Abraham & les Patriarches
The Patriarchal Dawn
The author introduces the era of the patriarchs, contrasting the early preservation of divine tradition with the subsequent rise of global idolatry.
Abraham and the Patriarchs. But since God's people took on a more ordered form under the patriarch Abraham, my lord, we need to pause a little over this great man. He was born about three hundred and fifty years after the Flood, at a time when human life, though reduced to narrower limits, was still very long. Noah had only just died; Shem, his eldest son, was still alive, and Abraham was able to spend almost his entire life with him.1 Picture, then, the world still new, and still, so to speak, all soaked with the waters of the Flood, when men so near the origin of things needed only the tradition preserved since Adam, and since Noah, in order to know the unity of God and the worship due to him: a tradition, moreover, so much in keeping with the lights of reason that it seemed a truth so clear and so important could never be darkened or forgotten among men. This was the first state of religion, lasting until Abraham, when people only had to consult their reason and their memory to know the greatness of God. But reason was weak and corrupted; and the further people got from the origin of things, the more they confused the ideas they had received from their ancestors. Stubborn or poorly taught children no longer wanted to believe their decrepit grandfathers, whom after so many generations they barely even knew; the dulled human mind could no longer rise to intellectual things, and since men no longer wanted to worship anything but what they could see, idolatry spread throughout the whole world. The spirit who had deceived the first man was then tasting the full fruit of his seduction, and seeing the complete effect of that word: "You will be like gods." From the moment he uttered it, he meant to confuse in man the idea of God with that of the creature, and to divide a name whose majesty consists in being incommunicable.2 His plan was succeeding. Men buried in flesh and blood had nonetheless kept a dim idea of the divine power that sustains itself by its own force; but that idea, confused with the images that came through their senses, made them worship everything in which some activity and some power appeared. So the sun and the stars, which made themselves felt from so far away, fire and the elements, whose effects were so universal, were the first objects of public worship. Great kings, great conquerors who could do anything on earth, and the inventors of things useful to human life, soon afterward received divine honors. People paid the price for submitting to their senses; the senses decided everything and, despite reason, created all the gods that people worshiped on earth. How far man seemed from his original design, and how ruined God's image was in him!✦ Could God have created him with those perverse inclinations that showed themselves more and more every day? And that extraordinary tendency he had to subject himself to anything other than his natural Lord—didn't it show all too clearly the foreign hand by which God's work had been so deeply altered in the human mind that one could scarcely recognize any trace of it there anymore?3 Driven by that blind impulse that ruled him, he sank deeper into idolatry, and nothing could hold him back. Such a great evil was making alarming progress.4
The Call of Abraham
God calls Abraham to preserve the true faith, establishing a legacy that resonates across Eastern history and defines the patriarch's life of faith.
For fear that it would infect the whole human race and extinguish the knowledge of God entirely, this great God called from on high his servant Abraham, in whose family he intended to establish his worship and preserve the ancient faith regarding both the creation of the universe and the particular providence by which he governs human affairs.✦ Abraham has always been famous in the East. It isn't only the Hebrews who look on him as their father. The Idumeans take pride in the same origin. Ishmael, Abraham's son, is recognized among the Arabs as their ancestor. Circumcision has remained with them as a mark of their origin, practiced since the earliest times—not on the eighth day like the Jews, but at thirteen years of age, just as Scripture teaches it was given to their father Ishmael; this custom still continues among Muslims.✦5 Other Arab peoples still remember Abraham and Keturah, and they are the same groups Scripture identifies as coming from that marriage.✦ This patriarch was a Chaldean, and those people, famous for their astronomical observations, have counted Abraham among their most learned observers. Syrian historians have claimed him as a king of Damascus, even though he was a foreigner from the region of Babylon, and they recount that he left the kingdom of Damascus to settle in the land of the Canaanites, later known as Judea. But it's better to note what the history of God's people tells us about this great man. We've seen that Abraham followed the way of life that the ancients lived before the world was divided into kingdoms. He led his family in the pastoral life, which was known for its simplicity and innocence. Though he was rich in flocks, servants, and silver, he owned no land or estates; yet, he lived in a foreign kingdom, respected and independent like a prince. His piety and integrity, protected by God, earned him this respect.6 He dealt as an equal with the kings who sought his alliance, which led to the old belief that he was a king himself. Though his life was simple and peaceful, he knew how to wage war, but only to defend his oppressed allies. He defended and avenged them with a decisive victory, restoring all the wealth he had recovered from their enemies. He kept nothing for himself, except the tithe he offered to God and the share belonging to the auxiliary troops he had led into battle. Furthermore, after such a great service, he refused the kings' gifts with unmatched magnanimity, and he couldn't bear the thought of anyone boasting that they had enriched Abraham.✦ He wanted to owe nothing except to God, who protected him and whom he alone followed with perfect faith and obedience.✦ Guided by this faith, he had left his native land to come to the country God was showing him.✦ God, who had called him and who had made him worthy of his covenant, concluded it on these terms.7
The Covenant of Promise
God establishes a covenant with Abraham, promising a land and a seed through whom all nations will be blessed, pointing toward the coming Messiah.
