Canción XVII
The Soul's Sorrow in the Beloved's Absence
The soul, in the painful waiting of spiritual betrothal, feels the absence of the Beloved deeply, and even the touch of creatures becomes a burden, so she turns to speak to the dryness itself.
Note on the following song To better understand the song that follows, it's worth noting that the absences the soul suffers from her Beloved in this state of spiritual betrothal are deeply painful, and some are so intense that no other pain can compare to them.1 The reason for this is that, since the love she has for God in this state is great and strong, it torments her fiercely and greatly in His absence. And added to this pain is the distress she suffers at this time from any kind of dealing or communication with creatures, which is very great; for, since she is in that great force of desire, kindled by union with God, any distraction is extremely heavy and troublesome to her—just as, when a stone is rushing with great force and speed toward its center, anything it struck that delayed it in that empty space would be violently hard for it to bear.2 And since the soul has already tasted these sweet visits, they are more desirable to her than gold and every beauty.✦ And so, fearing greatly to be without so precious a presence even for a moment, the soul, speaking to the dryness and to the spirit of her Bridegroom, says the words of the following song:3
The Bride's Cry to the Winds
The soul cries out for the dead north wind to cease and for the life-giving south wind to come and stir her garden, so that the Beloved may delight there.
Hold still, dead north wind. Come, south wind, you who awaken love. Breathe through my garden, and let its fragrances flow, and the Beloved will pasture among the flowers.45
Stopping the Deadly Dryness
The soul explains her two tasks—shutting out spiritual dryness by devotion and invoking the Holy Spirit—and describes how the north wind represents the withering absence of the Beloved.
Explanation In addition to what was said in the previous song, dryness of spirit is also a cause that keeps the soul from the juice of interior sweetness he treated above; and fearing this, she does two things in this song.6 The first is to keep out the dryness by shutting the door through continual prayer and devotion. The second is to invoke the Holy Spirit, who must drive this dryness from the soul and who sustains and increases the love of the Bridegroom in her; and also that he may set the soul in the interior exercise of the virtues—all so that the Son of God, her Bridegroom, may rejoice and delight more in her, because her whole aim is to give pleasure to the Beloved. Stop, dead north wind.7 The cierzo is a very cold wind that dries and withers flowers and plants, or at least makes them shrink and close when it strikes them.8 And because spiritual dryness and the affective absence of the Beloved produce this same effect in the soul that has it, draining away the sap and savor and fragrance it used to taste from the virtues, she calls it the dead cierzo, because it has deadened all the virtues and affective practice the soul had; and that is why the soul says here: "Stop, dead cierzo." This saying of the soul is to be understood as done and carried out through spiritual exercises, so that the dryness may be stopped. But because in this state the things God communicates to the soul are so interior that by no exercise of its faculties can the soul of itself set them to work and taste them unless the spirit of the Bridegroom makes this motion of love in her, she then invokes him, saying:9
The Holy Spirit Awakens Love
The south wind is the Holy Spirit, whose gentle breath stirs the virtues in the soul's garden, opening them to release their fragrance.
Come, south wind, you who awaken love.10 The austro is another wind, commonly called the ábrego; it is gentle, brings rains, and makes the grasses and plants sprout, the flowers open and pour out their fragrance; and in fact, this air has effects opposite to those of the cierzo.✦11 And so, by this wind the soul understands the Holy Spirit, of whom she says that he awakens the loves; because when this divine wind strikes the soul, it so thoroughly inflames her, and so delights and enlivens her, and so awakens the will and raises the appetites that were previously fallen and asleep toward the love of God, that it can truly be said that it awakens his loves and hers; and what she asks of the Holy Spirit is what she says in the following verse:✦1213 Breathe through my garden.14 This garden is the soul herself. Just as he previously called the soul a flowering vineyard—because the bloom of the virtues within her produces a wine of sweet savor—so here he calls her a garden, because the flowers of perfection and the virtues we have discussed are planted, born, and grown within her.15 And here it should be noted that the bride does not say, "Breathe in my garden," but "Breathe through my garden"; because there is a great difference between God's breathing in the soul and his breathing through the soul; because to breathe in the soul is to pour into her grace, gifts, and virtues; and to breathe through her is for God to make a touch and motion in the virtues and perfections already given to her, renewing them and stirring them so that they give off a marvelous fragrance and sweetness; just as when aromatic spices are shaken, for at the moment that stirring is made they pour out the abundance of their scent, which before was neither so strong nor felt to such a degree; because the virtues the soul possesses—acquired and infused—she is not always actually feeling and enjoying; because, as we will say later, in this life they are in the soul like flowers closed in the bud or blossom, or like aromatic spices kept covered, whose scent is not felt until they are opened and stirred, as we have said.✦161718 But sometimes God grants such mercies to the bride-soul that, breathing with his divine Spirit through this flowering garden of hers, he opens all these buds of virtues and uncovers these aromatic spices of gifts and perfections and riches of the soul; and by making the interior treasure and wealth manifest, he reveals all her beauty. And then it is a wonderful thing to see and a sweet thing to feel—the richness of her gifts that is revealed to the soul, and the beauty of these flowers of virtues, now all open in the soul; and the sweetness of fragrance that each one gives of itself, according to its own nature, is beyond measure.19 And this is what she calls here the scents of the garden running forth, when in the following verse she says:
The Overflowing Fragrance and the Beloved's Feast
When the virtues pour forth their fragrance, the Bridegroom comes to feed in the soul, taking delight in her as in a garden, transforming her into himself.
