Les temps du second Temple
The Era of the Second Temple
Following their exile, the Israelites were purified of idolatry and became a people attentive to the fulfillment of prophecy.
The era of the Second Temple. Instructions like that brought about a major change in how the Israelites lived. They no longer needed apparitions, or open prophecy, or those unheard-of wonders God so often worked for their salvation. The testimonies they had received were enough for them; and their unbelief, not only convinced by the outcome but so often punished as well, had finally made them teachable. That is why, from that time on, you no longer see them returning to the idolatry they had been so strangely drawn to. They had suffered too much for rejecting the God of their fathers. They always remembered Nebuchadnezzar and their ruin, so often foretold in every detail, and yet come sooner than it had been believed. They were no less in wonder at their restoration, accomplished against all appearance at the time, and by the one who had been marked out for them.1 They never saw the second Temple without remembering why the first had been destroyed and how this one was restored; consequently, they were confirmed in the faith of their Scriptures, to which their entire situation bore witness. False prophets were no longer seen among them. They had rid themselves all at once of the inclination they had to believe them, and of the inclination they had toward idolatry. Zechariah had foretold in a single oracle that both these things would happen to them.✦ His prophecy was clearly fulfilled. The false prophets ceased under the second Temple: the people, sick of their deceptions, were no longer in any condition to listen to them. God's true prophets were read and reread constantly; they didn't need any commentary, and the events that unfolded day after day in fulfillment of their prophecies were all too accurate as interpreters of them.
Peace and Prosperity Under Foreign Rule
Under Persian and Hellenistic rule, the Jewish people enjoyed a period of relative peace and expansion, though internal ambition began to threaten their stability.
Indeed, all their prophets had promised them a deep peace. People still read with joy the beautiful picture Isaiah and Ezekiel paint of the blessed times that were to follow the Babylonian captivity. The ruins are repaired, the cities and towns are magnificently rebuilt, the population is countless, the enemies are cast down, and abundance fills the cities and the countryside; there you see joy, rest, and at last all the fruits of a long peace. God promises to keep his people in a lasting and perfect calm.2 They enjoyed it under the kings of Persia. As long as that empire held firm, the favorable decrees of Cyrus, its founder, secured the rest of the Jews. Though they were threatened with final ruin under Ahasuerus, whoever he was, God was moved by their tears, suddenly changed the king's heart, and took a spectacular vengeance on Haman, their enemy.3 Apart from that crisis, which passed so quickly, they were always without fear. Instructed by their prophets to obey the kings to whom God had subjected them, their loyalty was unbreakable. As a result, they were always treated gently. Thanks to a fairly light tribute paid to their sovereigns—who were their protectors more than their masters—they lived by their own laws: the priestly power was preserved in full; the high priests led the people; the public council first established by Moses kept all its authority; and they exercised the power of life and death among themselves, without anyone interfering in their government. The kings ordered it that way. The fall of the Persian empire didn't change their situation at all. Alexander respected their temple, admired their prophecies, and increased their privileges. They had a little to suffer under his first successors. Ptolemy, son of Lagus, took Jerusalem by surprise and carried a hundred thousand captives off to Egypt, but he soon stopped hating them. He himself made them citizens of Alexandria, the capital of his kingdom—or rather, he confirmed the right Alexander had already given them there; and finding nothing in his whole realm more faithful than the Jews, he filled his armies with them and entrusted them with his most important strongholds. However highly the Lagids esteemed them, they were treated even better by the Seleucids, under whose empire they lived.4 Seleucus Nicanor, the founder of that dynasty, settled them in Antioch. When his grandson, Antiochus the God, had them admitted into all the cities of Asia Minor, we saw them spread throughout Greece, living by their own law and enjoying the same rights as other citizens, just as they did in Alexandria and Antioch.5 Meanwhile, their Law was translated into Greek through the efforts of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. The Jewish religion became known among the Gentiles; the Temple of Jerusalem was enriched by the gifts of kings and peoples; the Jews lived in peace and freedom under the power of the kings of Syria; and they had scarcely tasted such calm under their own kings. It seemed destined to last forever, had they not disturbed it themselves through their own internal conflicts. They had been enjoying this rest, so often foretold by their prophets, for three hundred years when the ambition and jealousy that arose among them nearly destroyed them.6 Some of the most powerful betrayed their people to flatter the kings; they wanted to make themselves famous in the Greek style, preferring that empty pomp to the solid glory that keeping the laws of their ancestors would have won them among their fellow citizens.
The Crisis of Antiochus and the Maccabean Deliverance
The persecution by Antiochus Epiphanes tested the faith of the people, leading to the heroic resistance of the Maccabees and the restoration of the Temple.
They held games just like the Gentiles. This novelty dazzled the people, and idolatry, dressed in such magnificence, looked beautiful to many Jews. With these changes came disputes over the high priesthood, which was the nation's chief dignity. Ambitious men attached themselves to the kings of Syria to obtain it, and that sacred office became the prize for the flattery of these courtiers. The jealousies and divisions among private individuals didn't take long to bring, as usual, great disasters upon the whole people. Antiochus the Illustrious, king of Syria, formed a plan to destroy this divided people in order to profit from their wealth.7 That prince appeared with every trait Daniel had identified: ambitious, greedy, crafty, cruel, insolent, impious, and mad; puffed up by his victories, and then enraged by his losses. He entered Jerusalem ready to attempt anything; the factions among the Jews, rather than his own forces, emboldened him, just as Daniel had foreseen. He carries out unheard-of cruelties: his pride drives him to the last extremes, and he pours out blasphemies against the Most High, just as the same prophet had foretold.✦ In fulfillment of these prophecies, and because of the people’s sins, power is given to him against the perpetual sacrifice.✦8 He profanes the temple of God, which his royal ancestors had revered; he plunders it, and with the riches he finds there, he repairs the ruins of his exhausted treasury. Under the pretext of making his subjects’ ways uniform—but in fact to satisfy his greed by plundering all of Judea—he orders the Jews to worship the same gods as the Greeks. Above all, he wants Olympian Jupiter worshipped, and he places that idol in the temple itself. More impious than Nebuchadnezzar, he sets out to destroy the festivals, the law of Moses, the sacrifices, the religion, and the whole people. But this prince’s successes had their limits marked out by the prophecies. Mattathias opposes his violence and gathers the upright. His son, Judas Maccabeus, with a handful of men, performs unheard-of exploits and purifies the temple of God three and a half years after its profanation, just as Daniel had foretold. He pursues the Idumeans and all the other gentiles who joined with Antiochus. After taking their strongest positions, he returns victorious and humble, just as Isaiah had seen him, singing the praises of God who had delivered the enemies of his people into his hands, while still red with their blood.✦9 He keeps winning victories, despite the massive armies of Antiochus's captains. Daniel had given this impious prince only six years to torment the people of God; and there, at the appointed term, he learns at Ecbatana of Judas's heroic deeds. He falls into a deep melancholy and dies as the holy prophet had foretold—wretched, yet not by human hand—after recognizing, but too late, the power of the God of Israel. I don't need to tell you how his successors kept up the war against Judea, or about the death of Judas, its liberator, or the victories of his two brothers Jonathan and Simon, successive high priests, whose valor restored the ancient glory of God's people.10 These three great men saw the kings of Syria and all the neighboring peoples leagued against them; and most deplorably, they repeatedly saw even those of Judah itself in arms against their country and against Jerusalem—something unheard of until then, yet expressly predicted by the prophets. In the midst of so many evils, the trust they placed in God made them fearless and invincible. The people were always fortunate under their leadership; and at last, in Simon's time, freed from the yoke of the Gentiles, they submitted to him and to his children, with the consent of the kings of Syria.