He declared that he would be the God of him and his children—meaning he would be their protector, and they would serve him as the only God, Creator of heaven and earth.✦✦ He promised him a land (it was the land of Canaan) to serve as a settled home for his posterity, and as a seat for the religion.✦8 He had no children, and his wife Sarah was barren.✦ God swore to him by Himself and by His eternal truth that from him and this woman a people would be born who would equal the stars of the sky and the sand of the sea.✦✦ But here is the most memorable point of the divine promise. All the nations were rushing headlong into idolatry. God promised the holy patriarch that in him and in his seed all these blind nations who were forgetting their Creator would be blessed—that is, called back to the knowledge of Him, where true blessing is found.✦ By this word Abraham is made the father of all believers, and his posterity is chosen to be the source from which the blessing must spread across the whole earth. Enclosed in this promise was the coming of the Messiah, so often foretold to our fathers, yet always foretold as the One who was to be the Savior of all the Gentiles and of all the peoples of the world. So this blessed seed, promised to Eve, also became the seed and offspring of Abraham.✦9 Such is the foundation of the covenant; such are its conditions. Abraham received its mark in circumcision, a ceremony whose proper effect was to mark that this holy man belonged to God with his whole family.
The Trial of Faith
The birth of Isaac and the subsequent command to sacrifice him serve as a profound test of faith and a typological image of Christ's sacrifice.
Abraham was childless when God began to bless his line. God left him for several years without giving him any. Afterward he had Ishmael, who was to be the father of a great people, but not of that elect people so long promised to Abraham. The father of the elect people was to come from him and his wife Sarah, who was barren. At last, thirteen years after Ishmael, that long-desired child arrived: he was named Isaac—meaning laughter—a child of joy, a child of miracle, a child of promise, who by his birth shows that the true children of God are born of grace.✦10 This blessed child was already grown, and of an age when his father could hope for other children through him, when all at once God commanded him to sacrifice him.✦11 What trials is faith exposed to? Abraham led Isaac to the mountain God had shown him, and he was about to sacrifice that son—the only one through whom God promised to make him father both of his people and of the Messiah.✦ Isaac offered his chest to the sword his father held ready to strike. God, satisfied with the obedience of the father and the son, asks nothing more of them.✦ After these two great men have given the world so vivid and so beautiful an image of the voluntary offering of Jesus Christ, and have tasted in spirit the bitterness of his cross, they are judged truly worthy to be his ancestors. Abraham's faithfulness leads God to confirm all his promises to him, and to bless again not only his family, but through his family all the nations of the world.✦ Indeed, he continued his protection over his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob. They were his imitators, just as attached as he was to the ancient faith, to the ancient pastoral way of life, and to the ancient order of the human race, in which every father of a family was a prince in his own house. So, amid the changes that were taking hold of humanity every day, holy antiquity lived on in the religion and conduct of Abraham and his children. God renewed the same promises to Isaac and Jacob that he had made to Abraham; and just as he had called himself the God of Abraham, he also took the name of God of Isaac and God of Jacob.✦
The Lineage of Election
The promise continues through Isaac and Jacob, narrowing the focus of divine election to the tribe of Judah as the bearer of the messianic hope.
Under his protection these three great men began to live in the land of Canaan, but as strangers, and without owning a foot of land there, until famine drew Jacob into Egypt, where his children, multiplied, soon became a great people, as God had promised.✦ Furthermore, although this people whom God was bringing to birth within his covenant was to spread by generation, and the blessing was to follow the bloodline, this great God did not fail to mark there the election of his grace.12 For after choosing Abraham from among the nations, he chose Isaac from among Abraham's children, and of Isaac's two twins, he chose Jacob, to whom he gave the name Israel.✦✦✦✦ Jacob had twelve children, who became the twelve patriarchs, the founders of the twelve tribes. They were all to enter into the covenant, but Judah was chosen from among his brothers to be the father of the kings of Israel and the father of the Messiah, who had been promised to his ancestors for so long.✦ The time was to come when, ten tribes having been cut off from the people of God for their unfaithfulness, Abraham's posterity would keep its ancient blessing—that is, the religion, the land of Canaan, and the hope of the Messiah—only in the single tribe of Judah, which was to give its name to the rest of the Israelites, who were called Jews, and to the whole country, which was named Judea.✦ So divine election always shows itself the same even in this fleshly people, who were to be preserved by ordinary propagation.
The Prophecy of Jacob
Jacob's final prophecy regarding his sons reveals the future of the people of God and the coming of the Messiah as the fulfillment of all history.