And let its fragrances flow. These are sometimes so abundant that the soul feels clothed in delights and bathed in glory beyond measure—so much so that not only does she feel it within, but it often overflows so much outwardly that those who know how to notice it recognize it, and such a soul seems to them like a delightful garden full of God's delights and riches. And not only when these flowers are open is this seen in these holy souls, but ordinarily they carry in themselves an indefinable something of greatness and dignity that makes others pause and show respect, because of the supernatural effect that spreads through the person from close and familiar communication with God—as it is written in Exodus of Moses, that they could not look on his face because of the honor and glory that remained on his person from having dealt face to face with God. In this breathing of the Holy Spirit through the soul, which is his visitation, he being in love with her, the Bridegroom, the Son of God, communicates himself in a high way; and that is why he first sends his Spirit (as to the apostles), who is his lodging-master, to prepare the lodging of the bride-soul for him, lifting her into delight, setting her garden to his liking, opening her flowers, uncovering her gifts, and arraying her with the tapestry of his graces and riches.20 And so, with great desire, the bride-soul desires all this—namely, that the north wind may go and the south wind may come, and breathe through the garden; because in this the soul gains many things at once; because she gains the enjoyment of the virtues brought to the point of savory exercise, as we have said; she gains the enjoyment of the Beloved in them, since through them, as we have just said, he communicates himself to her with closer love, granting her a more particular favor than before; and she gains that the Beloved delights much more in her through this actual exercise of virtues, which is what she most enjoys—namely, that her Beloved should take pleasure; and she also gains the continuation and lasting of such savor and sweetness of the virtues, which lasts in the soul the whole time the Bridegroom remains with her in this way, while the bride is giving him sweetness in the virtues she has, as she says in the Song of Songs in this way: While the King was on his couch—that is, in the soul—my flowering and fragrant little tree gave forth the fragrance of sweetness; Dum esset Rex in accubitu suo, nardus mea dedit odorem suum.21 Here making it understood by this fragrant little tree the soul herself, who from the flowers of virtues she has within her gives forth a fragrance of sweetness to the Beloved, who dwells in her in this manner of union. Therefore this divine air of the Holy Spirit is greatly to be desired—that each soul ask that it breathe through her garden, so that divine fragrances of God may flow.✦ And because this is so necessary and of such glory and good for the soul, the Bride desired and asked for it in the same terms as here, in the Song of Songs, saying: Surge Aquilo, et veni Auster, perfla hortum meum, et fluant aromata illius; Arise from here, north wind, and come, south wind, and breathe through my garden, and its fragrances and precious spices will flow.22 And the soul desires all this not for the delight and glory that follow for her from it, but for what she knows her Bridegroom delights in in this, and because it is all a disposition and a foreshadowing for the Son of God to come and delight in her—and that is why she says next: And the Beloved will feed among the flowers. The soul uses the word 'pasture' to mean the delight the Son of God takes in her at this time—a name that makes it all the more fitting, because pasture or food is something that not only gives pleasure but also sustains; and so the Son of God delights in the soul in these delights of hers and is sustained in her—that is, he remains in her as in a place where he greatly delights, because that place truly delights in him. And I understand that this is what he meant to say through Solomon in the book of Proverbs: 'My delights are with the children of men' (Delitiae meae esse cum filiis hominum); that is, he delights in their delights, which consist in being with me, the Son of God. And it's worth