The Hasmonean Kingdom and Messianic Hope
The people established a new kingdom under the Hasmoneans while maintaining a steadfast, expectant faith in the coming Messiah.
But the act by which the people of God transfer to Simon all public authority, and grant him the royal rights, is remarkable. The decree provides that he and his posterity will enjoy it until a faithful and true prophet comes. The people, used from their beginnings to a divine government, and knowing that ever since David had been set on the throne by God's command the sovereign power belonged to his house, to which it was finally to be restored in the time of the Messiah, expressly put this restriction on the power they gave their high priests, and went on living under them in the hope of that Christ so often promised. That is how this wholly free kingdom used its right and provided for its government. Jacob's descendants, through the tribe of Judah and the remnants that rallied under its banner, kept themselves together as a body politic and independently and peacefully enjoyed the land that had been assigned to them. Following the decree of the people we just mentioned, John Hyrcanus, the son of Simon, succeeded his father. Under his leadership, the Jews expanded through significant conquests. They subdued Samaria—as Ezekiel and Jeremiah had foretold—and overcame the Idumeans, Philistines, and Ammonites, their perpetual enemies; these peoples then embraced their religion, just as Zechariah had indicated. At last, despite the hatred and jealousy of the peoples who surround them, under the authority of their high priests, who finally become their kings, they found the new kingdom of the Hasmoneans, or Maccabees—more extensive than ever, if one excepts the times of David and Solomon. That is how the people of God always endured through so many changes; and this people, sometimes chastised and sometimes comforted in its misfortunes by the different treatments it receives according to what it has deserved, bears public witness to the providence that governs the world. But whatever condition they were in, they always lived waiting for the times of the Messiah, when they looked for new graces greater than all those they had received; and there is no one who cannot see that this faith in the Messiah and his wonders, which still lasts among the Jews today, came to them from their patriarchs and their prophets from the very origin of their nation. For during that long succession of years, when they recognized that by a design of providence no prophet was rising among them any longer, and that God was giving them neither new predictions nor new promises, this faith in the Messiah who was to come was more alive than ever. It proved so firmly established when the second Temple was built that no prophet was needed anymore to confirm the people in it. They lived by the faith of the ancient prophecies, which they had seen fulfilled so precisely before their eyes on so many points: from that time on, the rest never seemed doubtful to them, and they had no trouble believing that God, so faithful in everything, would still accomplish in his own time what concerned the Messiah—that is, the chief of his promises, and the foundation of all the others.11 Indeed, their whole history, everything that happened to them day by day, was nothing but a perpetual unfolding of the oracles the Holy Spirit had left them. If, restored to their land after the captivity, they enjoyed three hundred years of deep peace; if their Temple was revered and their religion honored throughout the East; if at last their peace was disturbed by their own dissensions; if that proud king of Syria made unheard-of efforts to destroy them; if he prevailed for a time; if a little later he was punished; if the Jewish religion and the whole people of God were raised up again with a splendor more wonderful than ever, and the kingdom of Judah enlarged toward the end of those times by new conquests—you have seen, Monseigneur, that all of this was written in their prophets.12 Yes, everything was marked out there—down to how long the persecutions were to last, down to the places where the battles were fought, down to the lands that were to be conquered.
The Darkness of Pagan Idolatry
While the Jews held to the true God, the surrounding Gentile nations remained trapped in the moral and spiritual darkness of idolatry.
I've given you a broad outline of these prophecies; the details would require a much longer discussion. I only want to give you a first taste of these important truths, which you'll recognize more clearly as you delve into the specifics.13 I'll only note here that throughout these times, the prophecies of the people of God were fulfilled so clearly that later on, even pagans—like Porphyry or Julian the Apostate, who were otherwise enemies of the Scriptures—looked to the Jews whenever they wanted examples of prophetic predictions.14 I can tell you truly that even if God's people went five hundred years without a prophet, the entire condition of those times was prophetic; God's work was advancing, and the way was being prepared, little by little, for the full fulfillment of the ancient oracles. The return from the Babylonian captivity was only a shadow of the greater and more necessary freedom that the Messiah would bring to human beings held captive by sin.15 The people, scattered across Upper Asia, Asia Minor, Egypt, and even Greece, were beginning to make the name and glory of the God of Israel shine out among the Gentiles. The Scriptures that were one day to be the light of the world were put into the most widely known language of the universe: their antiquity is acknowledged.16 While the Temple is held in reverence and the Scriptures are spread among the Gentiles, God provides a glimpse of their future conversion and lays the foundations for it from afar. Even what was happening among the Greeks served as a kind of preparation for knowing the truth. Their philosophers recognized that the world was governed by a god very different from those the common people worshiped, and that they themselves served along with the common people. Greek histories bear witness that this fine philosophy came from the East and from the places where the Jews had been scattered; but wherever it came from, a truth so important, once spread among the Gentiles—though opposed, though poorly followed, even by those who taught it—began to awaken the human race, and in advance supplied sure proofs to those who would one day draw it out of its ignorance.17 Still, because the conversion of the Gentiles was a work reserved for the Messiah—the very sign of his coming—error and impiety prevailed everywhere. The most enlightened and wisest nations—the Chaldeans, the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Romans—were the most ignorant and the most blind about religion: so true is it that you have to be raised to it by a particular grace and by a wisdom more than human. Who would dare recount the ceremonies of the immortal gods and their impure mysteries? Their love affairs, cruelties, jealousies, and all their other excesses were the subject of their festivals, sacrifices, hymns, and the paintings consecrated in their temples. So crime was worshiped and recognized as necessary to the worship of the gods. The most serious of the philosophers forbids drinking to excess, except at the festivals of Bacchus and in honor of that god.18 Another, after severely condemning every indecent image, makes an exception for those of the gods who wanted to be honored by such infamies. You can't read without astonishment the honors that had to be paid to Venus, and the prostitutions that were established to worship her. Greece, polished and wise as she was, had received these abominable mysteries. In times of crisis, private citizens and republics would vow courtesans to Venus, and Greece wasn't ashamed to credit her deliverance to the prayers those women offered to their goddess.19 After the defeat of Xerxes and his formidable armies, a painting was placed in the temple that depicted their vows and processions, accompanied by this inscription from the famous poet Simonides: These women prayed to the goddess Venus, who for love of them saved Greece. If love had to be worshiped, it should at least have been honest love—but it wasn't. Solon—who could believe it, and who would expect such a disgrace from such a great name? Solon, I say, established a temple in Athens to Venus the prostitute, or to shameless love. All of Greece was filled with temples dedicated to this god, yet there wasn't a single one in the entire country for married love.20 And yet they detested adultery in both men and women: the marriage bond was sacred to them. But when they applied themselves to religion, they seemed as if possessed by a