Jacob saw the secret of this election in his spirit. As he was about to die, and as his children around his bed were asking so good a father for his blessing, God revealed to him what the state of the twelve tribes would be when they were in the promised land: he explained it in a few words, and those few words hold countless mysteries. Although everything he says about Judah’s brothers is expressed with extraordinary magnificence and bears the mark of a man carried beyond himself by the Spirit of God, he rises even higher when he speaks of Judah.✦ "Judah," he says, "your brothers will praise you."✦13 .14 .15 etc.✦16 The rest of the prophecy concerns, to the letter, the region the tribe of Judah was to occupy in the Holy Land. But however you interpret those last words, they mean nothing other than the one who was to be God's envoy, the minister and interpreter of his will, the fulfillment of his promises, and the king of the new people—that is, the Messiah, or the Lord's Anointed. Jacob speaks of this specifically regarding Judah alone, from whom this Messiah was to be born; he includes the destiny of the entire nation within the destiny of Judah alone, which, after its dispersion, was to see the remnants of the other tribes reunited under Judah's banner.✦ The terms of the prophecy are all clear: the only word that common usage might lead us to interpret as kingship alone is “scepter,” whereas in the holy language it refers generally to power, authority, and magistracy.✦ This use of the word “scepter” appears on every page of Scripture; it’s even clear in Jacob’s prophecy, where the patriarch means that in the days of the Messiah, all authority will cease in the house of Judah, signifying the total ruin of a state.✦ The times of the Messiah are marked here by a double change. The first change threatens the kingdom of Judah and the Jewish people with their final ruin. The second change signals that a new kingdom will rise—not of one people alone, but of all peoples—with the Messiah as its head and hope. In the language of Scripture, the Jewish people are called, in the singular and by way of excellence, 'the people' or 'the people of God.' When you see the term 'the peoples,' those well-versed in Scripture understand it to mean the other nations, who are also promised to the Messiah in Jacob's prophecy.17 This great prophecy contains, in a few words, the entire history of the Jewish people and the Christ promised to them. It marks the whole course of the people of God, and its effect still lasts.18 I don't claim to provide a commentary on it; you won't need one. Simply by noting the course of the people of God, you'll see the meaning of the oracle unfold on its own, as events themselves serve as its interpreters.
Read the original Latin
Abraham & les Patriarches.
Mais comme le peuple de Dieu a pris sous le patriarche Abraham une forme plus reglée, il est nécessaire, monseigneur, de vous arrester un peu sur ce grand homme.
Il nasquit environ trois cens cinquante ans aprés le deluge, dans un temps où la vie humaine, quoy-que réduite à des bornes plus étroites, estoit encore tres-longue. Noé ne faisoit que de mourir, Sem son fils aisné vivoit encore, et Abraham à pû passer avec luy presque toute sa vie. Representez-vous donc le monde encore nouveau, et encore pour ainsi dire tout trempé des eaux du deluge, lors que les hommes si prés de l’origine des choses, n’avoient besoin pour connoistre l’unité de Dieu et le service qui luy estoit deû que de la tradition qui s’en estoit conservée depuis Adam, et depuis Noé : tradition d’ailleurs si conforme aux lumieres de la raison, qu’il sembloit qu’une verité si claire et si importante ne pust jamais estre obscurcie, ni oubliée parmi les hommes. Tel est le premier estat de la religion qui dure jusqu’à Abraham, où pour connoistre les grandeurs de Dieu, les hommes n’avoient à consulter que leur raison et leur memoire.
Mais la raison estoit foible et corrompuë ; et à mesure qu’on s’éloignoit de l’origine des choses, les hommes brouïlloient les idées qu’ils avoient receûës de leurs ancestres. Les enfans indociles ou mal appris n’en vouloient plus croire leurs grands-peres décrepits, qu’ils ne connoissoient qu’à peine aprés tant de générations ; le sens humain abruti ne pouvoit plus s’élever aux choses intellectuelles, et les hommes ne voulant plus adorer que ce qu’ils voyoient, l’idolatrie se répandoit par tout l’univers. L’esprit qui avoit trompé le premier homme goustoit alors tout le fruit de sa séduction, et voyoit l’effet entier de cette parole, vous serez comme des dieux . Dés le moment qu’il l’a profera, il songeoit à confondre en l’homme l’idée de Dieu avec celle de la créature, et à diviser un nom dont la majesté consiste à estre incommunicable. Son projet luy réüssissoit. Les hommes ensevelis dans la chair et dans le sang avoient pourtant conservé une idée obscure de la puissance divine qui se soustenoit par sa propre force ; mais qui brouïllée avec les images venuës par leurs sens, leur faisoit adorer toutes les choses où il paroissoit quelque activité et quelque puissance. Ainsi le soleil et les astres qui se faisoient sentir de si loin, le feu et les élemens dont les effets estoient si universels, furent les premiers objets de l’adoration publique. Les grands rois, les grands conquerans qui pouvoient tout sur la terre, et les auteurs des inventions utiles à la vie humaine, eûrent bientost aprés les honneurs divins.
Les hommes porterent la peine de s’estre soûmis à leur sens : les sens déciderent de tout, et firent, malgré la raison, tous les dieux qu’on adora sur la terre.