noting that the soul does not say the Beloved will feed on the flowers, but among the flowers; because, since the Bridegroom's communication is in the soul herself through the adornment of the virtues already mentioned, it follows that what he feeds on is the soul herself, transforming her into himself, she being already cooked, salted, and seasoned with those flowers of virtues, gifts, and perfections, which are the sauce with which and among which he feeds on her; and these flowers, through the lodging-master already mentioned, give the Son of God savor and sweetness in the soul so that by this means he may feed more deeply on her love; for this is the Bridegroom's love: to unite himself with the soul amid the fragrance of these flowers.23 The Bride notes this condition in the Song of Songs, as one who knows it so well, with these words: Dilectus meus descendit in hortum suum ad areolam aromatum ut pascatur in hortis, et lilia colligat; 'My Beloved went down to his garden, to the bed and air of the fragrant spices, to feed in the garden and gather lilies.'24 And again she says: Ego dilecto meo, et dilectus meus mihi, qui pascitur inter lilia; 'I am for my Beloved, and he is for me, who feeds among the lilies'; that is, he feeds and delights in my soul, which is his garden, among the lilies of my virtues, perfections, and graces.
Read the original Spanish
Anotación de la canción siguiente
Para más noticia de la canción que se sigue, conviene aquí advertir que las ausencias que padece el alma de su Amado en este estado de desposorio espiritual son muy aflictivas, y algunas son de manera que no hay pena que se le compare. La causa de esto es que, como el amor que tiene a Dios en este estado es grande y fuerte, atorméntale fuerte y grandemente en la ausencia. Y añádese a esta pena la molestia que a este tiempo recibe en cualquiera manera de trato o comunicación de criaturas, que es muy grande; porque, como ella está en aquella gran fuerza de deseo, avivado por la unión con Dios, cualquiera entretenimiento le es gravísimo y molesto; bien así como a la piedra, cuando con grande ímpetu y velocidad va llegando hacia su centro, cualquier cosa en que topase y la entretuviese en aquel vacío le sería muy violenta. Y como está ya el alma saboreada con estas dulces visitas, sonle más deseables sobre el oro y toda hermosura. Y por eso, temiendo el alma mucho carecer, aun por momento, de tan preciosa presencia, hablando con la sequedad y con el espíritu de su Esposo, dice las palabras de la canción siguiente:
Detente, cierzo muerto, Ven, austro, que recuerdas los amores, Aspira por mi huerto, Y corran sus olores, Y pacerá el Amado entre las flores.
DECLARACIÓN
Demás de lo dicho en la canción pasada, la sequedad de espíritu es también causa de impedir al alma el jugo de suavidad interior, de que arriba ha tratado, y temiendo ella esto, hace dos cosas en esta canción. La primera, impedir la sequedad, cerrando la puerta por medio de la continua oración y devoción. La segunda, invocar el Espíritu Santo, que es el que ha de ahuyentar esta sequedad del alma y el que sustenta y aumenta en ella el amor del Esposo; y también ponga al alma el ejercicio interior de las virtudes, todo a fin de que el Hijo de Dios, su Esposo, se goce y deleite más en ella; porque toda su pretensión es dar contento al Amado.
Detente, cierzo muerto.
El cierzo es un viento muy frío, que seca y marchita, las flores y plantas, y a lo menos las hace encoger y cerrar cuando en ellas hiere. Y porque la sequedad espiritual y la ausencia afectiva del Amado hacen este mismo efecto en el alma que la tiene, agotándole el jugo y sabor y fragrancia que gustaba de las virtudes, la llama cierzo muerto, porque todas las virtudes y ejercicio afectivo que tenía el alma, tiene amortiguado; y por eso dice aquí el alma: «Detente, cierzo muerto». El cual dicho del alma se ha de entender que es hecho y obrado de ejercicios espirituales, para que se detenga la sequedad. Pero, porque en este estado las cosas que Dios comunica al alma son tan interiores, que con ningún ejercicio de sus potencias puede de suyo el alma ponerlas en ejercicio y gustarlas si el espíritu del Esposo no hace en ella esta moción de amor, le invoca ella luego, diciendo:
Ven, austro, que recuerdas los amores.