foreign spirit, and their natural light abandoned them. Roman gravity didn't treat religion any more seriously, as they dedicated the impurities of the theater and the bloody spectacles of the gladiators to the honor of their gods—in other words, everything most corrupt and barbaric that one could imagine. But I don't know if the ridiculous follies they mixed into religion weren't even more harmful, since they brought it so much contempt. Could anyone keep the respect due to divine things amid the absurdities the fables related, whose staging or memory made up so large a part of divine worship?21 All public worship was nothing but a continual profanation, or rather a mockery of the name of God; there must have been some power hostile to that sacred name which, having set out to debase it, drove people to use it for such contemptible things, and even to squander it on subjects so unworthy. It's true that the philosophers eventually recognized there was a God other than the ones the common people worshiped, but they didn't dare admit it. On the contrary, Socrates taught as a rule that everyone should follow the religion of their own country. His disciple Plato, who saw Greece and every other country filled with mad and scandalous worship, still made it a foundation of his Republic that one must never change the religion one finds established, and that it's madness even to think of doing so. Philosophers so serious, who said such fine things about the divine nature, never dared to oppose public error and despaired of being able to overcome it. When Socrates was accused of denying the gods the public worshiped, he defended himself as if against a crime; and Plato, speaking of the God who formed the universe, said that He is hard to find and that it's forbidden to declare Him to the people. He swears he'll never speak of Him except in riddles, for fear of exposing such a great truth to mockery. What an abyss the human race was in, unable to bear even the slightest idea of the true God! Athens, the most polished and learned of all Greek cities, labeled those who spoke of intellectual things as atheists—and that is one of the reasons that led to Socrates' condemnation. If some philosophers dared to teach that the statues were not gods as the common people took them to be, they found themselves forced to take it back: even after that, they were banished as impious by sentence of the Areopagus. The whole earth was gripped by this same error: truth didn't dare to show itself. This great God, Creator of the world, had neither temple nor worship except in Jerusalem. When the Gentiles sent their offerings there, the only honor they paid the God of Israel was to group him in with their other gods. Judea alone understood his holy and severe jealousy, and knew that to divide religion between him and other gods was to destroy it.22
The Decline of the Second Temple Era
Internal corruption, the rise of the Pharisees, and the subjugation by Rome led to a distorted Messianic expectation that ignored the prophecies of suffering.
Yet toward the end of that era, even the Jews who knew Him and served as custodians of the faith began—so constantly do people weaken the truth—not to forget the God of their fathers, but to mix superstitions unworthy of Him into their religion. The sect of the Pharisees emerged among the Jews during the reign of the Hasmoneans, as early as the time of Jonathan. They initially gained great standing through the purity of their teaching and their exact observance of the law; furthermore, their conduct was gentle yet strict, and they lived among themselves in close unity.23 The rewards and punishments of the life to come, which they upheld with zeal, earned them a great deal of honor. In the end, ambition took hold of them. They wanted to govern, and in fact they gave themselves absolute power over the people: they made themselves the arbiters of doctrine and of religion, which they gradually turned toward superstitious practices useful to their interests and to the domination they wanted to establish over consciences; and the true spirit of the law was on the verge of being lost. These evils were compounded by a greater one: pride and presumption—a presumption that went so far as to claim God's gift as its own. The Jews, accustomed to his kindnesses and enlightened for centuries by the knowledge of him, forgot that his goodness alone had set them apart from other peoples, and treated his grace as a debt owed to them. A chosen race, always blessed for two thousand years, they judged themselves the only ones worthy to know God, and believed they were of another kind than the other men they saw deprived of knowledge of him. On that foundation, they looked on the Gentiles with unbearable disdain. Being descended from Abraham according to the flesh seemed to them a distinction that naturally set them above everyone else; puffed up by such a fine origin, they believed themselves holy by nature rather than by grace—an error that still persists among them. It was the Pharisees who, seeking to glory in their enlightenment and their exact observance of the ceremonies of the law, introduced this opinion toward the end of those times. Because they thought of nothing but setting themselves apart from others, they multiplied outward practices without limit and presented all their own ideas—however contrary to God's law they might be—as authentic traditions. Even though these sentiments had never been made synagogue dogma by public decree, they seeped unnoticed among the people, who were growing restless, turbulent, and seditious. At last the divisions that, according to their prophets, were to be the beginning of their decline broke out over the quarrels that had arisen in the house of the Hasmoneans. There were barely sixty years left until Jesus Christ when Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, the sons of Alexander Jannaeus, went to war over the priesthood, to which the kingship was attached. This is the fatal moment when history marks the first cause of the Jews' ruin. Pompey, whom the two brothers called in to settle them, subjected them both at the same time as he dispossessed Antiochus, surnamed the Asiatic, the last king of Syria. These three princes, degraded together and as if by a single blow, were the signal of the decline marked in precise terms by the prophet Zechariah. History confirms that this change in the affairs of Syria and Judea was brought about simultaneously by Pompey when, after finishing the war with Mithridates and preparing to return to Rome, he settled the affairs of the East. The prophet noted only what related to the ruin of the Jews; of the two brothers they had seen as kings, they saw one as a prisoner serving in Pompey's triumph, and the other—the weak Hyrcanus—from whom Pompey took both the diadem and a large part of his domain, leaving him with nothing more than an empty title of authority that he soon lost.24 It was then that the Jews were made tributaries of the Romans; and Syria's ruin drew their own after it, because that great kingdom, reduced to a province on their borders, so increased Roman power there that there was no longer any safety except in obeying them. The governors of Syria kept making constant attempts on Judea; the Romans established themselves as absolute masters there and weakened its government in many ways. Through them, the kingdom of Judah finally passed from the hands of the Hasmoneans, to whom it had submitted, into those of Herod, a foreigner and an Idumean. The cruel and ambitious policy of this king, who only practiced the Jewish religion for show, changed the principles of the old government. These are no longer the Jews who controlled their own fate under the vast empire of the Persians and the early Seleucids, when they only had to live in peace. Herod, who keeps them tightly enslaved under his power, throws everything into disorder; he confuses the succession of the high priests as he likes; he weakens the high priesthood and makes it arbitrary; he saps the authority of the nation's council, which can no longer do anything: all public power passes into the hands of Herod and of the Romans, whose slave he is, and he shakes the foundations of the Jewish commonwealth.25 The Pharisees, and the people who listened only to their views, endured this state of affairs with impatience. The more they felt crushed under the Gentiles' yoke, the more they grew to disdain and hate them. They no longer wanted a Messiah who wasn't a warrior, someone formidable to the powers holding them captive. So, forgetting so many prophecies that spoke so plainly of his humiliations, they had eyes and ears only for those that announced triumphs to them—though very different from the ones they wanted.✦
Read the original Latin
Le temps du second Temple.