Que l’homme parut alors éloigné de sa premiere institution, et que l’image de Dieu y estoit gastée ! Dieu pouvoit-il l’avoir fait avec ces perverses inclinations qui se déclaroient tous les jours de plus en plus ? Et cette pente prodigieuse qu’il avoit à s’assujetir à toute autre chose qu’à son Seigneur naturel, ne montroit-elle pas trop visiblement la main étrangere, par laquelle l’oeuvre de Dieu avoit esté si profondément alterée dans l’esprit humain, qu’à peine pouvoit-on y en reconnoistre quelque trace ? Poussé par cette aveugle impression qui le dominoit, il s’enfonçoit dans l’idolatrie, sans que rien le pust retenir. Un si grand mal faisoit des progrés étranges. De peur qu’il n’infectast tout le genre humain, et n’éteignist tout-à-fait la connoissance de Dieu, ce grand Dieu appella d’enhaut son serviteur Abraham, dans la famille duquel il vouloit établir son culte et conserver l’ancienne croyance tant de la création de l’univers que de la providence particuliere avec laquelle il gouverne les choses humaines.
Abraham a toûjours esté célebre dans l’Orient. Ce n’est pas seulement les hébreux qui le regardent comme leur pere. Les iduméens se glorifient de la mesme origine. Ismaël fils d’Abraham est connu parmi les arabes comme celuy d’où ils sont sortis. La circoncision leur est demeurée comme la marque de leur origine, et ils l’ont receûë de tout temps, non pas au huitiéme jour à la maniére des juifs, mais à treize ans, comme l’ecriture nous apprend qu’elle fut donnée à leur pere Ismaël : coustume qui dure encore parmi les mahometans. D’autres peuples arabes se ressouviennent d’Abraham et de Cetura, et ce sont les mesmes que l’ecriture fait sortir de ce mariage. Ce patriarche estoit chaldéen, et ces peuples renommez pour leurs observations astronomiques ont compté Abraham comme un de leurs plus sçavans observateurs. Les historiens de Syrie l’ont fait roy de Damas, quoy-qu’étranger et venu des environs de Babylone, et ils racontent qu’il quitta le royaume de Damas pour s’établir dans le païs des chananéens, depuis appellé Judée.
Mais il vaut mieux remarquer ce que l’histoire du peuple de Dieu nous rapporte de ce grand homme. Nous avons veû qu’Abraham suivoit le genre de vie que suivirent les anciens hommes avant que tout l’univers eust esté réduit en royaumes. Il regnoit dans sa famille avec laquelle il embrassoit cette vie pastorale tant renommée pour sa simplicité et son innocence ; riche en troupeaux, en esclaves, et en argent ; mais sans terres et sans domaine ; et toutefois il vivoit dans un royaume étranger, respecté, et indépendant comme un prince. Sa pieté et sa droiture protegée de Dieu, luy attiroit ce respect. Il traitoit d’égal avec les rois qui recherchoient son alliance, et c’est de là qu’est venuë l’ancienne opinion qui l’a luy-mesme fait roy. Quoy-que sa vie fust simple et pacifique, il sçavoit faire la guerre, mais seulement pour défendre ses alliez opprimez. Il les défendit, et les vengea par une victoire signalée : il leur rendit toutes leurs richesses reprises sur leurs ennemis sans réserver autre chose que la dixme qu’il offrit à Dieu, et la part qui appartenoit aux troupes auxiliaires qu’il avoit menées au combat. Au reste, aprés un si grand service, il refusa les presens des rois avec une magnanimité sans exemple, et ne put souffrir qu’aucun homme se vantast d’avoir enrichi Abraham.
Il ne vouloit rien devoir qu’à Dieu qui le protegeoit, et qu’il suivoit seul avec une foy et une obéïssance parfaite. Guidé par cette foy, il avoit quitté sa terre natale pour venir au païs que Dieu luy montroit. Dieu qui l’avoit appellé, et qui l’avoit rendu digne de son alliance, la conclut à ces conditions.
Il luy déclara qu’il seroit le Dieu de luy et de ses enfans, c’est à dire qu’il seroit leur protecteur, et qu’ils le serviroient comme le seul Dieu créateur du ciel et de la terre. Il luy promit une terre (ce fut celle de Chanaan) pour servir de demeure fixe à sa posterité, et de siége à la religion.
Il n’avoit point d’enfans, et sa femme Sara estoit sterile. Dieu luy jura par soy-mesme, et par son éternelle verité, que de luy et de cette femme naistroit une race qui égaleroit les etoiles du ciel et le sable de la mer.
Mais voicy l’article le plus memorable de la promesse divine. Tous les peuples se précipitoient dans l’idolatrie. Dieu promit au saint patriarche qu’en luy et en sa semence toutes ces nations aveugles qui oublioient leur createur seroient benites, c’est à dire rappellées à sa connoissance, où se trouve la veritable benediction. Par cette parole Abraham est fait le pere de tous les croyans, et sa posterité est choisie pour estre la source d’où la benediction doit s’étendre par toute la terre. En cette promesse estoit enfermée la venuë du messie tant de fois prédit à nos peres, mais toûjours predit comme celuy qui devoit estre le sauveur de tous les gentils et de tous les peuples du monde. Ainsi ce germe beni, promis à Eve, devint aussi le germe et le rejeton d’Abraham. Tel est le fondement de l’alliance ; telles en sont les conditions. Abraham en receût la marque dans la circoncision, cerémonie dont le propre effet estoit de marquer que ce saint homme appartenoit à Dieu avec toute sa famille.
