SR
Ascent of Mount Carmel/Book 1 · Subida del Monte Carmelo, Libro Primero
Chapter 5SubidaCarmelo.1.5

CAPÍTULO 5. Donde se trata y prosigue lo dicho, mostrando por autoridades de la Sagrada Escritura y por figuras cuán necesario sea al alma ir a Dios en esta noche oscura de la mortificación del apetito en todas las cosas.

The Infinite Distance Between Creator and Creature

The soul must recognize the vast chasm between God and creatures, necessitating a total detachment of the appetite to achieve union.

1. From what has been said, you can see, to some extent, the distance between everything creatures are in themselves and what God is in Himself, and how souls that set their affection on any of them stand at that same distance from God; for, as we have said, love creates equality and likeness. To make this distance clear, Saint Augustine, speaking to God in the Soliloquies, said: "Wretched me, when will my littleness and imperfection be able to match Your uprightness?"1 You are truly good, and I am evil; you merciful, and I impious; you holy, I wretched; you just, I unjust; you light, I blind; you life, I death; you medicine, I sick; you the supreme truth, I all vanity.2 This is what the Saint says. 2. It is the height of ignorance for the soul to think it can reach this high state of union with God without first emptying its appetite of every natural and supernatural thing that might hinder it, as we will explain later; the distance between those things and what is given in this state—which is pure transformation in God—is extreme. That is why our Lord, teaching us this path, said in Luke 14:33: Qui non renuntiat omnibus quae possidet, non potest meus esse discipulus.3 It means: Whoever does not renounce everything he holds by the will cannot be my disciple.4 And this is clear, because the teaching the Son of God came to give was contempt for all things, so that one might receive within oneself the precious gift of the Spirit of God; for as long as the soul has not rid itself of them, it has no capacity to receive the Spirit of God in pure transformation.5

The Manna and the Purity of the Spiritual Palate

Using the Exodus account of the manna, the author warns that those who crave earthly things alongside the spiritual food of God forfeit the fullness of divine grace.

3. Of this we have a figure in Exodus (ch. 16), where we read that God did not give the children of Israel the food of heaven—which was the manna—until the flour they had brought from Egypt ran out. By this he makes us understand that we must first renounce all things, because this food of angels does not suit a palate that still wants to taste human food.6 And not only does the soul that lingers and feeds on other foreign pleasures make itself incapable of the divine Spirit; those who, while seeking the food of the spirit, are not content with God alone but want to mix in appetite and attachment for other things also greatly anger the Divine Majesty.7 This can also be seen in this same book of Sacred Scripture (Ex. 16:8–13), where it is also said that, not content with that so simple food, they craved and asked for meat; and that Our Lord was gravely angry that they wanted to mix such a low, coarse food with a food so high and simple that, though simple, it held within itself the taste and substance of every food.8 For this reason, even while they still had the morsels in their mouths, as David also says (Ps. 77:31): The wrath of God came down upon them: God's wrath came down on them, casting fire from heaven and burning up many thousands of them, regarding it as unworthy that they should crave another food when the food of heaven was being given to them.9 4. Oh, if only spiritual people knew how much good and abundance of spirit they lose by refusing to finish lifting their appetite free of childish things—and how they would find in this simple food of the spirit the taste of all things if they would not insist on tasting those things! But they do not enjoy it; the reason they did not experience the taste of all the foods contained in the manna was that they did not focus their appetite on it alone.10 It was not that they failed to find all the taste and strength they could want in the manna because the manna lacked it, but because they wanted something else.11 So, anyone who wants to love something else alongside God is undoubtedly holding God in low regard, because they are placing on the same scale as God something that is, as we have said, utterly distant from Him. 5. We know well from experience that when a will becomes attached to one thing, it values that thing more than any other—even if the other is much better—if it does not take as much delight in the other. If it tries to find delight in both, it inevitably wrongs the greater one by treating them as equals.12 Since nothing is equal to God, the soul does God a great wrong when it loves something else alongside him or clings to it.13 And since this is so, what would it be if the soul loved that thing more than God?14

The Soul as an Altar for the Divine

The soul is called to be a purified altar, empty of all idols and strange fire, containing only the Law of God and the Cross of Christ.

6. This is also what was meant when God commanded Moses (Ex. 34:3) to go up the mountain to speak with Him. 34:3) to go up the mountain to speak with him. He commanded him not only to go up alone, leaving the children of Israel below, but that even the beasts should not graze facing the mountain.15 By this he made it understood that the soul that is to go up this mountain of perfection to commune with God must not only renounce all things and leave them below, but also must not let the appetites—which are the beasts—graze facing this mountain: that is, on other things that are not purely God, in whom every appetite ceases—that is, in the state of perfection.16 And so the path and ascent to God must be a habitual care to stop and mortify the appetites; and the more haste the soul gives to this, the sooner it will arrive. But until they cease, there is no arriving, however many virtues one may practice, because one still lacks attaining them in perfection, which consists in having the soul empty, bare, and purified of every appetite. Of this we also have a very vivid figure in Genesis (35:2), where we read that when the patriarch Jacob wanted to go up Mount Bethel to build God an altar there on which he offered sacrifice, he first commanded his whole household three things: first, that they cast away from themselves all foreign gods; second, that they purify themselves; third, that they change their garments. 7. These three things make it clear to any soul wanting to climb this mountain to build an altar—where it can offer God a sacrifice of pure love, pure praise, and reverence—that before it reaches the summit, it must have fully completed these three requirements. First, it must cast away all foreign gods, which are all alien affections and attachments. Second, it must purify itself of the residue those appetites have left in the soul through the dark night of the senses we discuss, by denying them and habitually repenting of them.17 Third, what it must have to reach this high mountain is a change of garments. Through the work of the first two, God will change those garments from old to new, giving the soul a new understanding of God in God—leaving behind the old human way of understanding—and a new love of God in God, with the will stripped of all its old human desires and tastes, drawing the soul into a new knowledge, with all other old knowledges and images cast aside, ending everything that belongs to the old man (cf.18 Col. 3:9), which is the capacity of natural being, and clothing itself with a new supernatural capacity in all its faculties. So that its working has already turned from human into divine—which is what is reached in the state of union, in which the soul serves as nothing else but an altar on which God is adored in praise and love, and only God is in her. Which is why God commanded (Ex. 27:8) that the altar where the ark of the Covenant was to stand should be empty inside, so that the soul may understand how empty of all things God wants her, so that she may be a worthy altar where His Majesty may dwell.19 On that altar, He also forbade any strange fire, while requiring that the proper fire never be absent—so much so that when Nadab and Abihu, the sons of the high priest Aaron, offered strange fire on His altar, Our Lord was angered and struck them down right there before the altar (Lev. 10:1).20 (Lev. 10:1). This teaches us that if the soul is to be a worthy altar, the love of God must never be lacking, nor may any other alien love be mixed in with it. 8. God will not allow anything else to dwell with Him in the same place. We read in the first book of Kings (5:2–4) that when the Philistines placed the ark of the Testament in the temple where their idol stood, they found the idol each morning thrown to the ground and smashed to pieces.21 The only appetite He allows and desires to be present where He is, is the longing to keep God's law perfectly and to carry the Cross of Christ.22 And so, Holy Scripture never says (Dt. 31:26) that God commanded anything else to be placed in the ark where the manna was, except for the book of the Law and the rod of Moses, which signifies the Cross. For the soul that seeks nothing but to keep the Lord's law perfectly and to carry the Cross of Christ will be a true ark; it will hold within itself the true manna, which is God, once it comes to possess this law and this rod perfectly within itself, without anything else at all (cf. Num. 17; Heb. 9:4).

Read the original Latin

1. Por lo dicho se puede echar, en alguna manera, de ver la distancia que hay de todo lo que las criaturas son en sí a lo que Dios es en sí, y cómo las almas que en alguna de ellas ponen su afición, esa misma distancia tienen de Dios; pues, como habemos dicho, el amor hace igualdad y semejanza. La cual distancia, por echarla bien de ver san Agustín, decía hablando con Dios en los Soliloquios: Miserable de mí, ¿cuándo podrá mi cortedad e imperfección convenir con tu rectitud? Tú verdaderamente eres bueno, y yo malo; tú piadoso y yo impío; tú santo, yo miserable; tú justo, yo injusto; tú luz, yo ciego; tú vida, yo muerte; tú medicina, yo enfermo; tú suma verdad, yo toda vanidad. Todo esto dice este Santo.

2. Por tanto, es suma ignorancia del alma pensar podrá pasar a este alto estado de unión con Dios si primero no vacía el apetito de todas las cosas naturales y sobrenaturales que le pueden impedir, según que adelante declararemos; pues es suma la distancia que hay de ellas a lo que en este estado se da, que es puramente transformación en Dios. Que, por eso, Nuestro Señor, enseñándonos este camino, dijo por san Lucas (14, 33): Qui non renuntiat omnibus quae possidet, non potest meus esse discipulus. Quiere decir: El que no renuncia todas las cosas que con la voluntad posee, no puede ser mi discípulo. Y esto está claro, porque la doctrina que el Hijo de Dios vino a enseñar fue el menosprecio de todas las cosas, para poder recibir el precio del espíritu de Dios en sí; porque, en tanto que de ellas no se deshiciere el alma, no tiene capacidad para recibir el espíritu de Dios en pura transformación.

3. De esto tenemos figura en el Exodo (c. 16), donde se lee que no dio Dios el manjar del cielo, que era el maná, a los hijos de Israel hasta que les faltó la harina que ellos habían traído de Egipto. Dando por esto a entender que primero conviene renunciar a todas las cosas, porque este manjar de ángeles no conviene al paladar que quiere tomar sabor en el de los hombres. Y no solamente se hace incapaz del espíritu divino el alma que se detiene y apacienta en otros extraños gustos, mas aun enojan mucho a la Majestad Divina, los que, pretendiendo el manjar de espíritu, no se contentan con sólo Dios, sino quieren entremeter el apetito y afición de otras cosas. Lo cual tambien se echa de ver en este mismo libro de la Sagrada Escritura (Ex. 16, 8-13), donde tambien se dice que, no se contentando ellos con aquel manjar tan sencillo, apetecieron y pidieron manjar de carne; y que Nuestro Señor se enojó gravemente que quisiesen ellos entremeter un manjar tan bajo y tosco con un manjar tan alto y sencillo, que, aunque lo era, tenía en sí el sabor y sustancia de todos los manjares. Por lo cual, aún teniendo ellos los bocados en las bocas, según dice tambien David (Sal.

77, 31): Ira Dei decendit super eos: descendió la ira de Dios sobre ellos, echando fuego del cielo y abrasando muchos millares de ellos; teniendo por cosa indigna que tuviesen ellos apetito de otro manjar dándoseles el manjar del cielo.

4. ¡Oh si supiesen los espirituales cuánto bien pierden y abundancia de espíritu por no querer ellos acabar de levantar el apetito de niñerías, y cómo hallarían en este sencillo manjar del espíritu el gusto de todas las cosas si ellos no quisieren gustarlas! Pero no le gustan; porque la causa por que estos no recibían el gusto de todos los manjares que había en el maná era porque ellos no recogían el apetito a sólo el. De manera que no dejaban de hallar en el maná todo el gusto y fortaleza que ellos pudieran querer porque en el maná no le hubiese, sino porque ellos otra cosa querían. Así, el que quiere amar otra cosa juntamente con Dios, sin duda es tener en poco a Dios, porque pone en una balanza con Dios lo que sumamente, como habemos dicho, dista de Dios.

5. Ya se sabe bien por experiencia que cuando una voluntad se aficiona a una cosa, la tiene en más que otra cualquiera, aunque sea muy mejor que ella, si no gusta tanto de la otra. Y si de una y de otra quiere gustar, a la más principal por fuerza ha de hacer agravio, pues hace entre ellas igualdad. Y por cuanto no hay cosa que iguale con Dios, mucho agravio hace a Dios el alma que con el ama otra cosa o se ase a ella. Y pues esto es así, ¿que sería si la amase más que a Dios?

6. Esto tambien es lo que se denotaba cuando mandaba Dios a Moises (Ex. 34, 3) que subiese al monte a hablar con el. Le mandó que no solamente subiese el solo, dejando abajo a los hijos de Israel, pero que ni aún las bestias paciesen de contra del monte. Dando por esto a entender que el alma que hubiere de subir a este monte de perfección a comunicar con Dios, no sólo ha de renunciar todas las cosas y dejarlas abajo, mas tambien los apetitos, que son las bestias, no las ha de dejar apacentar de contra de este monte, esto es, en otras cosas que no son Dios puramente, en el cual todo apetito cesa, esto es, en estado de la perfección. Y así es menester que el camino y subida para Dios sea un ordinario cuidado de hacer cesar y mortificar los apetitos; y tanto más presto llegará el alma, cuanto más priesa en esto se diere. Mas hasta que cesen, no hay llegar, aunque más virtudes ejercite, porque le falta el conseguirlas en perfección, la cual consiste en tener el alma vacía y desnuda y purificada de todo apetito. De lo cual tambien tenemos figura muy al vivo en el Genesis (35, 2), donde se lee que, queriendo el patriarca Jacob subir al monte Betel a edificar allí a Dios un altar, en que le ofreció sacrificio, primero mandó a toda su gente tres cosas: la una, que arrojasen de sí todos los dioses extraños; la segunda, que se purificasen; la tercera, que mudasen vestiduras.

7. En las cuales tres cosas se da a entender a toda alma que quiere subir a este monte a hacer de sí mismo altar en el, en que ofrezca a Dios sacrificio de amor puro y alabanza y reverencia pura, que, primero que suba a la cumbre del monte, ha de haber perfectamente hecho las dichas tres cosas. Lo primero, que arroje todos los dioses ajenos, que son todas las extrañas aficiones y asimientos. Y lo segundo, que se purifique del dejo que han dejado en el alma los dichos apetitos con la noche oscura del sentido que decimos, negándolos y arrepintiendose ordinariamente. Y lo tercero que ha de tener para llegar a este alto monte es las vestiduras mudadas. Las cuales, mediante la obra de las dos cosas primeras, se las mudará Dios de viejas en nuevas, poniendo en el alma un nuevo ya entender de Dios en Dios, dejando el viejo entender de hombre, y un nuevo amar a Dios en Dios, desnuda ya la voluntad de todos sus viejos quereres y gustos de hombre, y metiendo al alma en una nueva noticia, echadas ya otras noticias e imágenes viejas aparte, haciendo cesar todo lo que es de hombre viejo (cf. Col. 3, 9), que es la habilidad del ser natural, y vistiendose de nueva habilidad sobrenatural según todas sus potencias.

De manera que su obrar ya de humano se haya vuelto en divino, que es lo que se alcanza en estado de unión, en la cual el alma no sirve de otra cosa sino de altar, en que Dios es adorado en alabanza y amor, y sólo Dios en ella está. Que, por eso, mandaba Dios (Ex. 27, 8) que el altar donde había de estar el arca del Testamento estuviese de dentro vacío, para que entienda el alma cuán vacía la quiere Dios de todas las cosas, para que sea altar digno donde este Su Majestad. En el cual altar tampoco permitía ni que hubiese fuego ajeno, ni que faltase jamás el propio; tanto, que, porque Nadab y Abiud, que eran dos hijos del sumo sacerdote Arón, ofrecieron fuego ajeno en su altar, enojado, Nuestro Señor, los mató allí delante del altar (Lv. 10, 1). Para que entendamos que en el alma ni ha de faltar amor de Dios para ser digno altar, ni tampoco otro amor ajeno se ha de mezclar.

8. No consiente Dios a otra cosa morar consigo en uno. De donde se lee en el libro primero de los Reyes (5, 2-4) que, metiendo los filisteos al arca del Testamento en el templo donde estaba su ídolo, amanecía el ídolo cada día arrojado en el suelo y hecho pedazos. Y sólo aquel apetito consiente y quiere que haya donde el está, que es de guardar la ley de Dios perfectamente y llevar la Cruz de Cristo sobre sí. Y así, no se dice en la sagrada Escritura divina (Dt. 31, 26) que mandase Dios poner en el arca donde estaba el maná otra cosa, sino el libro de la Ley y la vara de Moises, que significa la Cruz. Porque el alma que otra cosa no pretendiere que guardar perfectamente la ley del Señor y llevar la cruz de Cristo, será arca verdadera, que tendrá en sí el verdadero maná, que es Dios, cuando venga a tener en sí esta ley y esta vara perfectamente, sin otra cosa alguna (cf. Núm.