De telles instructions firent un grand changement dans les moeurs des israëlites. Ils n’avoient plus besoin ni d’apparition, ni de prédiction manifeste, ni de ces prodiges inoûïs que Dieu faisoit si souvent pour leur salut. Les témoignages qu’ils avoient receûs leur suffisoient ; et leur incredulité, non seulement convaincuë par l’évenement, mais encore si souvent punie, les avoit enfin rendu dociles.
C’est pourquoy depuis ce temps on ne les voit plus retourner à l’idolatrie, à laquelle ils estoient si étrangement portez. Ils s’estoient trop mal trouvez d’avoir rejetté le Dieu de leurs peres. Ils se souvenoient toûjours de Nabuchodonosor et de leur ruine si souvent prédite dans toutes ses circonstances, et toutefois plûtost arrivée qu’elle n’avoit esté cruë. Ils n’estoient pas moins en admiration de leur rétablissement fait contre toute apparence dans le temps, et par celuy qui leur avoit esté marqué. Jamais ils ne voyoient le second temple sans se souvenir pourquoy le premier avoit esté renversé, et comment celuy-cy avoit esté rétabli : ainsi ils se confirmoient dans la foy de leurs ecritures ausquelles tout leur estat rendoit témoignage. On ne vit plus parmi eux de faux prophetes. Ils s’estoient défaits tout ensemble de la pente qu’ils avoient à les croire, et de celle qu’ils avoient à l’idolatrie. Zacharie avoit prédit par un mesme oracle que ces deux choses leur arriveroient.
Sa prophetie eût un manifeste accomplissement. Les faux prophetes cesserent sous le second temple : le peuple rebuté de leurs tromperies n’estoit plus en estat de les écouter. Les vrais prophetes de Dieu estoient leûs et releûs sans cesse : il ne leur falloit point de commentaire ; et les choses qui arrivoient tous les jours en exécution de leurs propheties en estoient de trop fideles interpretes.
En effet, tous leurs prophetes leur avoient promis une paix profonde. On lit encore avec joye la belle peinture que font Isaïe et Ezechiel, des bienheureux temps qui devoient suivre la captivité de Babylone. Toutes les ruines sont réparées, les villes et les bourgades sont magnifiquement rebasties, le peuple est innombrable, les ennemis sont à bas, l’abondance est dans les villes et dans la campagne ; on y voit la joye, le repos, et enfin tous les fruits d’une longue paix. Dieu promet de tenir son peuple dans une durable et parfaite tranquilité. Ils en joûïrent sous les rois de Perse. Tant que cét empire se soustint, les favorables decrets de Cyrus, qui en estoit le fondateur, asseûrerent le repos des juifs. Quoy-qu’ils ayent esté menacez de leur derniere ruine sous Assuérus, quel qu’il soit, Dieu fléchi par leurs larmes, changea tout à coup le coeur du roy, et tira une vengeance éclatante d’Aman leur ennemi. Hors de cette conjoncture, qui passa si viste, ils furent toûjours sans crainte.
Instruits par leurs prophetes à obéïr aux rois, à qui Dieu les avoit soumis, leur fidelité fut inviolable. Aussi furent-ils toûjours doucement traitez. A la faveur d’un tribut assez leger, qu’ils payoient à leurs souverains, qui estoient plûtost leurs protecteurs que leurs maistres, ils vivoient selon leurs propres loix : la puissance sacerdotale fut conservée en son entier : les pontifes conduisoient le peuple : le conseil public établi premierement par Moïse, avoit toute son autorité ; et ils exerçoient entre eux la puissance de vie et de mort, sans que personne se meslast de leur conduite. Les rois l’ordonnoient ainsi. La ruine de l’empire des perses ne changea point leurs affaires. Alexandre respecta leur temple, admira leurs propheties, et augmenta leurs privileges. Ils eûrent un peu à souffrir sous ses premiers successeurs. Ptolomée fils de Lagus surprit Jérusalem, et en emmena en Egypte cent mille captifs : mais il cessa bientost de les haïr.
Luy-mesme les fit citoyens d’Alexandrie, capitale de son royaume, ou plûtost il leur confirma le droit qu’Alexandre leur y avoit déja donné ; et ne trouvant rien dans tout son estat de plus fidele que les juifs, il en remplit ses armées, et leur confia ses places les plus importantes. Si les lagides les considererent, ils furent encore mieux traitez des seleucides sous l’empire desquels ils vivoient. Seleucus Nicanor chef de cette famille, les établit dans Antioche ; et Antiochus le dieu, son petit-fils, les ayant fait recevoir dans toutes les villes de l’Asie Mineure, nous les avons veûs se répandre dans toute la Grece, y vivre selon leur loy, et y joûïr des mesmes droits que les autres citoyens, comme ils faisoient dans Alexandrie et dans Antioche. Cependant leur loy est tournée en grec par les soins de Ptolomée Philadelphe roy d’Egypte. La religion judaïque est connuë parmi les gentils, le temple de Jérusalem est enrichi par les dons des rois et des peuples, les juifs vivent en paix et en liberté sous la puissance des rois de Syrie, et ils n’avoient gueres gousté une telle tranquillité sous leurs propres rois. Elle sembloit devoir estre éternelle s’ils ne l’eussent eux-mesmes troublée par leurs dissensions. Il y avoit trois cens ans qu’ils joûïssoient de ce repos tant prédit par leurs prophetes, quand l’ambition et les jalousies qui se mirent parmi eux les penserent perdre. Quelques-uns des plus puissans trahirent leur peuple pour flater les rois ; ils voulurent se rendre illustres à la maniere des grecs, et préfererent cette vaine pompe à la gloire solide que leur aqueroit parmi leurs citoyens l’observance des loix de leurs ancestres.