Abraham estoit sans enfans quand Dieu commença à benir sa race. Dieu le laissa plusieurs années sans luy en donner. Aprés il eût Ismaël, qui devoit estre pere d’un grand peuple, mais non pas de ce peuple éleû tant promis à Abraham. Le pere du peuple éleû devoit sortir de luy et de sa femme Sara qui estoit sterile. Enfin treize ans aprés Ismaël, il vint cét enfant tant desiré : il fut nommé Isaac, c’est à dire ris , enfant de joye, enfant de miracle, enfant de promesse, qui marque par sa naissance que les vrais enfans de Dieu naissent de la grace. Il estoit déja grand ce benit enfant, et dans un âge où son pere pouvoit esperer d’en avoir d’autres enfans, quand tout à coup Dieu luy commanda de l’immoler. A quelles épreuves la foy est-elle exposée ? Abraham mena Isaac à la montagne que Dieu luy avoit montrée, et il alloit sacrifier ce fils en qui seul Dieu luy promettoit de le rendre pere et de son peuple et du messie.
Isaac presentoit le sein à l’épée que son pere tenoit toute preste à fraper. Dieu content de l’obéïssance du pere et du fils, n’en demande pas davantage. Aprés que ces deux grands hommes ont donné au monde une image si vive et si belle de l’oblation volontaire de Jesus-Christ, et qu’ils ont gousté en esprit les amertumes de sa croix, ils sont jugez vraiment dignes d’estre ses ancestres. La fidelité d’Abraham fait que Dieu luy confirme toutes ses promesses, et benit de nouveau non seulement sa famille, mais encore par sa famille toutes les nations de l’univers. En effet, il continua sa protection à Isaac son fils, et à Jacob son petit-fils. Ils furent ses imitateurs, attachez comme luy à la croyance ancienne, à l’ancienne maniere de vie qui estoit la vie pastorale, à l’ancien gouvernement du genre humain où chaque pere de famille estoit prince dans sa maison. Ainsi dans les changemens qui s’introduisoient tous les jours parmi les hommes, la sainte antiquité revivoit dans la religion et dans la conduite d’Abraham et de ses enfans.
Aussi Dieu réitera-t-il à Isaac et à Jacob les mesmes promesses qu’il avoit faites à Abraham ; et comme il s’estoit appellé le Dieu d’Abraham, il prit encore le nom de Dieu d’Isaac, et de Dieu de Jacob.
Sous sa protection ces trois grands hommes commencerent à demeurer dans la terre de Chanaan, mais comme des étrangers, et sans y posseder un pied de terre , jusqu’à ce que la famine attira Jacob en Egypte, où ses enfans multipliez devinrent bientost un grand peuple, comme Dieu l’avoit promis. Au reste, quoy-que ce peuple que Dieu faisoit naistre dans son alliance, deust s’étendre par la génération, et que la benediction deust suivre le sang, ce grand Dieu ne laissa pas d’y marquer l’élection de sa grace. Car aprés avoir choisi Abraham du milieu des nations, parmi les enfans d’Abraham il choisit Isaac, et des deux jumeaux d’Isaac il choisit Jacob, à qui il donna le nom d’Israël.
Jacob eût douze enfans, qui furent les douze patriarches auteurs des douze tribus. Tous devoient entrer dans l’alliance : mais Juda fut choisi parmi tous ses freres pour estre le pere des rois d’Israël, et le pere du messie tant promis à ses ancestres.
Le temps devoit venir que dix tribus estant retranchées du peuple de Dieu pour leur infidelité, la posterité d’Abraham ne conserveroit son ancienne benediction, c’est à dire la religion, la terre de Chanaan, et l’esperance du messie, qu’en la seule tribu de Juda qui devoit donner le nom au reste des israëlites qu’on appella juifs, et à tout le païs qu’on nomma Judée. Ainsi l’élection divine paroist toûjours mesme dans ce peuple charnel, qui devoit se conserver par la propagation ordinaire.
Jacob vit en esprit le secret de cette élection. Comme il estoit prest à expirer, et que ses enfans autour de son lit demandoient la benediction d’un si bon pere, Dieu luy découvrit l’estat des douze tribus quand elles seroient dans la terre promise : il l’expliqua en peu de paroles, et ce peu de paroles renferment des mysteres innombrables. Quoy-que tout ce qu’il dit des freres de Juda soit exprimé avec une magnificence extraordinaire, et ressente un homme transporté hors de luy-mesme par l’esprit de Dieu : quand il vient à Juda, il s’éleve encore plus haut. Juda, dit-il, tes freres te loûëront ; . . . etc. la suite de la prophetie regarde à la lettre la contrée que la tribu de Juda devoit occuper dans la terre sainte.