El austro es otro viento que vulgarmente se llama ábrego; el cual es apacible, causa pluvias y hace germinar las yerbas y plantas, y abrir las flores y derramar su olor; y en efecto, tiene este aire los efectos contrarios del cierzo. Y así, por este aire entiende el alma el Espíritu Santo, el cual dice que recuerda los amores; porque cuando este divino aire embiste en el alma, de tal manera la inflama toda, y regala y aviva, y recuerda la voluntad y levanta los apetitos, que antes estaban caídos y dormidos al amor de Dios, que se puede bien decir que recuerda los amores de él y de ella, y lo que pide al Espíritu Santo es lo que dice en el verso siguiente:
Aspira por mi huerto.
El cual huerto es la misma alma; porque, así como arriba ha llamado a la misma alma viña florida, porque la flor de las virtudes que hay en ellas le dan vino de dulce sabor, así aquí la llama también huerto, porque en ellas están plantadas y nacen y crecen las flores de perfección y virtudes que habemos dicho. Y es aquí de notar que no dice la esposa: Aspira en mi huerto; sino «Aspira por mi huerto»; porque es grande la diferencia que hay entre aspirar Dios en el alma o por el alma; porque aspirar en el alma es infundir en ella gracia, dones y virtudes; y aspirar por ella es hacer Dios toque y moción en las virtudes y perfecciones que ya le son dadas, renovándolas y moviéndolas de suerte, que den de sí admirable fragrancia y suavidad; bien así como cuando menean las especies aromáticas, que al tiempo que se hace aquella moción derraman el abundancia de su olor, el cual antes ni era tal ni se sentía en tanto grado; porque las virtudes que el alma tiene adquiridas e infusas no siempre las está sintiendo y gozando actualmente; porque, como después diremos, en esta vida están en el alma como flores en cogollo o en capullo cerradas, o como especies aromáticas encubiertas, cuyo olor no se siente hasta ser abiertas y movidas, como habemos dicho.
Pero algunas veces hace Dios tales mercedes al alma esposa, que, aspirando con su Espíritu divino por este florido huerto de ella, abre todos estos cogollos de virtudes y descubre estas especies aromáticas de dones y perfecciones y riquezas del alma; y manifestando el tesoro y caudal interior, descubre toda la hermosura de ella. Y entonces es cosa amirable de ver y suave de sentir la riqueza que se descubre al alma de sus dones, y la hermosura de estas flores de virtudes, ya todas abiertas en alma; y la suavidad de olor que cada una le da de sí, según su propiedad, es inestimable. Y esto llama aquí correr los olores del huerto, cuando en el verso siguiente dice:
Y corran sus olores.
Los cuales son en tanta abundancia algunas veces, que al alma le parece estar vestida de deleites y bañada en gloria inestimable; tanto, que no sólo ella lo siente de dentro, pero aun suele redundarle tanto de fuera, que lo conocen los que saben advertir y les parece estar tal alma como un deleitoso jardín lleno de deleites y riquezas de Dios. Y no sólo cuando estas flores están abiertas se echa de ver esto en estas santas almas, pero ordinariamente traen en sí un no sé qué de grandeza y dignidad, que causa detenimiento y respeto a los demás, por el efecto sobrenatural que se difunde en el sujeto de la próxima y familiar comunicación con Dios, cual se escribe en el Éxodo de Moisés, que no podían mirarle su rostro, por la honra y gloria que quedaba en su persona por haber tratado cara a cara con Dios. En este aspirar del Espíritu Santo por el alma, que es visitación suya, enamorado de ella, se comunica en alta manera el Esposo, Hijo de Dios; que por eso envía su Espíritu primero (como a los apóstoles), que es su aposentador, para que le prepare la posada del alma esposa, levantándola en deleite, poniéndole el huerto a gusto, abriendo sus flores, descubriendo sus dones, arreándola de la tapicería de sus gracias y riquezas. Y así, con grande deseo desea el alma esposa todo esto; es a saber, que se vaya el cierzo y venga el austro, que aspire por el huerto; porque en esto gana el alma muchas cosas juntas; porque gana el gozar las virtudes puestas en el punto de sabroso ejercicio, como habemos dicho; gana el