Ils célebrerent des jeux comme les gentils. Cette nouveauté ébloûït les yeux du peuple, et l’idolatrie revestuë de cette magnificence parut belle à beaucoup de juifs. A ces changemens se meslerent les disputes pour le souverain sacerdoce qui estoit la dignité principale de la nation. Les ambitieux s’attachoient aux rois de Syrie pour y parvenir, et cette dignité sacrée fut le prix de la flaterie de ces courtisans. Les jalousies et les divisions des particuliers ne tarderent pas à causer, selon la coustume, de grands malheurs à tout le peuple. Antiochus l’illustre roy de Syrie conceût le dessein de perdre ce peuple divisé, pour profiter de ses richesses. Ce prince parut alors avec tous les caracteres que Daniel avoit marquez : ambitieux, avare, artificieux, cruel, insolent, impie, insensé ; enflé de ses victoires, et puis, irrité de ses pertes. Il entre dans Jérusalem en estat de tout entreprendre : les factions des juifs, et non pas ses propres forces, l’enhardissoient ; et Daniel l’avoit ainsi préveû.
Il exerce des cruautez inoûïes : son orgueïl l’emporte aux derniers excés, et il vomit des blasphêmes contre le tres-haut, comme l’avoit prédit le mesme prophete. En exécution de ces propheties, et à cause des pechez du peuple, la force luy est donnée contre le sacrifice perpetuel. Il profane le temple de Dieu, que les rois ses ancestres avoient réveré : il le pille, et répare par les richesses qu’il y trouve les ruines de son tresor épuisé. Sous prétexte de rendre conformes les moeurs de ses sujets, et en effet pour assouvir son avarice en pillant toute la Judée, il ordonne aux juifs d’adorer les mesmes dieux que les grecs : sur tout, il veut qu’on adore Jupiter olympien, dont il place l’idole dans le temple mesme ; et plus impie que Nabuchodonosor, il entreprend de détruire les festes, la loy de Moïse, les sacrifices, la religion, et tout le peuple. Mais les succés de ce prince avoient leurs bornes marquées par les propheties. Mathatias s’oppose à ses violences, et réünit les gens de bien. Judas Machabée son fils, avec une poignée de gens, fait des exploits inoûïs, et purifie le temple de Dieu trois ans et demi aprés sa profanation, comme avoit prédit Daniel. Il poursuit les iduméens et tous les autres gentils qui se joignoient à Antiochus ; et leur ayant pris leurs meilleures places, il revient victorieux et humble, tel que l’avoit veû Isaïe, chantant les loûanges de Dieu qui avoit livré en ses mains les ennemis de son peuple, et encore tout rouge de leur sang.
Il continuë ses victoires, malgré les armées prodigieuses des capitaines d’Antiochus. Daniel n’avoit donné que six ans à ce prince impie pour tourmenter le peuple de Dieu ; et voilà qu’au terme préfix il apprend à Ecbatane les faits héroïques de Judas. Il tombe dans une profonde mélancolie, et meurt comme avoit prédit le saint prophete, miserable, mais non de main d’homme, aprés avoir reconnu, mais trop tard, la puissance du dieu d’Israël. Je n’ay plus besoin de vous raconter de quelle sorte ses successeurs poursuivirent la guerre contre la Judée, ni la mort de Judas son liberateur, ni les victoires de ses deux freres Jonathas et Simon, successivement souverains pontifes, dont la valeur rétablit la gloire ancienne du peuple de Dieu. Ces trois grands hommes virent les rois de Syrie et tous les peuples voisins conjurez contre eux ; et ce qui estoit de plus déplorable, ils virent à diverses fois ceux de Juda mesme armez contre leur patrie et contre Jérusalem : chose inoûïe jusqu’alors, mais expressément marquée par les prophetes. Au milieu de tant de maux, la confiance qu’ils eûrent en Dieu les rendit intrepides et invincibles. Le peuple fut toûjours heureux sous leur conduite ; et enfin du temps de Simon, affranchi du joug des gentils, il se soumit à luy et à ses enfans, du consentement des rois de Syrie.
Mais l’acte par lequel le peuple de Dieu transporte à Simon toute la puissance publique, et luy accorde les droits royaux, est remarquable. Le decret porte qu’il en joûïra luy et sa posterité jusqu’à ce qu’il vienne un fidele et veritable prophete .
Le peuple accoustumé dés son origine à un gouvernement divin, et sçachant que depuis le temps que David avoit esté mis sur le trosne par ordre de Dieu, la souveraine puissance appartenoit à sa maison, à qui elle devoit estre à la fin renduë au temps du messie, mit expressément cette restriction au pouvoir qu’il donna à ses pontifes, et continua de vivre sous eux dans l’esperance de ce Christ tant de fois promis. C’est ainsi que ce royaume absolument libre usa de son droit, et pourveût à son gouvernement. La posterité de Jacob, par la tribu de Juda et par les restes qui se rangerent sous ses étendards, se conserva en corps d’estat, et joûït indépendamment et paisiblement de la terre qui luy avoit esté assignée.
En vertu du decret du peuple dont nous venons de parler, Jean Hyrcan fils de Simon succeda à son pere. Sous luy les juifs s’agrandissent par des conquestes considérables. Ils soumettent Samarie (Ezechiel et Jéremie l’avoient prédit : ) ils domptent les iduméens, les philistins, et les ammonites leurs perpetuels ennemis, et ces peuples embrassent leur religion (Zacharie l’avoit marqué.) enfin malgré la haine et la jalousie des peuples qui les environnent, sous l’autorité de leurs pontifes qui deviennent enfin leurs rois, ils fondent le nouveau royaume des asmonéens ou des machabées, plus étendu que jamais si on excepte les temps de David et de Salomon.
Voilà en quelle maniere le peuple de Dieu subsista toûjours parmi tant de changemens ; et ce peuple tantost chastié, et tantost consolé dans ses disgraces, par les differens traitemens qu’il reçoit selon ses merites, rend un témoignage public à la providence qui regit le monde. Mais en quelque estat qu’il fust, il vivoit toûjours en attente des temps du messie, où il attendoit de nouvelles graces plus grandes que toutes celles qu’il avoit receûës ; et il n’y a personne qui ne voye que cette foy du messie, et de ses merveilles, qui dure encore aujourd’huy parmi les juifs, leur est venuë de leurs patriarches et de leurs prophetes dés l’origine de leur nation. Car dans cette longue suite d’années, où eux-mesmes reconnoissoient que par un conseil de la providence il ne s’élevoit plus parmi eux aucun prophete, et que Dieu ne leur faisoit point de nouvelles prédictions, ni de nouvelles promesses, cette foy du messie qui devoit venir estoit plus vive que jamais. Elle se trouva si bien établie, quand le second temple fut basti, qu’il n’a plus fallu de prophete pour y confirmer le peuple. Ils vivoient sous la foy des anciennes propheties qu’ils avoient veû s’accomplir si précisément à leurs yeux en tant de chefs : le reste, depuis ce temps, ne leur a jamais paru douteux, et ils n’avoient point de peine à croire que Dieu si fidele en tout, n’accomplist encore en son temps ce qui regardoit le messie, c’est à dire la principale de ses promesses, et le fondement de toutes les autres. En effet, toute leur histoire, tout ce qui leur arrivoit de jour en jour, n’estoit qu’un perpetuel développement des oracles que le Saint Esprit leur avoit laissez. Si rétablis dans leur terre aprés la captivité, ils joûïrent durant trois cens ans d’une paix profonde ; si leur temple fut réveré, et leur religion honorée dans tout l’Orient ; si enfin leur paix fut troublée par leurs dissensions ; si ce superbe roy de Syrie fit des efforts inoûïs pour les détruire ; s’il prévalut quelque temps ; si un peu aprés il fut puni ; si la religion judaïque et tout le peuple de Dieu fut relevé avec un éclat plus merveilleux que jamais, et le royaume de Juda accru sur la fin des temps par de nouvelles conquestes : vous avez veû, monseigneur, que tout cela se trouvoit écrit dans leurs prophetes. Oûï, tout y estoit marqué, jusqu’au temps que devoient durer les persecutions, jusqu’aux lieux où se donnerent les combats, jusqu’aux terres qui devoient estre conquises.