Mais les dernieres paroles que nous avons veûës, en quelque façon qu’on les veuïlle prendre, ne signifient autre chose que celuy qui devoit estre l’envoyé de Dieu, le ministre et l’interprete de ses volontez, l’accomplissement de ses promesses, et le roy du nouveau peuple, c’est à dire le messie ou l’oint du Seigneur.
Jacob n’en parle expressément qu’au seul Juda dont ce messie devoit naistre : il comprend dans la destinée de Juda seul, la destinée de toute la nation, qui aprés sa dispersion devoit voir les restes des autres tribus réünies sous les étendars de Juda.
Tous les termes de la prophetie sont clairs : il n’y a que le mot de sceptre que l’usage de nostre langue nous pourroit faire prendre pour la seule royauté ; au lieu que dans la langue sainte il signifie en général, la puissance, l’autorité, la magistrature. Cét usage du mot de sceptre se trouve à toutes les pages de l’ecriture : il paroist mesme manifestement dans la prophetie de Jacob, et le patriarche veut dire qu’aux jours du messie toute autorité cessera dans la maison de Juda, ce qui emporte la ruine totale d’un estat.
Ainsi les temps du messie sont marquez icy par un double changement. Par le premier, le royaume de Juda et du peuple juif est menacé de sa derniere ruïne. Par le second, il doit s’élever un nouveau royaume, non pas d’un seul peuple, mais de tous les peuples, dont le messie doit estre le chef et l’esperance. Dans le stile de l’ecriture, le peuple juif est appellé en nombre singulier, et par excellence, le peuple, ou le peuple de Dieu ; et quand on trouve les peuples , ceux qui sont exercez dans les ecritures, entendent les autres peuples qu’on voit aussi promis au messie dans la prophetie de Jacob. Cette grande prophetie comprend en peu de paroles toute l’histoire du peuple juif et du Christ qui luy est promis. Elle marque toute la suite du peuple de Dieu, et l’effet en dure encore. Aussi ne prétens-je pas vous en faire un commentaire : vous n’en aurez pas besoin, puis qu’en remarquant simplement la suite du peuple de Dieu, vous verrez le sens de l’oracle se déveloper de luy-mesme, et que les seuls évenemens en seront les interpretes.
Scripture echoes
- ↩Gen.1.26-Gen.1.27 — Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, according to our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." Gen.1.27 — So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.
- ↩Gen.12.1-Gen.12.3 — Now the LORD said to Abram, "Go from your land and from your kindred and from your father's house to the land that I will show you. Gen.12.2 — And I will make you into a great nation, and I will bless you, and I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. Gen.12.3 — And I will bless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed.
- ↩Gen.17.25;Gen.17.12 — And Ishmael his son was thirteen years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. Gen.17.12 — And at eight days old every male among you shall be circumcised throughout your generations — both the one born in the house and the one bought with money from any foreigner who is not of your offspring.
- ↩Gen.25.1-Gen.25.4 — And Abraham again took a wife, and her name was Keturah. Gen.25.2 — And she bore him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah. Gen.25.3 — And Jokshan fathered Sheba and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were Asshurim, Letushim, and Leummim. Gen.25.4 — The sons of Midian: Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida, and Eldaah. All these were the sons of Keturah.
- ↩Gen.14.22-Gen.14.23 — But Abram said to the king of Sodom, "I have raised my hand to Yahweh, God Most High, maker of heaven and earth." Gen.14.23 — Not a thread, not even a sandal strap—and if I take anything that is yours—then you shall not say, 'I am the one who made Abram rich.'
- ↩Gen.14.22-Gen.14.23 — But Abram said to the king of Sodom, "I have raised my hand to Yahweh, God Most High, maker of heaven and earth." Gen.14.23 — Not a thread, not even a sandal strap—and if I take anything that is yours—then you shall not say, 'I am the one who made Abram rich.'
- ↩Gen.12.1 — Now the LORD said to Abram, "Go from your land and from your kindred and from your father's house to the land that I will show you.
- ↩Gen.17.7-Gen.17.8 — And I will establish my covenant between me and you and your offspring after you throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your offspring after you. Gen.17.8 — And I will give to you and to your offspring after you the land of your sojournings, all the land of Canaan, as an everlasting possession, and I will be their God.
- ↩Gen.14.19 — And he blessed him and said, 'Blessed be Abram by God Most High, Maker of heaven and earth.'
- ↩Gen.12.7 — Then the LORD appeared to Abram and said, "To your offspring I will give this land." So he built an altar there to the LORD, who had appeared to him.
- ↩Gen.11.30 — Now Sarai was barren; she had no child.
- ↩Gen.22.16 — and he said, 'By myself I have sworn, declares the LORD, because you have done this thing and have not withheld your son, your only son—
- ↩Gen.15.5 — And he brought him outside and said, "Look now toward heaven, and count the stars, if you are able to count them." And he said to him, "So shall your offspring be."
- ↩Gen.12.3 — And I will bless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed.
- ↩Gen.3.15 — I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring; he shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel.
- ↩Gen.17.17 — Then Abraham fell on his face and laughed, and said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born to a man who is a hundred years old? Or shall Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a child?'
- ↩Gen.22.1-Gen.22.2 — After these things, God tested Abraham. And He said to him, "Abraham!" And he said, "Here I am." Gen.22.2 — And He said, "Take now your son, your only son, whom you love—Isaac—and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains of which I will tell you."
- ↩Gen.22.2-Gen.22.9 — And He said, "Take now your son, your only son, whom you love—Isaac—and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains of which I will tell you." Gen.22.3 — And Abraham rose early in the morning and saddled his donkey, and took his two young men with him, and Isaac his son, and he cut the wood for the burnt offering, and he arose and went to the place that God had told him. Gen.22.4 — On the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the place from a distance. Gen.22.5 — Abraham said to his young men, "Stay here with the donkey, while I and the lad will go over there. We will worship and then return to you." Gen.22.6 — Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering and laid it on Isaac his son. He took in his hand the fire and the knife. And the two of them walked on together. Gen.22.7 — And Isaac said to Abraham his father, and he said, 'My father.' And he said, 'Here I am, my son.' And he said, 'Here is the fire and the wood, but where is the lamb for the burnt offering?' Gen.22.8 — And Abraham said, 'God will provide for himself the lamb for the burnt offering, my son. And the two of them walked on together. Gen.22.9 — And they came to the place that God had told him about. There Abraham built the altar and arranged the wood. Then he bound his son Isaac and laid him on the altar, on top of the wood.
- ↩Gen.22.12 — He said, "Do not lay your hand on the boy, and do not do anything to him; for now I know that you fear God, and you have not withheld your son, your only one, from Me."
- ↩Gen.22.16-Gen.22.18;Gen.12.3 — and he said, 'By myself I have sworn, declares the LORD, because you have done this thing and have not withheld your son, your only son— Gen.22.17 — because I will surely bless you, and I will surely multiply your offspring as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore, and your offspring shall possess the gate of his enemies; Gen.22.18 — and in your seed all the nations of the earth shall be blessed, because you have obeyed my voice Gen.12.3 — And I will bless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed.
- ↩Exod.3.6;Matt.22.32 — And he said, 'I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.' And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God. Matt.22.32 — I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. He is not the God of the dead, but of the living.
- ↩Gen.12.2;Exod.1.7 — And I will make you into a great nation, and I will bless you, and I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. Exod.1.7 — And the children of Israel were fruitful and multiplied and increased and became exceedingly mighty; and the land was filled with them.
- ↩Gen.12.1-Gen.12.3;Josh.24.2-Josh.24.3 — Now the LORD said to Abram, "Go from your land and from your kindred and from your father's house to the land that I will show you. Gen.12.2 — And I will make you into a great nation, and I will bless you, and I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. Gen.12.3 — And I will bless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed. Josh.24.2 — And Joshua said to all the people, "Thus says the LORD, the God of Israel: 'Beyond the River your ancestors lived forever—Terah, the father of Abraham and the father of Nahor—and they served other gods.'" Josh.24.3 — I took your father Abraham from beyond the River and led him through all the land of Canaan, and I multiplied his offspring, and I gave him Isaac.
- ↩Gen.17.19-Gen.17.21 — But God said, "No — Sarah your wife shall bear you a son, and you shall call his name Isaac. I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant for his offspring after him." Gen.17.20 — And as for Ishmael, I have heard you. Behold, I have blessed him, and I will make him fruitful, and I will multiply him exceedingly. He shall father twelve princes, and I will make him into a great nation. Gen.17.21 — But my covenant I will establish with Isaac, whom Sarah will bear to you at this time next year.
- ↩Gen.25.23;Mal.1.2-Mal.1.3;Rom.9.10-Rom.9.13 — And the LORD said to her: Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples from within you shall be separated; and the one people shall be stronger than the other, and the older shall serve the younger. Mal.1.2 — "I have loved you," says the LORD. "But you ask, 'How have you loved us?' "Was not Esau Jacob's brother?" declares the LORD. "Yet I have loved Jacob. Mal.1.3 — but Esau I hated. And I made his mountains a desolation and his inheritance a haunt for the jackals of the wilderness. Rom.9.10 — And not only that, but also Rebecca, having conceived from one man — Isaac, our father — Rom.9.11 — (not yet born, and not having done anything good or bad) so that God's purpose in election might stand—not by works but by the One who calls— Rom.9.12 — It was said to her, "The older will serve the younger. Rom.9.13 — Just as it is written, "Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated."
- ↩Gen.32.28 — And he said to him, "What is your name?" And he said, "Jacob."
- ↩Gen.49.8-Gen.49.10 — Judah, your brothers shall praise you; your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; your father's sons shall bow down before you. Gen.49.9 — Judah is a lion's cub; from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches, he lies down like a lion, and like a lioness—who dares rouse him? Gen.49.10 — The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until Shiloh comes, and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples.
- ↩Gen.49.8-Gen.49.12 — Judah, your brothers shall praise you; your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; your father's sons shall bow down before you. Gen.49.9 — Judah is a lion's cub; from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches, he lies down like a lion, and like a lioness—who dares rouse him? Gen.49.10 — The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until Shiloh comes, and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples. Gen.49.11 — He ties his donkey to the vine, his donkey's colt to the choice vine; he washes his garment in wine, his robe in the blood of grapes. Gen.49.12 — His eyes are dark with wine, and his teeth white with milk.
- ↩Gen.49.8-Gen.49.12 — Judah, your brothers shall praise you; your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; your father's sons shall bow down before you. Gen.49.9 — Judah is a lion's cub; from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches, he lies down like a lion, and like a lioness—who dares rouse him? Gen.49.10 — The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until Shiloh comes, and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples. Gen.49.11 — He ties his donkey to the vine, his donkey's colt to the choice vine; he washes his garment in wine, his robe in the blood of grapes. Gen.49.12 — His eyes are dark with wine, and his teeth white with milk.
- ↩Gen.49.8 — Judah, your brothers shall praise you; your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; your father's sons shall bow down before you.
- ↩Gen.49.8 — Judah, your brothers shall praise you; your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; your father's sons shall bow down before you.
- ↩Gen.49.8-Gen.49.12 — Judah, your brothers shall praise you; your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; your father's sons shall bow down before you. Gen.49.9 — Judah is a lion's cub; from the prey, my son, you have gone up. He crouches, he lies down like a lion, and like a lioness—who dares rouse him? Gen.49.10 — The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until Shiloh comes, and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples. Gen.49.11 — He ties his donkey to the vine, his donkey's colt to the choice vine; he washes his garment in wine, his robe in the blood of grapes. Gen.49.12 — His eyes are dark with wine, and his teeth white with milk.
- ↩Gen.49.10 — The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until Shiloh comes, and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples.
- ↩Gen.49.10 — The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until Shiloh comes, and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples.
Notes
- 1 ↩« à pû » is the early-modern orthography of « a pu » (was able); « luy » refers to Shem, not Noah.
- 2 ↩Source 'Dés le moment qu'il l'a profera' read as 'Dès le moment qu'il la profera' (from the moment he uttered it); 'diviser un nom' = to split/share out the divine Name among many beings.
- 3 ↩« main étrangere » is kept as 'foreign hand' (an alien agency corrupting the creature); Bossuet means a hand other than God's creative hand, not merely 'strange' in a weak sense.
- 4 ↩« étranges » can mean strange or extraordinary; here it carries the force of astonishing/alarming advance, not merely odd.
- 5 ↩Source 'mahometans' rendered as 'Muslims' for modern-readable register; period term means followers of Muhammad.
- 6 ↩French 'protegée' is singular and most closely agrees with 'droiture'; the sense is that God protected his piety and uprightness, which drew respect.
- 7 ↩French alliance rendered as covenant, the usual English for the Abrahamic bond; conditions points forward to the next section's terms.
- 8 ↩siége (siège): rendered 'seat' as the fixed center or home of the true religion, not a physical throne.
- 9 ↩French germe / rejeton keeps the biblical seed-and-shoot imagery; rendered as seed and offspring to stay plain without losing the messianic line from Eve to Abraham.
- 10 ↩French ris glosses Isaac’s name (laughter); kept as ‘laughter’ to preserve Bossuet’s etymological gloss.
- 11 ↩‘d’en avoir d’autres enfans’ read as hope of further offspring through Isaac (now grown), which heightens the trial; not as hope of other sons of Abraham’s own body.
- 12 ↩« l'élection de sa grace » is rendered 'the election of his grace' to keep Bossuet's free-grace election language over mere natural descent.
- 13 ↩Source ends with stray punctuation (; .) after the quoted opening of Jacob’s oracle; treated as the start of the Gen 49:8 citation, not as additional content.
- 14 ↩Normalized source is only a period; likely an artifact of segmenting a truncated Gen 49 quotation (cf. s4–s7).
- 15 ↩Normalized source is only a period; likely an artifact of segmenting a truncated Gen 49 quotation (cf. s4–s7).
- 16 ↩Source abbreviates the remainder of the Judah oracle with etc.; full Gen 49:8–12 wording is not present in this section.
- 17 ↩par excellence rendered as 'by way of excellence' to mark the biblical singular-of-preeminence for Israel as 'the people,' not mere stylistic flourish.
- 18 ↩suite rendered as 'course' (historical succession/sequence of the people of God), not mere sequel.
Discours sur l'histoire universelle companion
Rule yourself daily, not just on retreat
Chosen Portion turns the mirror into a daily practice — a short reading and examining question each morning before you lead anyone.
Chosen Portion makes the mirror daily: the ruler-formation questions this collection preserves become a two-minute morning examination in the app.
- A daily formation reading drawn from centuries of counsel to those in authority
- One pointed examination question a day — two minutes, before the meetings start
- Track your practice over weeks and watch the examined life become a habit