Об избавлении от греха: «В Котором мы имеем искупление кровию Его, прощение грехов, по богатству благодати Его»(Еф. 1:7). Об избавлении от проклятия: «Христос искупил нас от клятвы закона, сделавшись за нас клятвою» (Гал. 3:13). Об избавлении от смерти: «А как дети причастны плоти и крови, то и Он также воспринял оные, дабы смертию лишить силы имеющего державу смерти, то есть диавола, и избавить тех, которые от страха смерти чрез всю жизнь были подвержены рабству» (Евр. 2:14–15).

Каким образом крестная смерть Иисуса Христа избавляет нас от греха и смерти? Чтобы легче верить тайне того, что крестная смерть Иисуса Христа избавляет нас от греха, проклятия и смерти, слово Божие учит о ней, насколько можем вместить, посредством сравнения Иисуса Христа с Адамом. Адам есть глава всего человечества по плоти, которое едино с ним благодаря происхождению от него. Иисус Христос, в Котором Божество соединилось с человечеством, благодатно сделался новым всемогущим главой людей, которых Он соединил с Собой посредством веры. Поэтому, подпав через Адама под власть греха, проклятия и смерти, через Иисуса Христа мы избавляемся от этой власти. Бесконечной цены и достоинства добровольные страдания за нас безгрешного Богочеловека и Его крестная смерть – есть полное исполнение Божия правосудия, за грех осудившего нас на смерть, а также безмерная заслуга Спасителя, давшая Ему право не нарушая правосудия подавать нам, грешным, прощение грехов и благодать для победы над грехом и смертью. «Тайну, сокрытую от веков и родов, ныне же открытую святым Его, которым благоволил Бог показать, какое богатство славы в тайне сей для язычников, которая есть Христос в вас, упование славы» (Кол 1:26–27). «Ибо, если преступлением одного смерть царствовала посредством одного, то тем более приемлющие обилие благодати и дар праведности будут царствовать в жизни посредством единого Иисуса Христа» (Рим.

5:17). «Нет ныне никакого осуждения тем, которые во Христе Иисусе живут не по плоти, но по духу. Потому что закон духа жизни во Христе Иисусе освободил меня от закона греха и смерти. Как закон, ослабленный плотию, был бессилен, то Бог послал Сына Своего в подобии плоти греховной в жертву за грех, и осудил грех во плоти, чтобы оправдание закона исполнилось в нас, живущих не по плоти, но по духу» (Рим. 8:1–4).

За всех ли людей пострадал Спаситель? Со Своей стороны Господь Иисус Христос принёс Себя в жертву за всех людей и всем приобрёл благодать и спасение. Но пользуются этим те, кто, в свою очередь, добровольно принимают участие в Его страданиях, «сообразуясь смерти Его» (Флп. 3:10).

Каким образом мы участвуем в страданиях и смерти Иисуса Христа? Мы участвуем в страданиях и смерти Иисуса Христа посредством живой сердечной веры, посредством таинств, в которых скрыта и присутствует сила спасительных страданий и смерти Иисуса Христа, и, наконец, посредством распинания своей плоти с её страстями и похотями. «Законом я умер для закона– говорит апостол, – чтобы жить для Бога. Я сораспялся Христу, и уже не я живу, но живет во мне Христос. А что ныне живу во плоти, то живу верою в Сына Божия, возлюбившего меня и предавшего Себя за меня» (Гал. 2:19–20). «Неужели не знаете, что все мы, крестившиеся во Христа Иисуса, в смерть Его крестились?» (Рим.

6:3). «Всякий раз, когда вы едите хлеб сей и пьете чашу сию, смерть Господню возвещаете, доколе Он придет»(1Кор. 11:26). «Те, которые Христовы, распяли плоть со страстями и похотями»(Гал. 5:24).

Каким образом мы можем распять свою плоть со страстями и похотями? Воздержанием от страстей и похотей и действиями, им противоположными. Например, если гнев возбуждает нас ругать врагов и делать им зло, но мы противимся этому, вспоминая, как Иисус Христос на кресте молился за Своих врагов, и начинаем молиться за своих, то таким образом мы распинаем страсть гнева.

Scripture echoes

  1. John.11.47-John.11.53So the chief priests and the Pharisees gathered the council and were saying, "What are we doing? For this man is performing many signs." John.11.48 — If we let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come and take away both our place and our nation. John.11.49 — But one of them, Caiaphas, who was high priest that year, said to them, "You do not know anything at all." John.11.50 — You do not consider that it is better for you that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation should not perish. John.11.51 — Now he did not say this on his own, but being high priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus was about to die for the nation— John.11.52 — and not for the nation only, but in order that he might also gather into one the children of God who are scattered. John.11.53 — So from that day on they plotted to kill him.
  2. Col.1.26-Col.1.27the mystery that has been hidden from the ages and from the generations, but now it has been revealed to his saints Col.1.27 — to them God chose to make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory.
  3. Rom.5.17For if by the trespass of the one man death reigned through the one, how much more will those who receive the overflow of grace and the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ.
  4. Rom.5.17For if by the trespass of the one man death reigned through the one, how much more will those who receive the overflow of grace and the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ.
  5. Rom.8.1Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus.
  6. Rom.8.2;Rom.8.1-Rom.8.4For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and death. Rom.8.1 — Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. Rom.8.2 — For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and death. Rom.8.3 — For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God, sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh. Rom.8.4 — so that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.
  7. Rom.8.3-Rom.8.4For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God, sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh. Rom.8.4 — so that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.
  8. Rom.8.1-Rom.8.4Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. Rom.8.2 — For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and death. Rom.8.3 — For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God, sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh. Rom.8.4 — so that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.
  9. Gal.5.24And those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires.
  10. Gal.2.19For through the law I died to the law, so that I might live to God.
  11. Rom.6.3Or are you unaware that as many of us as were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?
  12. Gal.5.24And those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires.
  13. Luke.23.34Jesus was saying, "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing." And they divided his garments by casting lots.
  14. Gal.5.24And those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires.

Notes

  1. 1Примиритель is the traditional Russian Orthodox rendering of Gen 49:10 (often "Shiloh" or "he to whom it belongs" in other traditions); kept as "the Reconciler" to match the Russian catechetical wording.
  2. 2Russian клятва/проклятие both render as 'curse' here; the Galatians wording keeps the law-curse sense of the Synodal text.
  3. 3Russian «Богочеловек» rendered as the traditional theological term God-man. «полное исполнение Божия правосудия» rendered as full fulfillment of God's justice (satisfaction sense retained without archaic 'atonement' jargon).
  4. 4Source sentence ends mid-citation at «(Рим.»; the verse reference continues in the next section as 5:17.
  5. 5Russian «в жертву за грех» is rendered 'as a sacrifice for sin' (cf. Rom 8:3); some English versions take the Greek as purpose/result rather than an explicit sacrificial phrase.

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