Je vous ay rapporté en gros quelque chose de ces propheties : le détail seroit la matiere d’un plus long discours. Je ne veux vous donner icy qu’une premiere teinture de ces veritez importantes, qu’on reconnoist d’autant plus qu’on entre plus avant dans le particulier. Je remarqueray seulement icy que les propheties du peuple de Dieu ont eû durant tous ces temps un accomplissement si manifeste, que depuis, quand les payens mesme, quand un Porphyre, quand un Julien l’apostat, ennemis d’ailleurs des ecritures, ont voulu donner des exemples de prédictions prophétiques, ils les ont esté chercher parmi les juifs.
Et je puis mesme vous dire avec verité, que si durant cinq cens ans le peuple de Dieu fut sans prophete, tout l’estat de ces temps estoit prophetique : l’oeuvre de Dieu s’acheminoit, et les voyes se préparoient insensiblement à l’entier accomplissement des anciens oracles. Le retour de la captivité de Babylone n’estoit qu’une ombre de la liberté et plus grande et plus nécessaire, que le messie devoit apporter aux hommes captifs du peché. Le peuple dispersé en divers endroits dans la haute Asie, dans l’Asie Mineure, dans l’Egypte, dans la Grece mesme, commençoit à faire éclater parmi les gentils le nom et la gloire du dieu d’Israël. Les ecritures qui devoient un jour estre la lumiere du monde, furent mises dans la langue la plus connuë de l’univers : leur antiquité est reconnuë. Pendant que le temple est réveré, et les ecritures répanduës parmi les gentils, Dieu donne quelque idée de leur conversion future, et en jette de loin les fondemens.
Ce qui se passoit mesme parmi les grecs estoit une espece de préparation à la connoissance de la verité. Leurs philosophes connurent que le monde estoit regi par un dieu bien different de ceux que le vulgaire adoroit, et qu’ils servoient eux-mesmes avec le vulgaire. Les histoires greques font foy que cette belle philosophie venoit d’Orient et des endroits où les juifs avoient esté dispersez : mais de quelque endroit qu’elle soit venuë, une verité si importante répanduë parmi les gentils, quoy-que combatuë, quoy-que mal suivie, mesme par ceux qui l’enseignoient, commençoit à réveiller le genre humain, et fournissoit par avance des preuves certaines à ceux qui devoient un jour le tirer de son ignorance.
Comme toutefois la conversion de la gentilité estoit une oeuvre réservée au messie, et le propre caractere de sa venuë, l’erreur et l’impieté prévaloient par tout. Les nations les plus éclairées et les plus sages, les chaldéens, les egyptiens, les pheniciens, les grecs, les romains, estoient les plus ignorans, et les plus aveugles sur la religion : tant il est vray qu’il y faut estre élevé par une grace particuliere, et par une sagesse plus qu’humaine. Qui oseroit raconter les céremonies des dieux immortels, et leurs mysteres impurs ? Leurs amours, leurs cruautez, leurs jalousies, et tous leurs autres excés estoient le sujet de leurs festes, de leurs sacrifices, des hymnes qu’on leur chantoit, et des peintures que l’on consacroit dans leurs temples. Ainsi le crime estoit adoré, et reconnu necessaire au culte des dieux. Le plus grave des philosophes défend de boire avec excés, si ce n’estoit dans les festes de Bacchus et à l’honneur de ce dieu. Un autre, aprés avoir sevérement blasmé toutes les images malhonnestes, en excepte celles des dieux qui vouloient estre honorez par ces infamies. On ne peut lire sans étonnement les honneurs qu’il falloit rendre à Venus, et les prostitutions qui estoient établies pour l’adorer.
La Grece toute polie et toute sage qu’elle estoit, avoit receû ces mysteres abominables. Dans les affaires pressantes, les particuliers et les républiques voûoient à Venus des courtisanes, et la Grece ne rougissoit pas d’attribuer son salut aux prieres qu’elles faisoient à leur déesse. Aprés la défaite de Xerxes et de ses formidables armées, on mit dans le temple un tableau où estoient representez leurs voeux et leurs processions avec cette inscription de Simonides poëte fameux : celles-cy ont prié la déesse Venus, qui pour l’amour d’elles a sauvé la Grece .
S’il falloit adorer l’amour, ce devoit estre du moins l’amour honneste : mais il n’en estoit pas ainsi. Solon, qui le pourroit croire, et qui attendroit d’un si grand nom une si grande infamie ? Solon, dis-je, établit à Athenes le temple de Venus la prostituée, ou de l’amour impudique. Toute la Grece estoit pleine de temples consacrez à ce dieu, et l’amour conjugal n’en avoit pas un dans tout le païs. Cependant ils détestoient l’adultere dans les hommes et dans les femmes : la societé conjugale estoit sacrée parmi eux. Mais quand ils s’appliquoient à la religion, ils paroissoient comme possedez par un esprit étranger, et leur lumiere naturelle les abandonnoit. La gravité romaine n’a pas traité la religion plus serieusement, puis qu’elle consacroit à l’honneur des dieux les impuretez du théatre et les sanglans spectacles des gladiateurs, c’est à dire, tout ce qu’on pouvoit imaginer de plus corrompu et de plus barbare.
Mais je ne sçay si les folies ridicules qu’on mesloit dans la religion n’estoient pas encore plus pernicieuses, puis qu’elles luy attiroient tant de mépris. Pouvoit-on garder le respect qui est deû aux choses divines, au milieu des impertinences que contoient les fables, dont la representation ou le souvenir faisoient une si grande partie du culte divin ? Tout le service public n’estoit qu’une continuelle profanation, ou plustost une dérision du nom de Dieu ; et il falloit bien qu’il y eust quelque puissance ennemie de ce nom sacré, qui ayant entrepris de le ravilir, poussast les hommes à l’employer dans des choses si méprisables, et mesme à le prodiguer à des sujets si indignes.