17; Heb. 9, 4).

Scripture echoes

  1. Luke.14.33So therefore, none of you who does not say goodbye to all that he has can be my disciple.
  2. Luke.14.33So therefore, none of you who does not say goodbye to all that he has can be my disciple.
  3. Col.3.9Do not lie to one another, since you have put off the old self with its practices,
  4. Exod.27.8Hollow with boards shall you make it; as he showed you on the mountain, so shall they do.
  5. Exod.27.8Hollow with boards shall you make it; as he showed you on the mountain, so shall they do.
  6. Lev.10.1And Aaron's sons, Nadab and Abihu, each took his censer, put fire in it, laid incense on it, and brought unauthorized fire before the LORD, which He had not commanded them.
  7. Heb.9.4having a golden altar of incense and the ark of the covenant covered on all sides with gold, in which was a golden jar holding the manna and Aaron's rod that budded and the tablets of the covenant

Notes

  1. 1"cortedad" rendered as "littleness" (limitation/smallness before God); "convenir con" as "match" (come into agreement/harmony with).
  2. 2"piadoso" rendered as "merciful" (divine compassion) against "impío" (impious); "suma verdad" as "the supreme truth."
  3. 3Latin Vulgate wording retained from the Spanish source; English sense is given in the following sentence (s4).
  4. 4Spanish 'que con la voluntad posee' stresses possession by the will (attachment/desire), not mere legal ownership—John's interpretive gloss on the Latin.
  5. 5'el precio del espíritu de Dios' rendered as 'the precious gift of the Spirit of God' (precio = prize/precious gift of great worth, not commercial price).
  6. 6"manjar de ángeles" keeps the traditional biblical title for manna ("bread/food of angels"); "tomar sabor en" is rendered as desiring the taste of human food rather than mere flavor language.
  7. 7"afición" rendered as attachment (disordered affection); "entremeter" as mix in / slip in; "extraños gustos" as foreign pleasures (tastes alien to God).
  8. 8"sencillo" kept as simple (unmixed/pure), which is load-bearing: manna is plain yet contains the savor and substance of all foods—the spiritual point of not mixing lower appetites with God.
  9. 9Source Latin quote reads 'decendit' for expected 'descendit'; sense is clear from the Spanish gloss ('descendió').
  10. 10"no le gustan" continues the prior image of the simple spiritual food: they do not relish it. "recogían el apetito a sólo el" means concentrating/gathering appetite solely upon the manna (not merely "collecting" desire).
  11. 11The Spanish "no dejaban de hallar ... porque ... sino porque" is rendered so the double-cause structure is clear: the failure was not from lack in the manna, but from their wanting something else. "fortaleza" kept as "strength" (sustenance/fortifying power of the food), not military "fortress."
  12. 12agravio: injury/wrong done by treating the greater good as if equal to a lesser one; not mere social insult.
  13. 13Source has 'con el' without accent; read as 'con él' (with him = God).
  14. 14Source interrogative '¿que sería' lacks accent on 'qué'; translated as the expected 'what would it be'.
  15. 15Spanish 'de contra del monte' is idiomatic for opposite/at the approach of the mountain (facing it), not mere 'against' in a hostile sense.
  16. 16'comunicar con Dios' rendered as 'commune with God' (mystical converse/union), not ordinary conversation.
  17. 17Spanish dejo here means the residual imprint or aftertaste appetites leave in the soul, not mere abandonment.
  18. 18noticia is San Juan’s technical term for spiritual knowledge/awareness, not ‘news’.
  19. 19Source has «este Su Majestad»; most plausible intended reading is «esté Su Majestad» (subjunctive of estar: that His Majesty may be/dwell there).
  20. 20«fuego ajeno» rendered «strange fire», the familiar biblical phrase for the Nadab–Abihu episode; it also pairs with «amor ajeno» (alien/foreign love) in the following moral.
  21. 21In the Vulgate/older Catholic naming, 1 Kings = 1 Samuel; the episode is Dagon and the ark (1 Sam 5:2–4).
  22. 22Source has 'donde el está' (likely 'él'); rendered as God, continuing the subject from the preceding sentences.

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