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Vie et miracles de saint Louis by Guillaume de Saint-Pathus/Book 1 · La Vie de monseigneur saint Loys
Chapter 15VieStLoys.1.15

De biaute de conscience

The Purity of a Royal Conscience

Saint Louis is described as a man of exceptional interior purity, whose life and speech were consistently dedicated to God.

Because a pure conscience delights above all the goods of the soul.1 By God's grace, the blessed king Saint Louis was of such great purity that, through his merit, he could delight the gaze of God.2 He was of such great purity that honorable, trustworthy people who lived with him for a long time believed he never committed a mortal sin, as they have testified under oath.3 People firmly believe he would rather have lost his head than knowingly and willingly commit a mortal sin; nor did anyone ever see or hear him do or say anything evil.4 On the contrary, all his words were about God and His saints and tended toward this and toward the building up of those who kept company with him; nor could anyone ever see in him anything that ought to displease God—rather, he wanted every good.5 Very often, when he was in his chamber with his household, he would speak holy, thoughtful words and tell fine stories to build up those around him who were of good and holy purpose.6 He was a man who lived in great simplicity, truth, and humility, and he was a man of great patience, full of every great good. He was a man of good life, honest conduct, and a most holy and pure conscience, and many good examples could be taken from his deeds and his words.7

Discipline and Reverence in Speech

The king maintained strict control over his speech, avoiding oaths and idle talk, while practicing private penance and prayer.

He never swore by God, His limbs, His saints, or the Gospels; instead, when he wanted to affirm something strongly, he would simply say, "Truly, it is so!"8 He never invoked the devil, nor did he even speak the name, except perhaps when reading from books. A religious man, Brother Simon, of the Order of Preachers and prior of the convent of Provins, said under oath and affirmed that, although he had been many times with the blessed king and in long conversations with him, never in his life had he heard him utter a word of lechery, idle talk, or detraction meant for harm, and that he had never seen a man of such great reverence in speech and bearing.9 Although this brother had spoken many times with other kings, secular princes, prelates, and great figures, and despite his own close familiarity with this holy king, he never entered his presence without feeling great reverence and a sense of awe.10 Many priests and prelates sought to imitate the blessed king's virtues and ways, as people widely believed he was a saint even while he was still alive.11 He spent all his time productively, either praising God, attending to the needs of his body, or governing the kingdom.12 He would shut himself in his chamber with Brother Geoffrey of Beaulieu, of the Order of Preachers, and they would remain there for a long time every Friday throughout the year, as well as every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday during Lent.13 There his chamber was first very carefully searched in every corner, so that no one should remain in it.14

The Secret Penance

The king practiced humble, private confession and corporal discipline to maintain his spiritual integrity.

People believe—and those who were in his room when he went to bed and when he rose, who were waiting outside, said as much among themselves—that the blessed king confessed to that brother and that the brother administered the discipline to him.15

Integrity Amidst Captivity

Even when held captive by the Saracens, the king refused to compromise his word or allow dishonest dealings in his ransom payment.

Along with all the good qualities already named, the blessed king was a man of such great truthfulness that he would never speak a single word that was not true, not for the whole world, and from his mouth one could hear nothing but truth. At the time of his first crusade, after he had been taken prisoner and the Christian army with him, agreements were made between the holy king and the Saracens. Among those agreements were these terms: namely, that the blessed king would restore Damietta to them and give them four hundred thousand livres tournois, or the equivalent—that is, two hundred thousand there and two hundred thousand at Acre—in such a way that, when Damietta was restored to them, the Saracens would let the king go free from prison, and his barons freely, without any hindrance.16 The Saracens also promised they wouldn't kill the Christians who17 were at Damietta, or the others; instead, they would let them go. They didn't do this, however; they killed and burned them, along with the barons who had renounced the faith there.18 And when my lord Alphonse, count of Poitiers, the blessed king's brother, had stayed behind with the Saracens for those two hundred thousand livres then still to be paid, and the blessed king had gone aboard a galley with several barons and others, and when of those said two hundred thousand livres some thirty thousand or so had already been paid, the barons and the others who were there in the galley with the blessed king urged him and advised him to leave for his ship, which lay at sea quite near the galley.19 For he was just as much under the Saracens' power while he was there on that river in the galley as he had been when he was on land in their prison, because a great many galleys and many other Saracen vessels were on that river that could seize and hold at will, if they wished, the galley in which the blessed king was.20 He replied that he had given his word not to go beyond Damietta until the two hundred thousand livres were paid in full—even though it wasn't in writing, and even though the Saracens had broken their promise not to kill the Christians in Damietta.21 Despite all this, the blessed king was determined to keep his word and refused to leave the galley until the two hundred thousand livres were paid in full.22 And when the two hundred thousand livres had been paid, the king at once asked whether all the said money had been paid, and he was answered: “Yes.” But Philippe de Nemours, a knight of the blessed king, then said to him, "The silver has all been paid, but we cheated the Saracens by ten thousand livres in the weight of the silver."23 And when the blessed king heard that speech, he was deeply angered; and one of the teachings he used to give them was that they should have such a resolve that none of the said children would commit a mortal sin for anything in the world, and that each would rather suffer having his life taken from him by grievous martyrdom than knowingly commit any mortal sin.24

Read the original Latin

Pour ce que pure conscience seur touz les biens de l'ame délite les.' reo-arzde Dieu ', li benoiez rois saint Lovs fu de si grant purté (|ue, par sa mérite, il pot les regarz de Di(ni déliter. 11 fu de si grant purté que' persones ennourables et dignes de foy qui conversèrent avec lui par / lonc tens creoient que il ne fist oiupies moitel pechié, si com il ont dit par leur serement. Et croit l'en fermement que il vosist miex avoir pordii son piopre chief que, de certaine science et de son propos, il eust let pechié mortel; ne l'en ne veoit onques ne n'ooil (jne il feist ou deist nul mal. Aincois estoient toutes ses j)aroles de Dieu et de ses sainz et tendanz a ce et a l'edificacion de ceus qui avec lui conversoient; ne l'en ne pooit onques en lui apercevoir chose qui a Dieu deust desplere, ainz vouloit tout bien. Et meut souvent, quant il estoit en sa chambre avecques sa mesniee, il disoit paroles saintes et discrètes et fesoit bêles narracions a l'édification de ceus qui environ lui estoient de bon propos et de saint. Il fu homme qui vesqui en très grant simplece et en vérité et en humilité et fu de grant pacience et plein de touz granz ' biens. Il lu homme de bonne vie, de conversation honeste, de moût sainte conscience et de pure, et pooient estre pris en ses fez et en ses diz moût de bons essamples.

Il ne juroit par Dieu ne par ses membres ne par ses sainz ne par les Flvangiles, mes quant il voloit aucune chose plus fort affermer, il disoit : « Vraiement il « esteinsi! » ne il n'apeloit onques le diable, ne onques ne le nommoit, se n'estoit par aventure quant il lisoit es livres. Home religieus frère Symon"", de l'ordre des Frères Preecheeurs et prieur el couvent de Prouvinz ', par son serement dit et afferma que, ja soit ce que il eust esté pluseurs foiz avecques le benoiet roy et en Ions parlemenz, que onques en sa vie ne li ov dire parole de lecherie ne oiseuse ne de detraction en maie part, et que onques ne vit homme de si grant révérence en parlant et en regart. Et ja soit ce que li diz frères eust parlé pluseurs foiz a autres rois et a autres princes seculers et a prelaz et a granz persones, et ja soit ce encore que il fust moût familiers et moût privé a cel saint roy, nonpourquant il ne venoit onques en sa présence sanz grant révérence et sanz une manière de poour, « prcslres meesnies desirrent a ensivre "■ la vie ! ' m Car moût de prestres et de prelaz desirroienl estre semblables au beneoit roi\ en ses vcrtiiz et en ses meurs, car l'en croit meesniement que il fust saint des que il vivoit. Il despendoit tout son tens proufitablement ou es loenges de Dieu ou en autres oevres necccssaires a la souslciiance de son cors ou au gouvernement du roiaunie. Il s'enclooit en sa chambre avec frère Giefroi de Biaulieii, de l'ordre des Preecheeurs, et estoient ilecques longuement chascun jour de vendredi par tout l'an, et en Quaresme chascun lundi, chascun mecredi et chascun vendredi. ¥a estoit sa chambre premièrement moût bien quise par touz les angles que nul n'i demorast.

Et croit l'en et ce disoient entre eus cil qui estoient en sa chambre et a son couchier et a son lever, qui adonques estoient hors de la chambre, que li benoiez rois se confessoit au dit frère et que li diz frères le disciplinoit .

Avecques tous les biens desus diz li benoiez rois fu homme de si grant vérité que il ne deist jamés une parole fors vraie por tout le monde, ne en sa bouche l'en ne pooit apercevoir fors vérité. Eu tens de son premier passage, après ce que il fu pris et l'ost des crestiens ensement, furent fêtes convenances entre le saint roy et les Sarrazins, entre les queles convenances cestes furent : ce est a savoir que li benoiez rois leur rendroit Damiete et leur donroit quatre cenz mile livres de tournois ou la value, c'est a savoir ilecques deus cenz mile, et en Acre deus cenz mile, en tele manière que, quant Damiete leurscroit rendue '", que les Sarrasins en leroient le roi aler de prison et ses barons franchement, sanz nul empeechement. Et encorepromistrent ces Sarrazins que il n'ociroient pas les Crestiens qui ('. stuieiit a " Dainiete ne les autres, ainçois les Icroient aleiv, la quele chose il ne firent pas, ainrois les ocislrent et ardirent et les barons qui ilec estoient reniez. Et comme mes sires Alfons, conte de Poitiers, frère du benoiet roy, lust demouré par devers les Sarrasins pour ces deux cenz mile livres adonques a paier, et li benoiez rois fust entré en une galie, avecques lui pluseurs barons et autres, et comme les deus cens dites ' mile livres fussent ja paiees jusques a trente mile livres ou environ, les barons et les autres qui ilecques estoient en la galie avecques le benoiet roy, il h looient et conseilloient que il s'en alast a sa nef qui estoit en la mer assez près de la galie. Car il estait ausi bien en la seignourie des Sarrasins tant corn il estoit ilecques en cel flun en la galie, comme il estoit quant il estoit a terre en leui- prison, pour ce que mont de galies et moût d'autres vessiaus des Sarrazins estoient en cel flun qui pooient prendre et retenir tout a leur volenté, se il vosissent, la galie en la quele li benoiez rois estoit. 11 dist adonques que il leur avoit promis par simple parole que il n'iroit outre Damiete jusques a tant que les deus cenz mile livres/ seroient entièrement paiees, tout fust il einsi que ce ne fust pas escrit et tout fust il einsi que les Sarrazins n'eussent pas gardé ce qu'il li avoient promis que il n'ocirioient pas les Crestiens qui seroient trouvez en Damiete. Li bctieaiz rois ne volt pas pour ce moins garder son dit ne ne se " volt nulement départir de la galie jusques a tant que les deus cenz mile livres furent paiees entièrement.

Et comme les deus cenz ' mile livres furent paiees, li ' rois demanda tout maintenant se la dite monoie estoit toute paiee, et l'en li respondi : « Oil. » Mes mon seigneur Phelippe de Xemox, chevaliei- du benoiet roy, li dist adonques : « La « somme d'argent est toute paiee, mes nous avons deceu « les Sarrazins el pois de l'argent en x mile livres. » Et quant li benoiez rois oy celé parole, il fu mont (■()rouci(' et cune des queles doctrines, il leur enseigiioit que il eussent tele Yolenté que aucuns des dizenfanz ne fistpechié mortel pour nule chose qui fust el monde et que chascun soufrist ainçois que l'en li ostast la vie par grief martire que il feist a escienz aucun pechié mortel.

Notes

  1. 1Source ends with a truncated or garbled 'les.'; rendered as a chapter maxim: pure conscience delights more than any other good of the soul.
  2. 2Opening 'reo-arzde Dieu' read as 'Par la grace de Dieu' (or closely 'A regard de Dieu'); '(|ue' as 'que'; 'Di(ni' as 'Dieu'.
  3. 3'11' read as 'Il'; 'oiupies moitel pechié' as 'onques mortel pechié'.
  4. 4'pordii son piopre chief' read as 'perdu son propre chief'; 'eust let pechié' as 'eust fet pechié'; 'n'ooil (jne' as 'n'ooit que'.
  5. 5'j)aroles' read as 'paroles'.
  6. 6'Et meut souvent' read as 'Et mout souvent'. Final 'de bon propos et de saint' taken as 'of good and holy purpose' (truncated adjective).
  7. 7'Il lu homme' read as 'Il fu homme'.
  8. 8Source Flvangiles read as Evangiles (Gospels); quoted affirmation reconstructed as Vraiement, il est ainsi from the corrupt esteinsi.
  9. 9Normalized corrupt readings: Ions parlemenz → longs parlemenz; ne li ov dire → ne li oï dire; maie part → male part; Preecheeurs → Preecheurs (Dominicans); Prouvinz → Provins.
  10. 10Trailing corrupt fragment (« prcslres meesnies desirrent a ensivre la vie) appears to be garbled material belonging with the following sentence about priests desiring to follow the king's life; it is not rendered in the main translation.
  11. 11Normalized desirroienl → desirroient; vcrtiiz → vertuz; leading OCR noise (' m) ignored.
  12. 12Normalized necccssaires → necessaires; souslciiance → soustenance; roiaunie → royaume.
  13. 13Giefroi de Biaulieii identified as Geoffroi/Geoffrey of Beaulieu, Louis's Dominican confessor.
  14. 14Leading ¥a read as Là; quise taken as past participle of querre ('searched/examined'), fitting the following confession-scene context.
  15. 15OF discipliner here almost certainly means giving the corporal penance of the discipline (scourging), not mere verbal correction; rendered as 'administered the discipline' to keep that ascetic sense without modern slang.
  16. 16Normalized 'Eu tens' as 'En tens' (in the time); 'leurscroit rendue' as 'leur seroit rendue'; 'leroient...aler' as 'lairoient...aler' (would let go).
  17. 17Sentence is truncated mid-clause in the witness ('qui ('.); continues in s4 as 'estoient a Damiete...'. 'encorepromistrent' read as 'encore promistrent'.
  18. 18Reconstructed from corrupt OCR: 'stuieiit a Dainiete' → 'estoient a Damiete'; 'Icroient aleiv' → 'lairoient aler'; 'ainrois...ocislrent' → 'ainçois...ocistrent'. 'reniez' taken as 'reniés' (renegades/apostates); less likely alternate is 'remés' (who remained there).
  19. 19Read 'lust demouré' as 'fust demouré'; 'il h looient' as 'il le looient' (they urged/commended him).
  20. 20Read 'estait' as 'estoit'; 'tant corn' as 'tant com'; 'leui- prison' as 'leur prison'.
  21. 21Initial '11' read as 'Il'; 'par simple parole' kept as a bare spoken promise (not oath/writing).
  22. 22'Li bctieaiz rois' read as 'Li benoiez rois'. 'ne volt pas pour ce moins garder son dit' = he was not for that reason any less willing to keep his word.
  23. 23Source reading 'Phelippe de Xemox' is corrupt; rendered as Philippe de Nemours, the historically expected name. 'x mile livres' taken as Roman numeral x = ten thousand livres. 'el pois de l'argent' = in the weighing/weight of the silver.
  24. 24Heavily damaged source reconstructed as: 'il fu mout courroucié; et l'une des queles doctrines il leur enseignoit que il eussent tele volenté que aucuns des diz enfanz ne feist pechié mortel…' — 'mont (■()rouci(' → mout courroucié; 'cune' → l'une/c'une; 'Yolenté' → volenté; 'dizenfanz' → diz enfanz; 'fistpechié' → feist pechié; 'a escienz' → knowingly.

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