Il est vray que les philosophes avoient à la fin reconnu qu’il y avoit un autre dieu que ceux que le vulgaire adoroit : mais ils n’osoient l’avoûër. Au contraire, Socrate donnoit pour maxime, qu’il falloit que chacun suivist la religion de son païs. Platon son disciple, qui voyoit la Grece et tous les païs du monde remplis d’un culte insensé et scandaleux, ne laisse pas de poser comme un fondement de sa république, qu’il ne faut jamais rien changer dans la religion qu’on trouve établie, et que c’est avoir perdu le sens que d’y penser . Des philosophes si graves, et qui ont dit de si belles choses sur la nature divine, n’ont osé s’opposer à l’erreur publique, et ont desesperé de la pouvoir vaincre. Quand Socrate fut accusé de nier les dieux que le public adoroit, il s’en défendit comme d’un crime ; et Platon, en parlant du dieu qui avoit formé l’univers, dit qu’il est difficile de le trouver, et qu’il est défendu de le déclarer au peuple. Il proteste de n’en parler jamais qu’en énigme, de peur d’exposer une si grande verité à la moquerie. Dans quel abisme estoit le genre humain, qui ne pouvoit supporter la moindre idée du vray dieu ? Athenes, la plus polie et la plus sçavante de toutes les villes greques, prenoit pour athées ceux qui parloient des choses intellectuelles ; et c’est une des raisons qui avoit fait condamner Socrate.
Si quelques philosophes osoient enseigner que les statuës n’estoient pas des dieux comme l’entendoit le vulgaire, ils se voyoient contraints de s’en dédire : encore aprés cela estoient-ils bannis comme des impies par sentence de l’aréopage. Toute la terre estoit possedée de la mesme erreur : la verité n’y osoit paroistre. Ce grand dieu créateur du monde n’avoit de temple ni de culte qu’en Jérusalem. Quand les gentils y envoyoient leurs offrandes, ils ne faisoient autre honneur au dieu d’Israël, que de le joindre aux autres dieux. La seule Judée connoissoit sa sainte et sévere jalousie, et sçavoit que partager la religion entre luy et les autres dieux, estoit la détruire.
Cependant à la fin des temps, les juifs mesmes qui le connoissoient, et qui estoient les dépositaires de la religion, commencerent, tant les hommes vont toûjours affoiblissant la verité, non point à oublier le dieu de leurs peres, mais à mesler dans la religion des superstitions indignes de luy. Sous le regne des asmonéens, et dés le temps de Jonathas, la secte des pharisiens commença parmi les juifs. Ils s’aquirent d’abord un grand credit par la pureté de leur doctrine, et par l’observance exacte de la loy : joint que leur conduite estoit douce, quoy-que réguliere, et qu’ils vivoient entre eux en grande union. Les récompenses et les chastimens de la vie future qu’ils soustenoient avec zele, leur attiroient beaucoup d’honneur. A la fin, l’ambition se mit parmi eux. Ils voulurent gouverner, et en effet ils se donnerent un pouvoir absolu sur le peuple : ils se rendirent les arbitres de la doctrine et de la religion, qu’ils tournerent insensiblement à des pratiques superstitieuses, utiles à leur interest et à la domination qu’ils vouloient établir sur les consciences ; et le vray esprit de la loy estoit prest à se perdre.
A ces maux se joignit un plus grand mal, l’orgueïl et la présomption ; mais une présomption qui alloit à s’attribuer à soy-mesme le don de Dieu. Les juifs accoustumez à ses bienfaits, et éclairez depuis tant de siécles de sa connoissance, oublierent que sa bonté seule les avoit separez des autres peuples, et regarderent sa grace comme une dette. Race eleûë et toûjours benie depuis deux mille ans, ils se jugerent les seuls dignes de connoistre Dieu, et se crurent d’une autre espece que les autres hommes qu’ils voyoient privez de sa connoissance. Sur ce fondement, ils regarderent les gentils avec un insupportable dédain. Estre sorti d’Abraham selon la chair, leur paroissoit une distinction qui les mettoit naturellement au dessus de tous les autres ; et enflez d’une si belle origine, ils se croyoient saints par nature, et non par grace : erreur qui dure encore parmi eux. Ce fut les pharisiens, qui cherchant à se glorifier de leurs lumieres, et de l’exacte observance des céremonies de la loy, introduisirent cette opinion vers la fin des temps. Comme ils ne songeoient qu’à se distinguer des autres hommes, ils multiplierent sans bornes les pratiques exterieures, et débiterent toutes leurs pensées, quelque contraires qu’elles fussent à la loy de Dieu, comme des traditions authentiques.
Encore que ces sentimens n’eussent point passé par decret public en dogme de la synagogue, ils se couloient insensiblement parmi le peuple, qui devenoit inquiet, turbulent, et seditieux. Enfin les divisions qui devoient estre selon leurs prophetes le commencement de leur décadence, éclaterent à l’occasion des brouïlleries survenuës dans la maison des asmonéens. Il y avoit à peine soixante ans jusqu’à Jesus-Christ, quand Hyrcan et Aristobule enfans d’Alexandre Jannée eûrent guerre pour le sacerdoce, auquel la royauté estoit annexée. C’est icy le moment fatal où l’histoire marque la premiere cause de la ruine des juifs. Pompée, que les deux freres appellerent pour les regler, les assujetit tous deux, en mesme temps qu’il déposseda Antiochus surnommé l’asiatique, dernier roy de Syrie. Ces trois princes, dégradez ensemble et comme par un seul coup, furent le signal de la décadence marquée en termes précis par le prophete Zacharie. Il est certain par l’histoire, que ce changement des affaires de la Syrie et de la Judée fut fait en mesme temps par Pompée, lors qu’aprés avoir achevé la guerre de Mithridate, prest à retourner à Rome, il regla les affaires d’Orient. Le prophete n’a remarqué que ce qui faisoit à la ruine des juifs, qui de deux freres qu’ils avoient veû rois, en virent l’un prisonnier servir au triomphe de Pompée, et l’autre (c’est le foible Hyrcan) à qui le mesme Pompée osta avec le diadême une grande partie de son domaine, ne retenir plus qu’un vain titre d’autorité qu’il perdit bientost.
Ce fut alors que les juifs furent faits tributaires des romains ; et la ruine de la Syrie attira la leur, parce que ce grand royaume réduit en province dans leur voisinage, y augmenta tellement la puissance des romains, qu’il n’y avoit plus de salut qu’à leur obéïr. Les gouverneurs de Syrie firent de continuelles entreprises sur la Judée : les romains s’y rendirent maistres absolus, et en affoiblirent le gouvernement en beaucoup de choses. Par eux enfin le royaume de Juda passa des mains des asmonéens à qui il s’estoit soumis, en celles d’Herode étranger et iduméen. La politique cruelle et ambitieuse de ce roy, qui ne professoit qu’en apparence la religion judaïque, changea les maximes du gouvernement ancien. Ce ne sont plus ces juifs maistres de leur sort sous le vaste empire des perses et des premiers seleucides, où ils n’avoient qu’à vivre en paix. Herode qui les tient de prés asservis sous sa puissance, brouïlle toutes choses ; confond à son gré la succession des pontifes ; affoiblit le pontificat qu’il rend arbitraire ; énerve l’autorité du conseil de la nation, qui ne peut plus rien : toute la puissance publique passe entre les mains d’Herode et des romains dont il est l’esclave, et il ébranle les fondemens de la république judaïque.