gozar al Amado en ellas, pues mediante ellas, como acabamos de decir, se le comunica a ella con más estrecho amor, y haciéndole más particular merced que antes; y gana que el Amado mucho más se deleita en ella por este ejercicio actual de virtudes, que es de lo que ella más gusta, es a saber, que guste su Amado; y gana también la continuación y duración del tal sabor y suavidad de virtudes, la cual dura en el alma todo el tiempo que el Esposo asiste en ella en la tal manera, estándole dando la esposa suavidad en las virtudes que tiene, según en los Cánticos ella lo dice en esta manera: En tanto que estaba el Rey en su reclinatorio, es a saber, en el alma, mi arbolico florido y oloroso dio olor de suavidad; Dum esset Rex in accubitu suo, nardus mea dedit odorem suum. Dando aquí a entender por este arbolico oloroso la misma alma que de las flores de virtudes que en sí tiene da olor de suavidad al Amado, que en ella mora en esta manera de unión. Por tanto, mucho es de desear este divino aire del Espíritu Santo, que pida cada alma aspire por su huerto, para que corran divinos olores de Dios. Que por ser esto tan necesario y de tanta gloria y bien para el alma, la Esposa lo deseó y pidió por los mismos términos que aquí, en los Cantares, diciendo: Surge Aquilo, et veni Auster, perfla hortum meum, et fluant aromata illius; Levántate de aquí, cierzo, y ven, ábrego, y aspira mi huerto, y correrán sus olores y preciosas especies. Y esto todo lo desea el alma, no por el deleite y gloria que de ello se le sigue, sino por lo que en esto sabe que se deleita su Esposo, y porque es todo disposición y prenuncio para que el Hijo de Dios venga a deleitarse en ella, que por eso dice luego:
Y pacerá el Amado entre las flores.
Significa el alma este deleite que el Hijo de Dios tiene en ella en esta sazón por nombre de pasto, que muy más al propio le da a entender, por ser el pasto o comida cosa que, no sólo da gusto, pero aun sustenta; y así, el Hijo de Dios se deleita en el alma en estos deleites de ella y se sustenta en ella; esto es, persevera en ella como lugar donde grandemente se deleita, porque el lugar se deleita de veras en él. Y eso entiendo que es lo que él mismo quiso decir por la boca de Salomón en los Proverbios, diciendo: «Mis deleites son con los hijos de los hombres»; Delitiae meae esse cum filiis hominum; es a saber, con sus deleites, que son estar conmigo, que soy el Hijo de Dios. Y conviene aquí notar que no dice el alma aquí que pacerá el Amado las flores, sino entre las flores; porque, como quiera que la comunicación suya, es a saber, del Esposo, sea en la misma alma mediante el arreo ya dicho de las virtudes, síguese que lo que pace es la misma alma, transformándola en sí, estando ya ella guisada, salada y sazonada con las dichas flores de virtudes y dones y perfecciones, que son la salsa con que y entre que la pace; las cuales, por medio del aposentador ya dicho, están dando al Hijo de Dios sabor y suavidad en el alma para que por este medio se apaciente más en el amor de ella; porque éste es el amor del Esposo, unirse con el alma entre la fragrancia de estas flores. La cual condición nota la Esposa en los Cantares, como quien tan bien la sabe, en estas palabras: Dilectus meus descendit in hortum suum ad areolam aromatum ut pascatur in hortis, et lilia colligat; «Mi Amado descendió a su huerto, a la era y aire de las especies odoríferas para apacentarse en el huerto y coger lirios». Y otra vez dice: Ego dilecto meo, et dilectus meus mihi, qui pascitur inter lilia; «Yo para mi Amado, y él para mí, que se apacienta entre los lirios»: es a saber, que se apacienta y deleita en mi alma, que es el huerto suyo, entre los lirios de mis virtudes y perfecciones y gracias.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Ps.19.10;Ps.119.72 — The fear of the LORD is pure, standing forever; the judgments of the LORD are true, righteous altogether. Ps.119.72 — The law from your mouth is better to me than thousands of gold and silver.
- ↩Song.4.16 — Awake, O north wind, and come, O south wind! Blow upon my garden that its spices may flow out. Let my beloved come to his garden and eat its choice fruits.
- ↩Song.4.16 — Awake, O north wind, and come, O south wind! Blow upon my garden that its spices may flow out. Let my beloved come to his garden and eat its choice fruits.
- ↩Song.4.16 — Awake, O north wind, and come, O south wind! Blow upon my garden that its spices may flow out. Let my beloved come to his garden and eat its choice fruits.
- ↩Song.4.16 — Awake, O north wind, and come, O south wind! Blow upon my garden that its spices may flow out. Let my beloved come to his garden and eat its choice fruits.
Notes
- 1 ↩desposorio espiritual: technical term in John of the Cross for the spiritual betrothal preceding full spiritual marriage.
- 2 ↩entretenimiento rendered as distraction (anything that detains/delays the soul); the stone simile uses entretuviese in the same sense of delaying its fall through the void.
- 3 ↩sequedad: spiritual dryness; the following song addresses the dead north wind (dryness) and the south wind (the Bridegroom's spirit).
- 4 ↩Spanish recordar here means awaken/stir to life, not merely remember—standard Golden Age and San Juan usage for reviving dormant love.
- 5 ↩Cierzo is the cold, drying north wind; muerto (‘dead’) marks its withering, sterile force—spiritual dryness in the surrounding commentary’s frame.
- 6 ↩Spanish jugo is the concrete sap/juice metaphor for the nourishing savor of interior consolation; rendered literally as juice to keep the image.
- 7 ↩Spanish cierzo is the cold north wind; muerto here means deadening/withering (as the following stanza explains), not merely lifeless.
- 8 ↩cierzo: the cold, dry north wind of the Iberian peninsula; kept as the Canticle's named term while this sentence itself supplies the sense.
- 9 ↩potencias rendered as faculties (intellect, memory, will in Sanjuanist anthropology); moción de amor kept as motion of love for the Bridegroom's interior impulse.
- 10 ↩Spanish recordar here means awaken/stir (as the next section explains: it raises the will and appetites that had fallen asleep), not merely recall to memory.
- 11 ↩austro/ábrego/cierzo are kept as San Juan's wind names: austro = south wind (popularly ábrego); cierzo = the cold north wind contrasted earlier.
- 12 ↩recuerda los amores: rendered 'awakens the loves' to carry San Juan's sense of stirring love that had been fallen and asleep (recordar as both recalling and waking), matching the verse 'que recuerdas los amores'.
- 13 ↩regala: mystical Spanish for sweetly delighting/comforting the soul; rendered 'delights'.
- 14 ↩Spanish «por» is rendered as «through», not «in» or «upon», because the following commentary distinguishes aspirar en el alma (infusing grace) from aspirar por el alma (stirring the virtues already given so they give off fragrance).
- 15 ↩Spanish en ellas is feminine plural; the clear sense is the soul under the vineyard/garden image (or its interior plantings), rendered here as in her.
- 16 ↩Aspira en vs. Aspira por marks a technical distinction: breathing in = infusing grace, gifts, and virtues; breathing through = God's touch and motion stirring virtues already given so their fragrance is felt.
- 17 ↩Actualmente is rendered as actually (in act), not currently: the virtues may be possessed habitually without being presently felt and enjoyed.
- 18 ↩Source has derraman el abundancia (masculine article with feminine noun); translated as the intended la abundancia, 'the abundance'.
- 19 ↩Source reads amirable; treated as the older spelling of admirable ('wonderful').
- 20 ↩aposentador rendered "lodging-master" to stay consistent with later chapter usage for the Spirit who prepares the soul as the Bridegroom's lodging.
- 21 ↩cierzo / austro rendered "north wind" / "south wind" to match the chapter's song line; the commentary elsewhere also keeps the Spanish wind names as technical terms.
- 22 ↩Spanish ábrego rendered "south wind" to match the chapter song; Juan's own Spanish line here says "aspira mi huerto," while elsewhere he insists on "aspira por mi huerto"; English follows the Latin perfla and the established "breathe through" rendering.
- 23 ↩aposentador: rendered "lodging-master" for the figure already named earlier who prepares the soul as lodging; keep consistent with the prior section's English choice if a different title was used.
- 24 ↩era y aire de las especies odoríferas: San Juan's Spanish rendering of areolam aromatum; kept as "bed and air of the fragrant spices" to preserve his wording rather than normalize to "spice bed" alone.
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