Les pharisiens, et le peuple qui n’écoutoit que leurs sentimens, souffroient cét estat avec impatience. Plus ils se sentoient pressez du joug des gentils, plus ils conceûrent pour eux de dédain et de haine. Ils ne voulurent plus de messie qui ne fust guerrier et redoutable aux puissances qui les captivoient. Ainsi oubliant tant de propheties qui leur parloient si expressément de ses humiliations, ils n’eûrent plus d’yeux ni d’oreilles que pour celles qui leur annoncent des triomphes, quoy-que bien differens de ceux qu’ils vouloient.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Zech.13.2 — And it shall be in that day — declares the LORD of hosts — that I will cut off the names of the idols from the land, and they shall no longer be remembered; and also the prophets and the unclean spirit I will remove from the land.
- ↩Dan.7.25 — He shall speak words against the Most High, and shall wear out the saints of the Most High; and he shall intend to change times and law; and they shall be given into his hand for a time, times, and half a time.
- ↩Dan.8.11-Dan.8.12 — And even to the Prince of the host it was great, and from him the continual offering was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down. Dan.8.12 — And a host was given over, because of transgression, against the continual offering; and truth was cast down to the ground, and it acted and prospered.
- ↩Isa.63.1-Isa.63.6 — Who is this coming from Edom, in crimsoned garments from Bozrah? This one, majestic in his apparel, marching in the greatness of his strength? I, speaking in righteousness, mighty to save. Isa.63.2 — Why is your apparel red, and your garments like one who treads the winepress? Isa.63.3 — I have trodden the winepress alone, and from the peoples there was no one with me; I trod them in my anger and trampled them in my fury. Their lifeblood spattered on my garments, and I stained all my clothing. Isa.63.4 — For the day of vengeance was in my heart, and the year of my redeemed has come. Isa.63.5 — I looked, but there was no one to help; I was appalled, but there was no one to uphold me. So my own arm brought me salvation, and my wrath—it sustained me. Isa.63.6 — I will trample the peoples in my anger, I will make them drunk in my wrath, and I will bring down their strength to the earth.
- ↩Isa.6.9-Isa.6.10 — And he said, "Go and say to this people: Keep hearing, but do not understand; keep seeing, but do not know." Isa.6.10 — And Make the heart of this people dull; make their ears heavy and shut their eyes, lest they see with their eyes, hear with their ears, understand with their heart, and turn and be healed.
Notes
- 1 ↩"celuy qui leur avoit esté marqué" points to the agent named in prophecy for the return (classically Cyrus), not merely any restorer.
- 2 ↩tranquilité rendered as calm to keep natural modern English; durable and perfect peace/tranquility is also possible.
- 3 ↩Assuérus rendered as Ahasuerus (standard biblical form); Aman as Haman. Bossuet's 'quel qu'il soit' keeps open the historical identification of the Persian king.
- 4 ↩French « Si les lagides les considererent » is concessive-comparative (however much / if indeed they were held in regard), not a pure conditional hypothesis.
- 5 ↩« Antiochus le dieu » is the dynastic epithet Theos (Antiochus II Theos), not a theological claim about divinity.
- 6 ↩« les penserent perdre » uses older French « penser de » in the sense “almost / nearly” (nearly ruined them), not “thought to destroy them.”
- 7 ↩French « l'illustre » likely calques Greek Epiphanes (“Illustrious/Manifest”); rendered as the epithet “the Illustrious,” not as modern “famous.”
- 8 ↩sacrifice perpetuel renders the daily Temple offering (the tamid); keep the traditional phrasing for Danielic resonance.
- 9 ↩tel que l’avoit veû Isaïe is Bossuet’s typological reading of Isaiah’s bloodstained conqueror (Isa 63) applied to Judas Maccabeus.
- 10 ↩souverains pontifes: high priests holding sovereign authority (Hasmonean priest-rulers), not merely cultic high priests.
- 11 ↩French «n'accomplist» uses the older subjunctive with an expletive ne after «croire»; sense is positive fulfillment, not negation.
- 12 ↩«ce superbe roy de Syrie» is Antiochus IV Epiphanes in the Maccabean narrative; kept as the source names him rather than supplied as a gloss in the main line.
- 13 ↩Classical French teinture = first coloring/smattering of a subject; rendered as 'first taste' for natural contemporary English while keeping the sense of an introductory wash of knowledge.
- 14 ↩d'ailleurs marks that Porphyry and Julian were otherwise hostile to the Scriptures; their appeal to Jewish prophecy is framed as involuntary testimony despite that hostility.
- 15 ↩French 'la liberté et plus grande et plus nécessaire' uses the older emphatic double et; rendered as 'that greater and more necessary freedom'.
- 16 ↩'la langue la plus connuë de l'univers' almost certainly points to Greek (the Septuagint); left as in the source rather than named, since Bossuet does not specify the language here.
- 17 ↩«font foy» rendered as «bear witness» (attest/testify); «par avance» as «in advance» (providential preparation). «le tirer de son ignorance» takes «le» as the human race (le genre humain).
- 18 ↩«Le plus grave des philosophes» is left generic; Bossuet likely points to a classical moralist (often taken as Plato), but the source does not name him.
- 19 ↩voûoient = vowed/dedicated (vouer): vowed courtesans to Venus as offerings, not merely 'promised' in a loose sense. salut rendered as 'deliverance' (safety in crisis), not theological salvation.
- 20 ↩«ce dieu» points to Love (Eros/Amor) as a deity, in apposition to Venus/shameless love in the prior sentence; rendered as «this god» to keep the masculine divinity of amour.
- 21 ↩French impertinences here means absurd, indecent, or outrageous matter, not mere rudeness; rendered as absurdities.
- 22 ↩French jalousie here is the biblical divine jealousy (God's exclusive claim), not human envy.
- 23 ↩« credit » here means public standing/esteem, not financial credit; « douce, quoy-que réguliere » balances mildness of manner with disciplined regularity.
- 24 ↩"ne retenir plus qu'un vain titre" is rendered as "left retaining nothing more than an empty title" to preserve the parallel structure with the captive brother and the force of "vain" as empty/powerless, not merely proud.
- 25 ↩république judaïque rendered as "Jewish commonwealth" (17th-c. sense of body politic), not a modern republic.
Discours sur l'histoire universelle companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit